Open Access

Advanced persistent threat (APT) attacks present a significant challenge for any organization, as they are difficult to detect due to their elusive nature and characteristics. In this article, we conduct a comprehensive literature review to investigate the various APT attack detection systems and approaches and classify them based on their threat model and detection method. Our findings reveal common obstacles in APT attack detection, such as correctly attributing anomalous behavior to APT attack activities, limited availability of public datasets and inadequate evaluation methods, challenges with detection procedures, and misinterpretation of requirements. Based on our findings, we propose a reference architecture to enhance the comparability of existing systems and provide a framework for classifying detection systems. In addition, we look in detail at the problems encountered in current evaluations and other scientific gaps, such as a neglected consideration of integrating the systems into existing security architectures and their adaptability and durability. While no one-size-fits-all solution exists for APT attack detection, this review shows that graph-based approaches hold promising potential. However, further research is required for real-world usability, considering the systems’ adaptability and explainability.

We present a novel approach for simulating eclipses, incorporating effects of light scattering and refraction in the occluder's atmosphere. Our approach not only simulates the eclipse shadow, but also allows for watching the Sun being eclipsed by the occluder. The latter is a spectacular sight which has never been seen by human eyes: For an observer on the lunar surface, the atmosphere around Earth turns into a glowing red ring as sunlight is refracted around the planet. To simulate this, we add three key contributions: First, we extend the Bruneton atmosphere model to simulate refraction. This allows light rays to be bent into the shadow cone. Refraction also adds realism to the atmosphere as it deforms and displaces the Sun during sunrise and sunset. Second, we show how to precompute the eclipse shadow using this extended atmosphere model. Third, we show how to efficiently visualize the glowing atmosphere ring around the occluder. Our approach produces visually accurate results suited for scientific visualizations, science communication, and video games. It is not limited to the Earth‐Moon system, but can also be used to simulate the shadow of Mars and potentially other bodies. We demonstrate the physical soundness of our approach by comparing the results to reference data. Because no data is available for eclipses beyond the Earth‐Moon system, we predict how an eclipse on a Martian moon will look like. Our implementation is available under the terms of the MIT license.

Sprachmodelle wie ChatGPT werden den Bildungssektor weit stärker verändern, als viele heute glauben, da sie auf den Kern der Bildungssysteme zielen: die Bildung.

In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst ein Reifegradmodell zur Messung des Digitalisierungsgrades von landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben vorgeschlagen. Es basiert auf bestehenden Reifegradmodellen, welche an die landwirtschaftlichen Besonderheiten angepasst wurden. Im zweiten Teil werden die Ergebnisse einer Befragung von 151 Landwirten in Deutschland geschildert, in der sich Landwirte mit den Stufen des Reifegradmodells identifizieren sollten. Zusätzlich wurde gefragt, warum sich Landwirte in einen bestimmten Reifegrad eingruppiert haben und was sie daran hindert, einen höheren Reifegrad zu erreichen.

Event-driven architectures (EDA) have been proposed as a new architectural paradigm for event-based systems to process complex event streams. However, EDA have not yet reached the maturity of well-established software architectures because methodologies, models and standards are still missing. Despite the fact that EDA-based systems are essentially built on events, there is a lack of a general event modelling approach. In this paper we put forward a semantic approach to event modelling that is expressive enough to cover a broad variety of domains. Our approach is based on semantically rich event models using ontologies that allow the representation of structural properties of event types and constraints between them. Then, we argue in favour of a declarative approach to complex event processing that draws upon well established rule languages such as JESS and integrates the structural event model. We illustrate the adequacy of our approach with relation to a prototype for an event-bas ed road traffic management system.