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As noted by Roman poet Virgil already more than 2,000 years ago: “The greatest wealth is health.”. Without health, there is no happiness, no peace, and no success according to the Reflections Recovery Center from Arizona, United States (USA, U.S.). The goal of the Healthy People 2020-project (HP2020), which is led by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP), was to “promote quality life, healthy development, and health behaviors across all life stages” among the U.S. population. HP2020 measures progress by using so-called Leading Health Indicators (LHI), reliable data sources, baseline values as well as targets for LHI-individual improvements for every measurable objective to be achieved by 2020 and each following decade. In the further course, these values were compared to student populations from the U.S., Germany, and Poland. The goal of this master's thesis was to obtain more data on international health, particularly among student populations. For the statistical analysis, data were obtained from an online survey that was distributed to students in at least one university in each of the three countries. In total, data from 380 students were analyzed in terms of HP2020 goal attainment. To determine if statistically significant differences were present, the z-test was used. The biggest differences emerged on the following topics: access to healthcare, environmental quality, obesity as well as reproductive and sexual health.
A Look at Service Meshes
(2021)
Service meshes can be seen as an infrastructure layer for microservice-based applications that are specifically suited for distributed application architectures. It is the goal to introduce the concept of service meshes and its use for microservices with the example of an open source service mesh called Istio. This paper gives an introduction into the service mesh concept and its relation to microservices. It also gives an overview of selected features provided by Istio as relevant to the above concept and provides a small sample setup that demonstrates the core features.
HOXA9 and MEIS1 are frequently upregulated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), including those with MLL‐rearrangement. Because of their pivotal role in hemostasis, HOXA9 and MEIS1 appear non‐druggable. We, thus, interrogated gene expression data of pre‐leukemic (overexpressing Hoxa9) and leukemogenic (overexpressing Hoxa9 and Meis1; H9M) murine cell lines to identify cancer vulnerabilities. Through gene expression analysis and gene set enrichment analyses, we compiled a list of 15 candidates for functional validation. Using a novel lentiviral multiplexing approach, we selected and tested highly active sgRNAs to knockout candidate genes by CRISPR/Cas9, and subsequently identified a H9M cell growth dependency on the cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2G4A). Similar results were obtained by shRNA‐mediated suppression of Pla2g4a. Remarkably, pharmacologic inhibition of PLA2G4A with arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3) accelerated the loss of H9M cells in bulk cultures. Additionally, AACOCF3 treatment of H9M cells reduced colony numbers and colony sizes in methylcellulose. Moreover, AACOCF3 was highly active in human AML with MLL rearrangement, in which PLA2G4A was significantly higher expressed than in AML patients without MLL rearrangement, and is sufficient as an independent prognostic marker. Our work, thus, identifies PLA2G4A as a prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target for H9M‐dependent AML with MLL‐rearrangement.
A new type of rotary compressor, called “rotary-chamber compressor”, consists of two interlocking rotors with 4 wings each, that perform non-uniform rotary movements. Both rotors have the same direction of rotation, while one rotor is accelerating, the other rotor is retarding. After surpassing a specific mark, the sequence changes and the leading rotor begins to retard and vice versa. Due to the resulting relative phase difference, the volume between the two wings is changing periodically, which allows pulsating working chambers. The technology was first introduced by its founder Jürgen Schukey in 1987. Since then, no further development on this machine is known to us except our own. In this contribution, a study on the kinematics of the rotary-chamber-compressor is presented. Initial studies have shown that changes in the kinematics of the rotors will have a direct influence on the thermodynamical variables, which, if optimized, can lead to an increased performance of the machine. Therefore, a mathematical model has been developed to obtain the performance parameters from different kinematic concepts by using numerical CFD analysis. Furthermore, additional optimization possibilities will be listed and discussed.
This Innovative Practice Full Paper presents our learnings of the process to perform a Master of Science class with eduScrum integrating real world problems as projects. We prepared, performed, and evaluated an agile educational concept for the new Master of Science program Digital Transformation organized and provided by the department of business computing at the University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Hochschule Hannover in Germany. The course deals with innovative methodologies of agile project management and is attended by 25 students. We performed the class due the summer term in 2019 and 2020 as a teaching pair. The eduScrum method has been used in different educational contexts, including higher education. During the approach preparation, we decided to use challenges, problems, or questions from the industry. Thus, we acquired four companies and prepared in coordination with them dedicated project descriptions. Each project description was refined in the form of a backlog (list of requirements). We divided the class into four eduScrum teams, one team for each project. The subdivision of the class was done randomly.
Since we wanted to integrate realistic projects into industry partners’ implementation, we decided to adapt the eduScrum approach. The eduScrum teams were challenged with different projects, e.g., analyzing a dedicated phenomenon in a real project or creating a theoretical model for a company’s new project management approach. We present our experiences of the whole process to prepare, perform and evaluate an agile educational approach combined with projects from practice. We found, that the students value the agile method using real world problems. However, the results are mainly based on the summer term 2019, this paper also includes our learnings from virtual distance teaching during the Covid 19 pandemic in summer term 2020. The paper contributes to the distribution of methods for higher education teaching in the classroom and distance learning.
We present a feedback-corrected optimal scheduling approach to reduce the demand of electrical energy of batch processes, exemplified at the sand preparation in foundry. The main energy driver in the exemplary foundry is the idle time of the batch-wise working sand mixers. In this novel approach, we use linear integer programming to minimize the demand of energy of the sand mixers by scheduling the batches in real-time. For the optimization we use a physical model of the sand preparation, which takes dwell-times of the processes as dead-time systems into account. In this paper, we present the steps to make the optimal scheduling approach applicable for the production process. The application at the real production plant proves the performance of the suggested approach. Compared to the conventional control, the feedback-corrected optimal scheduling approach leads to an reduction in energy consumption of approximately 6.5 % without modifying the process or the aggregates.
We present a small case study on citations of conference posters using poster collections from both Figshare and Zenodo. The study takes into account the years 2016–2020 according to the dates of publication on the platforms. Citation data was taken from DataCite, Crossref and Dimensions. Primarily, we want to know to what extent scientific posters are being cited and thereby which impact posters potentially have on the scholarly landscape and especially on academic publications. Our data-driven analysis reveals that posters are rarely cited. Citations could only be found for 1% of the posters in our dataset. A limitation in this study however is that the impact of academic posters was not measured empirical but rather descriptive.
The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of bacteremia in dairy cows with severe mastitis. Milk samples were collected from affected udder quarters, and corresponding blood samples were collected from dairy cows with severe mastitis at the time of diagnosis before any therapeutic measures were undertaken. The cultural detection of pathogens in blood classified a bacteremia. Further diagnostic tests were performed to provide evidence of bacteremia. This was realized by PCR with regard to S. aureus, E. coli and S. uberis and the Limulus test. Detection of culturable pathogens in the blood of cows with severe clinical mastitis was rare and occurred in only one of 70 (1.4%) cases. Overall, bacterial growth was detected in 53 of 70 (75.7%) milk samples. S. uberis (22/70), E. coli (12/70) and S. aureus (4/70) were the most frequently isolated pathogens from milk of cows with severe mastitis. PCR was performed in 38 of 70 (54.3%) blood samples. PCR was positive in eight of 38 cases. S. uberis was found most frequently in six blood samples (8.6%). E. coli was found on PCR in one blood sample (1.4%). S. aureus was identified in one blood sample (1.4%). When Coliforms were detected in the quarter milk sample, a Limulus test was performed in the corresponding blood sample. In three of 15 cases, the Limulus test was positive (4.3% of samples). Further studies are needed to investigate the occurrence of bacteremia in cows with severe mastitis in a higher population size.
One of the main concerns of this publication is to furnish a more rational basis for discussing bioplastics and use fact-based arguments in the public discourse. Furthermore, “Biopolymers – facts and statistics” aims to provide specific, qualified answers easily and quickly for decision-makers in particular from public administration and the industrial sector. Therefore, this publication is made up like a set of rules and standards and largely foregoes textual detail. It offers extensive market-relevant and technical facts presented in graphs and charts, which means that the information is much easier to grasp. The reader can expect comparative market figures for various materials, regions, applications, process routes, agricultural land use, water use or resource consumption, production capacities, geographic distribution, etc.
Since child maltreatment has highly negative effects on child adjustment, early identification of at-risk families is important. This study focuses on longitudinal risk factors for child maltreatment and associations between abuse risk and occurrence. It also examines whether abuse risk and involvement in early childhood intervention are associated. The sample comprises 197 German caregivers with children under 3 years of age. Data was collected in two waves. The Brief Child Abuse Potential Inventory assessed abuse risk. Socio-demographic, parent, child and family-related risk factors were measured using screening tools. The analysis revealed that parental characteristics (psychopathology, own maltreatment experiences etc.) were associated with concurrent abuse risk. Longitudinal changes in abuse risk were linked to caregiver education and child-related factors. Cumulative risk did not explain more variance than specific risk factors. Significant associations with caregiverreported abuse were found, and data suggest that some burdened families cannot be reached by early childhood intervention.
Cloud Computing: Serverless
(2021)
A serverless architecture is a new approach to offering services over the Internet. It combines BaaS (Backend-as-a-service) and FaaS (Function-as-a-service). With the serverless architecture no own or rented infrastructures are needed anymore. In addition, the company does not have to worry about scaling any longer, as this happens automatically and immediately. Furthermore, there is no need any longer for maintenance work on the servers, as this is completely taken over by the provider. Administrators are also no longer needed for the same reason. Finally, many ready-made functions are offered, with which the development effort can be reduced. As a result, the serverless architecture is very well suited to many application scenarios, and it can save considerable costs (server costs, maintenance costs, personnel costs, electricity costs, etc.). The company only must subdivide the source code of the application and upload it to the provider’s server. The rest is done by the provider.
With regard to climate change, increasing energy efficiency is still a significant issue in the industry. In order to acquire energy data at the field level, so-called energy profiles can be used. They are advantageous as they are integrated into existing industrial ethernet standards (e.g. PROFINET). Commonly used energy profiles such as PROFIenergy and sercos Energy have been established in industrial use. However, as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) continues to develop, the question arises whether the established energy profiles are sufficient to fullfil the requirements of the upcoming IIoT communication technologies. To answer this question the paper compares and discusses the common energy profiles with the current and future challenges of energy data communication. Furthermore, this analysis examines the need for further research in this field.
Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), an immunogenic tumor, is the most common form of kidney cancer worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) play an important role in the treatment of metastatic RCC. Programmed death-ligand (PD-L1) has already been proposed as a possible prognosticator for ICIs effectiveness. To elucidate the feasible role of ICIs in neoadjuvant settings, we have assessed the most common PD-L1 expression modalities [tumor proportion score (TPS), combined positivity score (CPS) and inflammatory cell (IC) score] in primary tumors (PTs) and venous tumor thrombi (VTT) in first diagnosed, previously untreated RCC patients with accompanying
VTT.
Methods: Between January 1999 and December 2016, 71 patients with a first diagnosed, untreated, locally advanced RCC (aRCC) (≥ pT3a) underwent surgery in Hanover Medical School (MHH). PD-L1 expression was examined separately in PTs and VTT using the CPS, IC score and TPS. We also considered the age at the time of the initial surgery and gender as probable influencing factors. By using a cutoff value of 1 (1%), PD-L1 expression levels in PTs and VTT were assessed to enable the determination of any frequency differences.
Results: Positive scores for PTs were shown by 54 (CPS), 53 (IC score) and 34 (TPS) patients, whereas in VTT, positive scores were evaluated
for a total of 50 (CPS), 47 (IC-score) and 36 (TPS) patients. No statistically significant differences were obtained between the PD-L1 expression immunoscores for PTs and VTT. The covariates age at the time of the initial surgery and gender could not be statistically proven to influence the differences in PD-L1 expression between the
VTT and PTs.
Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this research is the largest study to investigate PD-L1 expression in PTs and VTT in 71 cases. It could have relevance for the future development of neoadjuvant immunotherapy options, particularly in aRCC with VTT.
In this species differentiation study of Corynebacterium spp. (C. spp.), quarter foremilk samples from 48 farms were included. These were obtained from both clinically healthy cows and those with clinical mastitis. First, all samples were examined cyto-microbiologically and all catalase-positive rods were differentiated using the direct transfer method in MALDI-TOF MS. C. bovis, C. amycolatum, C. xerosis, and five other species were identified with proportions of 90.1%, 7.7%, and 0.8% for the named species, respectively, and 1.4% for the remaining unnamed species. In addition, somatic cell count (SCC) was determined by flow cytometry. Based on this, the isolates were classified into four udder health groups: “latent infection”, “subclinical mastitis”, “clinical mastitis” and “others”. Approximately 90% of isolates of C. bovis and C. amycolatum were from latently and subclinically infected quarters. Of the C. bovis isolates, 5.8% were obtained from milk samples from clinical mastitis, whereas C. amycolatum was not present in clinical mastitis. The distribution of groups in these two species differed significantly. The geometric mean SCC of all species combined was 76,000 SCC/mL, almost the same as the SCC of C. bovis. With 50,000 SCC/mL, the SCC of C. amycolatum was slightly below the SCC of C. bovis. Through the species-level detection and consideration of SCC performed here, it is apparent that individual species differ in terms of their pathogenicity. Overall, their classification as minor pathogens with an SCC increase is confirmed.
Building a well-founded understanding of the concepts, tasks and limitations of IT in all areas of society is an essential prerequisite for future developments in business and research. This applies in particular to the healthcare sector and medical research, which are affected by the noticeable advances in digitization. In the transfer project “Zukunftslabor Gesundheit” (ZLG), a teaching framework was developed to support the development of further education online courses in order to teach heterogeneous groups of learners independent of location and prior knowledge. The study at hand describes the development and components of the framework.
The aim of this study was to define the time-related period of intramammary infections and its relation to risk factors for intramammary infections and clinical mastitis at cow and quarter levels. In total, 269 German Holstein Frisian dairy cows on three farms in Northern and Eastern Germany were included in this study. Quarter milk samples were collected at dry-off, 3 ± 1 days after calving and 17 ± 3 days after calving, for cytomicrobiological examination. Risk factors at quarter- and cow-level associated with intramammary infections and clinical mastitis were recorded during the trial period. Data were analyzed using logistic regression procedures and odds ratios were calculated. Calving for the second time increased the odds of clinical mastitis during the first 100 days of lactation compared to cows calving for the third time or more. A high milk yield after calving was a risk factor for new infections, with environmental pathogens 17 ± 3 days postpartum. A body condition score after calving less than 3.5 was associated with a decreased risk of having an intra-mammary infection (IMI) with non-aureus staphylococci and coryneforms 3 ± 1 days postpartum and consistent body condition between dry-off and early lactation decreased the risk of intramammary infections after calving. The absence of a ring of hyperkeratosis at the teat apex shown at dry-off was associated with a lower risk of intramammary infections with environmental pathogens 17 ± 3 days postpartum. This study shows the important influence of the dry period and early lactation on intramammary infections and clinical mastitis postpartum in dairy cows. Udder quarters may have eliminated pathogens during the dry period in 43.6% of cases in this study. Additionally, new infections occurred during early lactation, so 5.1% more quarters were infected 17 ± 3 days compared to 3 ± 1 days postpartum. New infections can be traced to non-aureus staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus from dry-off up until 3 ± 1 days postpartum, and to non-aureus staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis, after calving. In total, 88.7% of the infected quarters showed new infections with another pathogen species 3 ± 1 days postpartum than at dry-off, and 89.2% of the quarters 17 ± 3 days postpartum than 3 ± 1 days postpartum. In conclusion, the early lactation has just as important an influence on intramammary infections postpartum in dairy cows as the dry period. There is the possibility that udder quarters eliminate pathogens during the early lactation, especially during the dry period. However, there is also the danger that new infections manifest, with a large proportion of new infections occurring after calving. Thus, additional control strategies are of great importance to prevent new infections occurring during early lactation as well as during the dry period to reduce negative effects on milk yield and culling hazards in dairy cows by minimizing the associated risk factors
Lack of knowledge regarding antibiotics use has been widely identified as a main reason for inappropriate antibiotics use which leads to antibiotic resistance phenomenon. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pharmacist-initiated educational intervention on promoting appropriate use of antibiotics and reducing self-medication with antibiotics. A pre and post intervention study using two validated self-administered questionnaires was performed in Yogyakarta province. A-two hour session of course and case discussion was delivered as method of intervention. Pharmacy customers attended Gema Cermat program were invited conveniently to complete both of pre- and post-educational questionnaires. Descriptive presentation was conducted to show scores on questions. Knowledge scores were categorized as poor, adequate and high. Of 268 respondents, 34.22% respondents had poor level of knowledge before receiving educational intervention, but this number decreased into 12.21% after post-interventional phase. Another 28.23% respondents had adequate level of knowledge before and then elevated into 38.28% after receiving education about appropriate use of antibiotics. Pre-education, 37.43% participants had a high level of knowledge about antibiotics use and resistance, whereas after education the number became slightly higher (49.25%). A vast majority of respondents (75.24%) became more aware about appropriate antibiotics practice after receiving educational inter- vention. Overall, didactic educational intervention imposed higher knowledge and better practice regarding antibiotics use (p < 0.05). This study showed that using didactical education intervention towards antibiotics use and resistance can be an initial strategy that led to substantial improvement of appropriate antibiotics use. Further systemic interventions to educate people should be performed and evaluated in order to promote the appropriate use of antibiotics.
Background: Mobile text reminder (SMS) system is considered a viable strategy for targeting/facilitating healthy behavioural change including adherence to prescribed physical exercises (PE) and medication (antiretroviral therapy-ART) which should improve the quality of life (Qol) in people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA). Thus, the literature was appraised for evidence of SMS effectiveness in improving ART and PE adherence behaviours and QoL in PLWHA.
Methods: Eight databases–AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, EMCARE, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PubMed-were searched up to December 2020, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol.This review included only randomised control trials (RCTs) investigating the effectiveness of SMS in improving QoL or PE or ART adherence behaviour or a combination of these variables in PLWHA >18 years.
Two independent reviewers determined the eligibility of the studies. Data were extracted and the quality of the study was assessed with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) tool. The primary outcomes were ART and PE adherence behaviours while the secondary outcome was QoL.
Result: A pooled estimate of effect was not calculated due to the heterogeneity of methods and outcome measures.
Therefore, a narrative synthesis of ten studies that met the inclusion criteria (n = 1621 participants at study completion) comprising males/females, aged ≥ 18 years, was done. There was a significant improvement in ART adherence behaviour except in three underpowered studies. Only the SMS interventions that were developed using the Starks 3-steps Adherence model was associated with positive outcome. The only study that evaluated QoL was underpowered and reported no significant change while there were no RCTs on PE.
Conclusion: Effects of SMS intervention trends towards a significant improvement in ART adherence behaviour in PLWHA. It is plausible that SMS reminders developed using the broader framework of the interpersonal health behaviour theory(ies) may have positive outcome. Nevertheless, the observed heterogeneity in the methods/outcome measures warrants a cautious interpretation of the findings. There is a lack/paucity of RCTs and therefore no evidence in support of the effectiveness of SMS intervention in improving PE adherence and QoL.
In this study, we calculated the energetics of hydrogen atoms adsorbing on and diffusing into the first few layers of γ-Fe for the (100), (110) and (111) surfaces and for the non-magnetic (NM), ferromagnetic (FM), and antiferromagnetic single (AFM1) and double layer (AFMD) structures. These studies are relevant as they atomistically simulate the early stages of hydrogen embrittlement in steels. We employed density functional theory to establish adsorption sites and energies for each plane and the minimum energy pathways for diffusion through the first few layers with associated activation barriers. Adsorption energies for all cases vary between ∼3.7 and 4.4 eV, and the energy barriers to diffusion in the bulk region vary between ∼0.2 and 1.2 eV for the twelve cases, with the highest and lowest bulk diffusion barriers occurring in the NM(111) and the FM(100) case, respectively. We conclude that the texturing of steels in order to expose certain cleavage planes or magnetic structures can decrease the likelihood of hydrogen embrittlement.
Background: This basically anatomical study focuses on two items; firstly, the establishment of a system for the cartographic subdivision of the neopallium; secondly, the topographical correlation of extracranial landmarks and intracranial sites on the neopallium.
Materials and methods: The surface of the neopallium was subdivided into 15 sectors with reference to a newly introduced pattern of Primary Sulci. The topographical link between extracranial landmarks and certain intracranial sites (i.e. neopallium sectors) was elaborated by using a simple stereotactic device and a computer-assisted measurement device. Measurements were performed between points on the head's outer surface and on the isolated brain.
Results and Conclusions: The introduction of an anatomical three-dimensional coordinate system was an essential key issue for this investigation. This setting facilitated the measurements and calculations of the so-called indirect distances that were characterised by their alignment along the three orthogonal axes (x, y, z) of the anatomical coordinate system. The inter-individual comparison (16 adult horses [Equus caballus]) of the indirect distances revealed that each sector centre lay within a distinct morphometric residence area. The measured and calculated data also showed that each sector centre could be assigned to its proper extracranial landmark that - in comparison with other landmarks - was best suited for the optimal allocation of the sector centre point.