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As noted by Roman poet Virgil already more than 2,000 years ago: “The greatest wealth is health.”. Without health, there is no happiness, no peace, and no success according to the Reflections Recovery Center from Arizona, United States (USA, U.S.). The goal of the Healthy People 2020-project (HP2020), which is led by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP), was to “promote quality life, healthy development, and health behaviors across all life stages” among the U.S. population. HP2020 measures progress by using so-called Leading Health Indicators (LHI), reliable data sources, baseline values as well as targets for LHI-individual improvements for every measurable objective to be achieved by 2020 and each following decade. In the further course, these values were compared to student populations from the U.S., Germany, and Poland. The goal of this master's thesis was to obtain more data on international health, particularly among student populations. For the statistical analysis, data were obtained from an online survey that was distributed to students in at least one university in each of the three countries. In total, data from 380 students were analyzed in terms of HP2020 goal attainment. To determine if statistically significant differences were present, the z-test was used. The biggest differences emerged on the following topics: access to healthcare, environmental quality, obesity as well as reproductive and sexual health.
Planer und Betreiber von Produktionsanlagen stehen vor der Frage, welche Normen für die IT-Sicherheitskonzepte und ggf. auch für eine Auditierung dieser Anlagen anzuwenden sind. Da die Verantwortlichkeit in Bezug auf die IT-Sicherheit für die Operational Technology (OT) oft in anderen Händen liegt, als die für Information Technology (IT), gibt es hier gelegentlich abweichende Auffassungen darüber welche Normen zu Grunde zu legen sind.
Personen aus dem IT-Umfeld fokussieren in der Regel auf die Normreihe ISO 27001, während Personen aus dem OT-Umfeld eher die Normreihe IEC 62443 favorisieren. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Grundlagen und Ausrichtung der beiden Normreihen und gibt Anregungen, in welchem Kontext welche die Normen sinnvoll und ggf. auch kombiniert nutzbar sind.
Das Dokument schließt mit einer Empfehlung für ein Vorgehen im Bereich von Produktionsanlagen für die Fertigungs- und Prozessindustrie (OT-Security). Abschließend wird im Anhang noch am Beispiel einer Abwasserbehandlungsanlage die Anwendbarkeit der Normen diskutiert.
Methods for standard meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies are well established and understood. For the more complex case in which studies report test accuracy across multiple thresholds, several approaches have recently been proposed. These are based on similar ideas, but make different assumptions. In this article, we apply four different approaches to data from a recent systematic review in the area of nephrology and compare the results. The four approaches use: a linear mixed effects model, a Bayesian multinomial random effects model, a time-to-event model and a nonparametric model, respectively. In the case study data, the accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury was assessed in different scenarios, with sensitivity and specificity estimates available for three thresholds in each primary study. All approaches led to plausible and mostly similar summary results. However, we found considerable differences in results for some scenarios, for example, differences in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of up to 0.13. The Bayesian approach tended to lead to the highest values of the AUC, and the nonparametric approach tended to produce the lowest values across the different scenarios. Though we recommend using these approaches, our findings motivate the need for a simulation study to explore optimal choice of method in various scenarios.