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Institute
- Fakultät III - Medien, Information und Design (432) (remove)
Background: Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) might aggravate the allergic inflammation of the lung in asthmatics.
Methods: We exposed 12 allergic asthmatics in two subgroups in a double-blinded randomized cross-over design, first to freshly generated ultrafine carbon particles (64 μg/m3; 6.1 ± 0.4 × 105 particles/cm3 for 2 h) and then to filtered air or vice versa with a 28-day recovery period in-between. Eighteen hours after each exposure, grass pollen was instilled into a lung lobe via bronchoscopy. Another 24 hours later, inflammatory cells were collected by means of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). (Trial registration: NCT00527462)
Results: For the entire study group, inhalation of UFP by itself had no significant effect on the allergen induced
inflammatory response measured with total cell count as compared to exposure with filtered air (p = 0.188). However, the subgroup of subjects, which inhaled UFP during the first exposure, exhibited a significant increase in total BAL cells (p = 0.021), eosinophils (p = 0.031) and monocytes (p = 0.013) after filtered air exposure and subsequent allergen challenge 28 days later. Additionally, the potential of BAL cells to generate oxidant radicals was
significantly elevated at that time point. The subgroup that was exposed first to filtered air and 28 days later to UFP did not reveal differences between sessions.
Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that pre-allergen exposure to UFP had no acute effect on the allergic inflammation. However, the subgroup analysis lead to the speculation that inhaled UFP particles might have a long-term effect on the inflammatory course in asthmatic patients. This should be reconfirmed in further studies with an appropriate study design and sufficient number of subjects.
Unternehmen befinden sich in einem Beziehungsgeflecht mit verschiedenen Stakeholdern, die differierende Ansprüche stellen und den Erfolg des Unternehmens stark beeinflussen. Unter diesen Gegebenheiten ist es von zentraler Bedeutung, gute Beziehungen zu den unterschiedlichen Gruppen und somit ein hohes Beziehungskapital aufzubauen. Eine Schlüsselfunktion kommt dabei der Kommunikation zu, da sie das Bindeglied zwischen Unternehmen und Stakeholdern darstellt.
Um mithilfe strategischen Kommunikationsmanagements die Beziehungen zu Stakeholdern zu stärken, müssen Unternehmen wissen, worauf überhaupt gute Beziehungen beruhen. Im Zentrum der Arbeit steht daher das soziale Kommunikations-Controlling von Unternehmen als Analyse- und Steuerungsfunktion und die Frage, aus welchen Faktoren sich das Beziehungskapital eines Unternehmens zusammensetzt. Im Gegensatz zum ökonomischen Kommunikations-Controlling fokussiert der soziale Ansatz nicht die ökonomische Ausrichtung der Kommunikation, sondern die Unternehmen-Stakeholder-Beziehungen.
Auf Basis des Beziehungskapital-Ansatzes von Szyszka und zentralen Reputationskonzepten wurden die Dimensionen und Indikatoren von Beziehungskapital hergeleitet. Eine quantitative Befragung einer breiten Öffentlichkeit diente anschließend der Prüfung des Entwurfs und der Identifikation möglicher weiterer Aspekte. Das Ergebnis stellt ein Modell dar, demnach Beziehungskapital aus folgenden acht Dimensionen besteht: die Produkte und Services, der unternehmerische Erfolg sowie die Kompetenz des Unternehmens als funktionale Komponenten, die soziale Verantwortung, die ökologische Verantwortung und die Verantwortung gegenüber den Mitarbeitern als soziale Komponenten sowie die Sympathie und Attraktivität des Unternehmens als affektive Komponenten. Die Dimensionen werden durch insgesamt 20 Indikatoren repräsentiert.
Das Modell lässt sich in den theoretischen Kontext des sozialen Kommunikations-Controllings einordnen und kann als Erweiterung des Beziehungskapital-Ansatzes hinzugezogen werden. In der Praxis liefert die Arbeit erste Hilfestellungen, um das Beziehungskapital eines Unternehmens bestimmen und darauf aufbauend ein strategisches Kommunikationsmanagement etablieren zu können.
The objective was to establish and standardise a broth microdilution susceptibility testing method for porcine Bordetella (B.) bronchiseptica. B. bronchiseptica isolates from different geographical regions and farms were genotyped by macrorestriction analysis and subsequent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. One reference and one type strain plus two field isolates of B. bronchiseptica were chosen to analyse growth curves in four different media: cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB) with and without 2% lysed horse blood, Brain-Heart-Infusion (BHI), and Caso broth. The growth rate of each test strain in each medium was determined by culture enumeration and the suitability of CAMHB was confirmed by comparative statistical analysis. Thereafter, reference and type strain and eight epidemiologically unrelated field isolates of B. bronchiseptica were used to test the suitability of a broth microdilution susceptibility testing method following CLSI-approved performance standards given in document VET01-A4. Susceptibility tests, using 20 antimicrobial agents, were performed in five replicates, and data were collected after 20 and 24 hours incubation and statistically analysed. Due to the low growth rate of B. bronchiseptica, an incubation time of 24 hours resulted in significantly more homogeneous minimum inhibitory concentrations after five replications compared to a 20-hour incubation. An interlaboratory comparison trial including susceptibility testing of 24 antimicrobial agents revealed a high mean level of reproducibility (97.9%) of the modified method. Hence, in a harmonization for broth microdilution susceptibility testing of B. bronchiseptica, an incubation time of 24 hours in CAMHB medium with an incubation temperature of 35°C and an inoculum concentration of approximately 5 x 105 cfu/ml was proposed.
Background: Improving the transparency of information about the quality of health care providers is one way to improve health care quality. It is assumed that Internet information steers patients toward better-performing health care providers and will motivate providers to improve quality. However, the effect of public reporting on hospital quality is still small. One of the reasons is that users find it difficult to understand the formats in which information is presented.
Objective: We analyzed the presentation of risk-adjusted mortality rate (RAMR) for coronary angiography in the 10 most commonly used German public report cards to analyze the impact of information presentation features on their comprehensibility. We wanted to determine which information presentation features were utilized, were preferred by users, led to better comprehension, and had similar effects to those reported in evidence-based recommendations described in the literature.
Methods: The study consisted of 5 steps: (1) identification of best-practice evidence about the presentation of information on hospital report cards; (2) selection of a single risk-adjusted quality indicator; (3) selection of a sample of designs adopted by German public report cards; (4) identification of the information presentation elements used in public reporting initiatives in Germany; and (5) an online panel completed an online questionnaire that was conducted to determine if respondents were able to identify the hospital with the lowest RAMR and if respondents’ hospital choices were associated with particular information design elements.
Results: Evidence-based recommendations were made relating to the following information presentation features relevant to report cards: evaluative table with symbols, tables without symbols, bar charts, bar charts without symbols, bar charts with symbols, symbols, evaluative word labels, highlighting, order of providers, high values to indicate good performance, explicit statements of whether high or low values indicate good performance, and incomplete data (“N/A” as a value). When investigating the RAMR in a sample of 10 hospitals’ report cards, 7 of these information presentation features were identified. Of these, 5 information presentation features improved comprehensibility in a manner reported previously in literature.
Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically analyze the most commonly used public reporting card designs used in Germany. Best-practice evidence identified in international literature was in agreement with 5 findings about German report card designs: (1) avoid tables without symbols, (2) include bar charts with symbols, (3) state explicitly whether high or low values indicate good performance or provide a “good quality” range, (4) avoid incomplete data (N/A given as a value), and (5) rank hospitals by performance. However, these findings are preliminary and should be subject of further evaluation. The implementation of 4 of these recommendations should not present insurmountable obstacles. However, ranking hospitals by performance may present substantial difficulties.
Hintergrund:
Feedback von Patienten über erlebte Versorgungsaspekte erfolgt auch in der Rehabilitation inzwischen zunehmend online, beispielsweise auf Bewertungsportalen. Daher soll untersucht werden, welche von Rehabilitanden auf der für Reha-Kliniken führenden Bewertungsplattform Klinikbewertungen.de veröffentlichten Versorgungsaspekte mit der Weiterempfehlung einer Rehaklinik und welche negativen Aspekte mit der Nicht-Weiterempfehlung assoziiert sind.
Methode:
Eingeschlossen wurden Reha-Kliniken der Rentenversicherung Bund und federführend von ihr belegte Kliniken. Mit einem Mixed-Methods-Ansatz wurden aus acht Reha-Indikationsgruppen nach Zufriedenheitsstufen stratifizierte freitextliche Erfahrungsberichte von Rehabilitanden inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet. Der Zusammenhang zwischen positiven (negativen) Aussagen mit der (Nicht-)Weiterempfehlung wurde in der jeweiligen Reha-Indikationsgruppe untersucht.
Ergebnisse:
Die Inhaltsanalyse von 911 Erfahrungsberichten ergab 20 thematische Kategorien. Der von Rehabilitanden wahrgenommene "Reha-Erfolg" war am häufigsten mit der Weiterempfehlung bzw. Nicht-Weiterempfehlung signifikant assoziiert. In fünf QS-Vergleichsgruppen war das Thema "Verpflegung" assoziiert. In allen QS-Vergleichsgruppen war mindestens ein prozessorientiertes Rehabilitationsthema assoziiert: "Reha-Maßnahmen", "Reha-Plan und Reha-Ziele" und/oder "Diagnose bis Entlassung".
Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung:
Reha-Kliniken können auf Basis der vorgestellten Ergebnisse indikationsspezifisch die für die Klinik-Weiterempfehlung relevanten Versorgungsaspekte identifizieren. Die Einbeziehung von Online-Erfahrungsberichten schafft zusätzliche Erkenntnisse über die Gründe der (Un-)Zufriedenheit von Rehabilitanden. Potenziellen Rehabilitanden steht das Erfahrungswissen als niederschwellige Informationsquelle und Entscheidungshilfe zur Verfügung
Background: We sought to develop and test an objective scorecard-based system for assessing and categorizing available research sites in Lassa fever-affected countries based on their preparedness and capability to host Lassa fever vaccine clinical trials.
Methods: We mapped available clinical research sites through interrogation of online clinical trial registries and relevant disease-based consortia. A structured online questionnaire was used to assess the capability of clinical trial sites to conduct Lassa fever vaccine clinical trials. We developed a new scoring template by allocating scores to questionnaire parameters based on perceived importance to the conduct of clinical trials as described in the WHO/TDR Global Competency Framework for Clinical Research. Cutoff points of 75% and 50% were used to categorize sites into categories A, B, or C.
Results: This study identified 44 clinical trial sites in 8 Lassa fever-affected countries. Out of these, 35 sites were characterized based on their capacity to hold Lassa fever vaccine clinical trials. A total of 14 sites in 4 countries were identified as ready to host Lassa fever vaccine trials immediately or with little support.
Conclusion: It is feasible to hold Lassa fever vaccine trials in affected countries based on the outcome of the survey. However, the findings are to be validated through sites' visits. This experience with a standardized and objective method of the site assessment is encouraging, and the site selection method used can serve as an orientation to sponsors and researchers planning clinical trials in the region.
The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has profound implications for improving human and computational productivity in the future. However, it also is an existential risk to human life because it could exceed human capabilities. As such, information about the technology, the direction of the development and its purpose is important. This can be achieved through openness and transparency of processes. Indeed, companies hold property rights over AI and monopolies of software, data and experts. As a countermovement to leading AI companies, the “Open AI Movement” has evolved to push open-source AI research and products, to empower users, and to bridge the digital divide through participation and access. In this thesis, the implications of the declaration of AI as a commons have been analyzed through interviews with AI experts in the United States. The legal placement of AI is controversial but it could be seen as a basic human right. Other findings are that this field is very competitive and that the best approach is to collaboratively develop software that adds additional value on the edge of the commons.
This research focuses on the fundamental ideas and underlying principles of E-Learning technology, as well as theoretical considerations for an optimal learning environment. This theoretical exploration was then used as a basis for the design and construction of a new, interactive Web-Based ESH-Training. The quality and effectiveness of this new course was then compared with that of the existing analog PDF-Training via a test with a diverse sample of employee learners. Learners were later surveyed to ascertain their views on both trainings in terms of the quality of the content, facilitator, resources, and length. Results clearly showed that regardless of demographic factors, most employee learners preferred the new, Web-Based ESH-Training to the analog PDF-Training.
Background
To perform a systematic review about the effect of using clinical pathways on length of stay (LOS), hospital costs and patient outcomes. To provide a framework for local healthcare organisations considering the effectiveness of clinical pathways as a patient management strategy.
Methods
As participants, we considered hospitalized children and adults of every age and indication whose treatment involved the management strategy "clinical pathways". We include only randomised controlled trials (RCT) and controlled clinical trials (CCT), not restricted by language or country of publication. Single measures of continuous and dichotomous study outcomes were extracted from each study. Separate analyses were done in order to compare effects of clinical pathways on length of stay (LOS), hospital costs and patient outcomes. A random effects meta-analysis was performed with untransformed and log transformed outcomes.
Results
In total 17 trials met inclusion criteria, representing 4,070 patients. The quality of the included studies was moderate and studies reporting economic data can be described by a very limited scope of evaluation. In general, the majority of studies reporting economic data (LOS and hospital costs) showed a positive impact. Out of 16 reporting effects on LOS, 12 found significant shortening. Furthermore, in a subgroup-analysis, clinical pathways for invasive procedures showed a stronger LOS reduction (weighted mean difference (WMD) -2.5 days versus -0.8 days)).
There was no evidence of differences in readmission to hospitals or in-hospital complications. The overall Odds Ratio (OR) for re-admission was 1.1 (95% CI: 0.57 to 2.08) and for in-hospital complications, the overall OR was 0.7 (95% CI: 0.49 to 1.0). Six studies examined costs, and four showed significantly lower costs for the pathway group. However, heterogeneity between studies reporting on LOS and cost effects was substantial.
Conclusion
As a result of the relatively small number of studies meeting inclusion criteria, this evidence base is not conclusive enough to provide a replicable framework for all pathway strategies. Considering the clinical areas for implementation, clinical pathways seem to be effective especially for invasive care. When implementing clinical pathways, the decision makers need to consider the benefits and costs under different circumstances (e.g. market forces).
Das Thema Linked Open Data hat in den vergangenen Jahren im Bereich der Bibliotheken viel Aufmerksamkeit erfahren. Unterschiedlichste Projekte werden von Bibliotheken betrieben, um Linked Open Data für die Einrichtung und die Kunden nutzbringend einzusetzen. Ausgangspunkt für diese Arbeit ist die These, dass Linked Open Data im Bibliotheksbereich das größte Potenzial freisetzen kann. Es wird überprüft, inwiefern diese Aussage auch auf Öffentliche Bibliotheken zutrifft und aufgezeigt, welche Möglichkeiten sich daraus ergeben könnten.
Die Arbeit führt in die Grundlagen von Linked Open Data (LOD) ein und betrachtet die Entwicklungen im Bibliotheksbereich. Dabei werden besonders Initiativen
zur Behandlung bibliothekarischer Metadaten und der aktuelle Entwicklungsstand von LOD-fähigen Bibliothekssystemen behandelt. Danach wird eine Auswahl
an LOD-Datensets vorgestellt, die bibliothekarische Metadaten liefern oder deren Daten als Anreicherungsinformationen in Kataloganwendungen eingesetzt werden können.
Im Anschluss wird das Projekt OpenCat der Öffentlichen Bibliothek Fresnes (Frankreich) sowie das LOD-Projekt an der Deichmanske Bibliothek Oslo (Norwegen) vorgestellt. Darauf folgt ein Einblick in die Möglichkeiten, welche durch die Verwendung von LOD in Öffentlichen Bibliotheken verwirklicht werden könnten sowie erste Handlungsempfehlungen für Öffentliche Bibliotheken.
Social Scoring in China
(2023)
In den zurückliegenden Jahren hat eine Nachricht Schlagzeilen gemacht, die besonders in der westlichen Welt für Aufruhr gesorgt hat: Die Regierung der Volkrepublik China implementiere ein Sozialkreditsystem, das die Menschen in ihrem alltäglichen Verhalten bewerte und zu „Wohlverhalten" zwingen solle.
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Hintergründen des „Sozialkreditsystem", seiner Entstehung, Umsetzung und der Rezeption durch die chinesische Bevölkerung. Abschließend wird ein Vergleich mit ähnlichen Systemen in Deutschland versucht.
In this poster we present the ongoing development of an integrated free and open source toolchain for semantic annotation of digitised cultural heritage. The toolchain development involves the specification of a common data model that aims to increase interoperability across diverse datasets and to enable new collaborative research approaches.
A new FOSS (free and open source software) toolchain and associated workflow is being developed in the context of NFDI4Culture, a German consortium of research- and cultural heritage institutions working towards a shared infrastructure for research data that meets the needs of 21st century data creators, maintainers and end users across the broad spectrum of the digital libraries and archives field, and the digital humanities. This short paper and demo present how the integrated toolchain connects: 1) OpenRefine - for data reconciliation and batch upload; 2) Wikibase - for linked open data (LOD) storage; and 3) Kompakkt - for rendering and annotating 3D models. The presentation is aimed at librarians, digital curators and data managers interested in learning how to manage research datasets containing 3D media, and how to make them available within an open data environment with 3D-rendering and collaborative annotation features.
Wikidata and Wikibase as complementary research data management services for cultural heritage data
(2022)
The NFDI (German National Research Data Infrastructure) consortia are associations of various institutions within a specific research field, which work together to develop common data infrastructures, guidelines, best practices and tools that conform to the principles of FAIR data. Within the NFDI, a common question is: What is the potential of Wikidata to be used as an application for science and research? In this paper, we address this question by tracing current research usecases and applications for Wikidata, its relation to standalone Wikibase instances, and how the two can function as complementary services to meet a range of research needs. This paper builds on lessons learned through the development of open data projects and software services within the Open Science Lab at TIB, Hannover, in the context of NFDI4Culture – the consortium including participants across the broad spectrum of the digital libraries, archives, and museums field, and the digital humanities.
Die vorliegende Arbeit entstand im Rahmen der Diplomprüfung im Studiengang Allgemeine Dokumentation des Fachbereiches Informations- und Kommunikationswesen der Fachhochschule Hannover. Thema der Diplomarbeit sind die Konzeption und Planung der Reorganisation der Schülerbücherei und Lehrerbibliothek des Braunschweiger Gymnasiums Martino-Katharineum. Dabei wird schematisch die momentan vorherrschende Situation analysiert und nach Vergleich mit Empfehlungen aus der Literatur eine den Gegebenheiten der Schule angepasste Ideallösung entwickelt, in der die beiden Teilbibliotheken zu einem zentralen Informationszentrum zusammengelegt werden. Nach einer allgemeinen Einführung in das Thema „Schulbibliothek“ beschäftigen sich die in Form von Teilprojekten angelegten folgenden Kapitel mit den Anforderungen an Räumlichkeiten, Personal, Bestand sowie dessen Erschließung.
In dieser Bachelorarbeit wird die Konzeption, Entwicklung und Evaluierung einer Web-Oberfläche der wissenschaftlichen Bildersuchmaschine NOA durchgeführt. Ziel ist es, eine hohe Benutzerfreundlichkeit zu erreichen. NOA ist ein von der DFG gefördertes Projekt mit dem Ziel, Bilder aus Open-Access-Veröffentlichungen nutzbar zu machen. Der theoretische Teil behandelt die Grundlagen der Web-Usability, weiterhin werden Methoden der Evaluation dargestellt. Der praktische Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit beinhaltet die Konzeption und deren Umsetzung mittels aktueller Auszeichnungs- und Skriptsprachen. Auf die Präsentation der entwickelten Web-Oberfläche folgt die Evaluation der Usability mittels der heuristischen Evaluation und dem Usability-Testing, welches von der Thinking-Aloud-Methode begleitet wird. Daraufhin werden Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung der Benutzerfreundlichkeit benannt. Die Arbeit bildet einen vollständigen Prozess zur Erstellung einer Website ab. So gibt sie Interessierten des Berufsfeldes Konzeption bzw. der Front-End-Entwicklung einen Einblick in übliche Tätigkeiten.
Die Gesellschaft ist geprägt von einem zunehmenden Bedürfnis nach Mitbestimmung und damit auch Beteiligung. In Zeiten mangelnder Wohnangebote ist das Interesse besonders groß, wenn bedeutsame Baumaßnahmen thematisiert werden und große Veränderungen mit sich bringen.
Die positive Resonanz auf innerstädtische Immobilienprojekte ist alles andere als selbstverständlich, dabei liegen die Interessen häufig eng beieinander. "Man wird natürlich nie alle zufriedenstellen können" aber häufig mangelt es an ausreichender Kommunikation und Aufklärungsarbeit.
Die Wissenschaftsarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, welche Ansprüche an Bürgerkommunikation bestehen und welche Chancen sich daraus für die Kommunikation von Bauprojekten ergeben. Daraus resultiert ein Lösungsansatz für die Immobilien-Public-Relations (PR).
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, ein Konzept für eine Darstellung der Personennamendatei(PND) in den Sprachen Resource Description Framework (RDF), Resource DescriptionFramework Schema Language (RDFS) und Web Ontology Language (OWL) zu entwickeln. Der Prämisse des Semantic Web folgend, Daten sowohl in menschenverständlicher als auch in maschinell verarbeitbarer Form darzustellen und abzulegen, wird eine Struktur für Personendaten geschaffen. Dabei wird von der bestehenden Daten- und Struktursituation im Pica-Format ausgegangen. Die Erweiterbarkeit und Anpassbarkeit des Modells im Hinblick auf zukünftige, im Moment gegebenenfalls noch nicht absehbare Anwendungen und Strukurveränderungen, muss aber darüber hinaus gewährleistet sein. Die Modellierung orientiert sich an bestehenden Standards wie Dublin Core, Friend Of A Friend (FOAF), Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD) und Resource Description and Access (RDA).
Internetpräsenzen von Bibliotheken müssen zunehmend mit kommerziellen oder frei zugänglichen Informationsangeboten konkurrieren. Um sich von diesen Angeboten abzuheben, müssen nicht nur, wie gehabt, qualitativ hochwertige Informationen bereitgestellt werden - der Zugang zu diesen Informationen muss nutzerfreundlich gestaltet werden und sich an Usability-Standards orientieren, um für den Nutzer attraktiv zu sein.
In der Bachelorarbeit wird eine Studie zur Usability der Website der Landesbibliothek Oldenburg durchgeführt. Nach einer Einführung in die Thematik der Usability und der Analyse des IST-Zustandes der Website erfolgt eine Evaluation anhand von vier Methoden. Basierend auf Evaluationen mittels Personas, Heuristiken, Thinking-Aloud-Tests und einer Logfile-Analyse werden Usability-Probleme der Website ermittelt und anschließend Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung der Usability gegeben.
The Wnt signaling pathway has been associated with many essential cell processes. This study aims to examine the effects of Wnt signaling on proliferation of cultured HEK293T cells. Cells were incubated with Wnt3a, and the activation of the Wnt pathway was followed by analysis of the level of the β-catenin protein and of the expression levels of the target genes MYC and CCND1. The level of β-catenin protein increased up to fourfold. While the mRNA levels of c-Myc and cyclin D1 increased slightly, the protein levels increased up to a factor of 1.5. Remarkably, MTT and BrdU assays showed different results when measuring the proliferation rate of Wnt3a stimulated HEK293T cells. In the BrdU assays an increase of the proliferation rate could be detected, which correlated to the applied Wnt3a concentration. Oppositely, this correlation could not be shown in the MTT assays. The MTT results, which are based on the mitochondrial activity, were confirmed by analysis of the succinate dehydrogenase complex by immunofluorescence and by western blotting. Taken together, our study shows that Wnt3a activates proliferation of HEK293 cells. These effects can be detected by measuring DNA synthesis rather than by measuring changes of mitochondrial activity.
In der vorliegenden Mastererarbeit wird untersucht, wie implizites Wissen in Arbeitsteams optimal zwischen den Teammitgliedern ausgetauscht werden kann. Dazu werden Austauschmethoden für implizites Wissen und Movationstheorien analysiert. Anhand der Austauschmethoden und Motivationstheorien wird ein Modell entwickelt, das Teamleitern helfen soll, den Austausch von implizitem Wissen in Arbeitsteams am Besten zu nutzen.
Metadaten für das digitale Archiv des Niedersächsischen Landesamts für Denkmalpflege : ein Konzept
(2013)
Das Niedersächsische Landesamt für Denkmalpflege (NLD) ist die zentrale Fachbehörde für den Denkmalschutz in Niedersachsen. Ihre Funktionen sind im Niedersächsischen Denkmalschutzgesetz festgelegt. Sie führt das Verzeichnis der Kulturdenkmale in Niedersachsen und ist zentrale Archivstelle. Die Archivbestände der beiden fachlichen Bereiche Archäologie und Bau- und Kunstdenkmalpflege sollen im Fachinformationssystem ADABweb digital erschlossen werden, so dass sie mit den Objektdaten verknüpft werden können. Das Metadatenschema für die Archivalien soll sich an relevanten Standards orientieren und mit diesen weitgehend interoperabel sein. Zugleich sind die besonderen Informationsbedürfnisse der Denkmalpflege zu berücksichtigen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt anhand statistischer Untersuchungen einen Einblick in die derzeitige Arbeitsmarktsituation für Spezialbibliothekare in Deutschland. Es wird untersucht, in welchem Umfang Spezialbibliotheken in deutschen Statistiken erfasst sind. Dabei werden auch Auswertungen hinsichtlich ihrer Bestandsgröße und Personalstellenzahl durchgeführt. Den Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildet die Analyse von Stellenanzeigen, die Positionen in internen Informationseinrichtungen ausschreiben, im Hinblick auf verschiedene Aspekte. Diese statistischen Untersuchungen geben Aufschluss darüber, wie sich die Arbeitsmarktsituation für Beschäftigte in Spezialbibliotheken derzeit darstellt. Dabei werden einerseits quantitative Aussagen getroffen, die Rückschlüsse auf den Umfang des spezialbibliothekarischen Arbeitsmarktes zulassen. Andererseits erfolgt eine qualitative Analyse, indem die von Arbeitgebern gebotenen Beschäftigungsverhältnisse sowie die an zukünftige Stelleninhaber gestellten spezifischen Anforderungen hinsichtlich ihrer Qualifikation näher betrachtet werden.
Im Zuge des Zweiten Weltkrieges wurden zahlreiche sowjetische Museen, Archive und Bibliotheken ausgeraubt oder zerstört. Als Antwort auf diese Schäden wurden im Februar 1945 seitens der Sowjetregierung die sog. Trophäenbrigaden gegründet, die mit der Ausfuhr der deutschen Kulturgüter als Kompensation für entstandene Verluste beauftragt waren. Entgegen der Vereinbarungen der Potsdamer Konferenz, die solche Konfiskationen nur in Ausnahmsfällen erlaubte, organisierten die sowjetischen Besatzer flächendeckende Beschlagnahmungen und Abtransporte der deutschen Kulturgüter als Kriegsbeute in die UdSSR. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den sowjetischen Kunst- und Kulturraub im besetzten Deutschland. Eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird den Konfiskationen der deutschen Bücher und deren Verteilung in die sowjetischen Bibliotheken gewidmet. Am Ende der Arbeit soll ein Überblick über die komplizierten deutsch-russischen Restitutionsverhandlungen, die bis heute zu keinem Ergebnis geführt haben, gegeben werden.
Durch den Wandel des bibliothekarischen Selbstverständnisses zum zunehmend wirtschaftlich geführten Dienstleistungsbetrieb gewinnt die Nutzerorientierung im Bibliothekssektor an Bedeutung. Insbesondere Nutzerzufriedenheit ist in diesem Kontext ein wichtiges Ziel von zukunftsorientierten Bibliotheken. Für die Bibliothek der Hochschule Hannover ist aus diesem Grund im Mai 2020 eine empirische Zufriedenheitsstudie unter den Mitgliedern der Hochschule durchgeführt worden. Es wurden Nutzungseigenschaften sowie Ansichten bezüglich Dienstleistungen, Lokalitäten und Gesamteindrücken erhoben. Ergänzend zur Auswertung dieser Ergebnisse wird in dieser Arbeit ein Vergleich mit denen der bis dato jüngsten Zufriedenheitsstudie von 2009 gezogen. Ziel der onlinebasierten Befragung sowie des Vergleichs ist die Ermittlung von Nutzerbedürfnissen und Kritikpunkten, um eine fundierte
Entwicklungsempfehlung für die Bibliothek erstellen zu können. Maßnahmen, die auf dieser Empfehlung basieren, sollen eine Steigerung der Nutzerzufriedenheit ermöglichen. Die Analyse der Antworten lässt vor allem auf einen Mangel des selbstständigen Informierens über die Angebote der Bibliothek sowie deren Nutzung für das wissenschaftliche Arbeiten schließen. Daher werden insbesondere eine Verbesserung der aktiven Kommunikation mit den Zielgruppen und die Förderung der Informationskompetenz der Nutzer empfohlen.
Die Zahl der Internet- sowie Twitternutzer in Deutschland steigt stetig an. Der Microblogging-Dienst, Twitter, kann den Bibliotheken eine Unterstützung bei der Verbreitung von Informationen und der Vernetzung mit den Nutzern schaffen. Um den Ist-Zustand der twitternden Bibliotheken in Deutschland festzustellen, wurden 125 deutsche Hochschulbibliotheken durch eine Onlinebefragung zu der Nutzung des Dienstes befragt. Die Befragung zeigt, dass die twitternde Bibliotheken den Dienst besonders für die externe Nutzung wie z.B. Öffentlichkeitsarbeit einsetzen. Weiterhin präsentieren die Ergebnisse der Online-Befragung die Chancen und Herausforderungen des Dienstes an den Bibliotheken.
Ziel dieser Bachelorarbeit ist es Empfehlungen für eine Neukonzeption zur Förderung von Informationskompetenzen an Spezialbibliotheken mit der Hauptzielgruppe Wissenschaftler*innen am Beispiel der Forschungsbibliothek des Leibniz-Institut für Bildungsmedien | Georg-Eckert-Instituts (GEI) unter Berücksichtigung der Wissenskulturen zu formulieren.
Es wird festgestellt, dass die lebenslange Weiterbildung der Informationskompetenz bei Wissenschaftler*innen unabdingbar ist und im Einklang mit der Steigerung der Forschungsproduktivität steht. Trotz dieser Erkenntnisse gibt es in der Fachliteratur bisher kaum nennenswerte Konzepte zur Förderung der Informationskompetenz der Forschenden in Spezialbibliotheken. Mit Hilfe der wissenskulturellen Analyse, basierend auf den Ansätzen der KIBA-Gruppe zu Informationsdidaktik und der Wissenskulturen von Karin Knorr-Cetina, wird ein Interview-Leitfaden entwickelt, mit Hilfe dessen bei 10 Mitarbeitenden des GEI eine Analyse der Wissenskultur und der Bedürfnisse durchgeführt wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass für die Förderung von Informationskompetenz ein ganzheitliches Konzept benötigt wird, welches sich nicht nur ausschließlich auf reine Schulungen beschränkt. Es sind verschiedene Formate notwendig, um die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Forschenden abzudecken. Besonders virtuelle Angebote sollen integriert werden. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich allerdings nicht auf andere Spezialbibliotheken deckungsgleich übertragen. Die wissenskulturelle Analyse kann jedoch als Grundlage angewendet werden, um auch in anderen Spezialbibliotheken ein neues Konzept zur Förderung der Informationskompetenz bei Wissenschaftler*innen zu entwickeln.
Background: Often preventive measures are not accessed by the people who were intended to be reached. Programs for older adults may target men and women, older adults, advanced old age groups and/or chronically ill patients with specific indications. The defined target groups rarely participate in the conception of programs or in the design of information materials, although this would increase accessibility and participation. In the German “Reaching the Elderly” study (2008–2011), an approach to motivating older adults to participate in a preventive home visit (PHV) program was modified with the participatory involvement of the target groups. The study examines how older men and women would prefer to be addressed for health and prevention programs.
Methods: Four focus groups (N = 42 participants) and 12 personal interviews were conducted (women and men in 2 age groups: 65–75 years and ≥ 76 years). Participants from two districts of a major German city were selected from a stratified random sample (N = 200) based on routine data from a local health insurance fund. The study focused on the participants’ knowledge about health and disease prevention and how they preferred to be approached and addressed. Videos of the focus groups were recorded and analysed using mind mapping techniques. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and subjected to qualitative content analysis.
Results: A gender-specific approach profile was observed. Men were more likely to favor competitive and exerciseoriented activities, and they associated healthy aging with mobility and physical activity. Women, on the other hand, displayed a broader understanding of healthy aging, which included physical activity as only one aspect as well as a healthy diet, relaxation/wellness, memory training and independent living; they preferred holistic and socially oriented services that were not performance-oriented. The “older seniors” (76+) were ambivalent towards
certain wordings referring to aging.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that gender-specific needs must be considered in order to motivate older adults to participate in preventive services. Age-specific characteristics seem to be less relevant. It is more important to pay attention to factors that vary according to the individual state of health and life situation of
the potential participants.
Die fortschreitende Digitalisierung unserer modernen Welt betrifft zwangsläufig auch den Bereich der Nachlässe. Fast jede verstorbene Person hinterlässt nicht nur Hausrat, Bücher, Bargeld oder Wohnungen, sondern auch digitale Spuren in Form von Daten auf heimischen Computern sowie E-Mail Konten, Chatverläufe in Nachrichtensofortdiensten auf Smartphones, Online-Bankkonten, Konten bei Bezahldiensten, Internethandelsplattformen, sozialen Netzwerken, sowie Daten unterschiedlichster Art in Cloudspeicherorten oder in anderer nicht genannter Form im World-Wide-Web. Wahrscheinlich werden diese digitalen Speicherorte oder Zugangsdaten deshalb noch nicht grundsätzlich in Vorsorgevollmachten bzw. Testamenten benannt, weil sie noch nicht im nachlass-verwaltenden Bewusstsein der Bevölkerung verankert sind. Der nahezu selbstverständlich gewordene Umgang mit den digitalen Formaten sollte diese jedoch in die Auflistung des Nachlasses miteinschließen, damit eine Erbengemeinschaft die Möglichkeit erhält, sich auch um diesen Teil des Nachlasses adäquat kümmern zu können.
Die für die Abteilung Information und Kommunikation der Fakultät III, Medien, Information und Design – MID (im Folgenden: Abteilung IK) der Fachhochschule Hannover erarbeiteten „Empfehlungen für die Gestaltung schriftlicher Arbeiten“ bieten Anregungen und Erläuterungen zur formalen Gestaltung von schriftlichen Arbeiten, die von den Studierenden im Laufe ihres Studiums an der Abteilung IK als Studien- oder Prüfungsleistungen zu erbringen sind. Sie bringen teilweise ausführliche Beispiele und legen beson-deres Gewicht auf eine Darstellung der Zitiertechnik und der Zitierregeln (auch von Internet-Dokumenten). Weitere Schwerpunkte dieser Empfehlungen sind besondere Richtlinien für die Gestaltung von Diplom- oder Bachelorarbeiten, eine Auflistung der diesen Empfehlungen zugrunde gelegten Literatur und Anhänge (mit Beispielen zur Gestaltung von Titelseiten und Inhaltsverzeichnissen).
Background
The eResearch system “Prospective Monitoring and Management App (PIA)” allows researchers to implement questionnaires on any topic and to manage biosamples. Currently, we use PIA in the longitudinal study ZIFCO (Integrated DZIF Infection Cohort within the German National Cohort) in Hannover (Germany) to investigate e.g. associations of risk factors and infectious diseases. Our aim was to assess user acceptance and compliance to determine suitability of PIA for epidemiological research on transient infectious diseases.
Methods
ZIFCO participants used PIA to answer weekly questionnaires on health status and report spontaneous onset of symptoms. In case of symptoms of a respiratory infection, the app requested participants to self-sample a nasal swab for viral analysis. To assess user acceptance, we implemented the System Usability Scale (SUS) and fitted a linear regression model on the resulting score. For investigation of compliance with submitting the weekly health questionnaires, we used a logistic regression model with binomial response.
Results
We analyzed data of 313 participants (median age 52.5 years, 52.4% women). An average SUS of 72.0 reveals good acceptance of PIA. Participants with a higher technology readiness score at the beginning of study participation also reported higher user acceptance. Overall compliance with submitting the weekly health questionnaires showed a median of 55.7%. Being female, of younger age and being enrolled for a longer time decreased the odds to respond. However, women over 60 had a higher chance to respond than women under 60, while men under 40 had the highest chance to respond. Compliance with nasal swab self-sampling was 77.2%.
Discussion
Our findings show that PIA is suitable for the use in epidemiologic studies with regular short questionnaires. Still, we will focus on user engagement and gamification for the further development of PIA to help incentivize regular and long-term participation.
Die allgemeine Digitalisierung und besonders die IT Branche in Hannover, stellen Arbeitgeber_innen und Arbeitnehmer_innen vor große Herausforderungen. Berufsbezeichnungen im IT Sektor zeichnen sich im Gegensatz zu klassischen Berufsfeldern nicht dadurch aus, dass sie vereinheitlicht sind. Unterschiedlichste Berufsbezeichnungen verlangen oftmals identische Kompetenzen. Die Kompetenzen und Fähigkeiten der Arbeitnehmer_innen stehen ebenso immer mehr im Fokus der Arbeitgeber_innen, wie die Bereitschaft der permanenten Weiterbildung.
Zielgebend der vorliegenden Abschlussarbeit ist eine Datenbasis für ein kompetenzbasiertes IT Tool zu liefern, welches den Anspruch hat, die bereits beschriebenen Herausforderungen zu analysieren und zu klassifizieren. Zunächst ist daher eine Klassifikation, der auf dem hannoverschen Jobmarkt gesuchten IT Kompetenzen, zu erstellen. Vorbereitend wird eine Marktanalyse angefertigt, die sowohl Jobsuchmaschinen auf ihre Kompetenzorientierung als auch IT Kompetenzklassifikationen untersucht. Die erstellte Klassifikation bildet anschließend die Grundlage für das Kompetenzmatching zwischen Klassifikation und den Kompetenzen, die hannoversche IT Studierende erlernen, um zu verdeutlichen, in welchen Kompetenzen Weiterbildungsbedarf besteht. Die entstandene Datenbasis wird in einer MySQL Datenbank präsentiert, um eine möglichst flexible Verwendung und Weiterentwicklung des Datenbestands zu ermöglichen.
Background:
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare, genetic, neurodegenerative and ultimately fatal disease with no cure or progression-delaying treatment currently available. HD is characterized by a triad of cognitive, behavioural and motor symptoms. Evidence on epidemiology and management of HD is limited, especially for Germany. This study aims to estimate the incidence and prevalence of HD and analyze the current routine care based on German claims data.
Methods:
The source of data was a sample of the Institute for Applied Health Research Berlin (InGef) Research Database, comprising data of approximately four million insured persons from approximately 70 German statutory health insurances. The study was conducted in a retrospective cross-sectional design using 2015 and 2016 as a two-year observation period. At least two outpatient or inpatient ICD-10 codes for HD (ICD-10: G10) during the study period were required for case identification. Patients were considered incident if no HD diagnoses in the 4 years prior to the year of case identification were documented. Information on outpatient drug dispensations, medical aids and remedies were considered to describe the current treatment situation of HD patients.
Results:
A 2-year incidence of 1.8 per 100,000 persons (95%-Confidence interval (CI): 1.4–2.4) and a 2-year period prevalence of 9.3 per 100,000 persons (95%-CI: 8.3–10.4) was observed. The prevalence of HD increased with advancing age, peaking at 60–69 years (16.8 per 100,000 persons; 95%-CI: 13.4–21.0) and decreasing afterwards.
The most frequently observed comorbidities and disease-associated symptoms in HD patients were depression (42.9%), dementia (37.7%), urinary incontinence (32.5%), extrapyramidal and movement disorders (30.5%), dysphagia (28.6%) and disorders of the lipoprotein metabolism (28.2%).
The most common medications in HD patients were antipsychotics (66.9%), followed by antidepressants (45.1%). Anticonvulsants (16.6%), opioids (14.6%) and hypnotics (9.7%) were observed less frequently.
Physical therapy was the most often used medical aid in HD patients (46.4%). Nursing services and speech therapy were used by 27.9 and 22.7% of HD patients, respectively, whereas use of psychotherapy was rare (3.2%).
Conclusions:
Based on a representative sample, this study provides new insights into the epidemiology and routine care of HD patients in Germany, and thus, may serve as a starting point for further research.
Background:
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, immune mediated disease of the central nervous system, with Relapsing Remitting MS (RRMS) being the most common type. Within the last years, the status of high disease activity (HDA) has become increasingly important for clinical decisions. Nevertheless, little is known about the incidence, the characteristics, and the current treatment of patients with RRMS and HDA in Germany. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the incidence of HDA in a German RRMS patient population, to characterize this population and to describe current drug treatment routines and further healthcare utilization of these patients.
Methods:
A claims data analyses has been conducted, using a sample of the InGef Research Database that comprises data of approximately four million insured persons from around 70 German statutory health insurances (SHI). The study was conducted in a retrospective cohort design, including the years 2012–2016. Identification of RRMS population based on ICD-10 code (ICD-10-GM: G35.1). For identification of HDA, criteria from other studies as well as expert opinions have been used. Information on incidence, characteristics and current treatment of patients with RRMS and HDA was considered.
Results:
The overall HDA incidence within the RRMS population was 8.5% for 2016. It was highest for the age group of 0–19 years (29.4% women, 33.3% men) and lowest for the age group of ≥ 50 years (4.3% women, 5.6% men). Mean age of patients with RRMS and incident HDA was 38.4 years (SD: 11.8) and women accounted for 67.8%.
Analyses of drug utilization showed that 82.4% received at least one disease-modifying drug (DMD) in 2016. A percentage of 49.8% of patients received drugs for relapse therapy. A share of 55% of RRMS patients with HDA had at least one hospitalization with a mean length of stay of 13.9 days (SD: 18.3 days) in 2016. The average number of outpatient physician contacts was 28.1 (SD: 14.0).
Conclusions:
This study based on representative Germany-wide claims data from the SHI showed a high incidence of HDA especially within the young RRMS population. Future research should consider HDA as an important criterion for the quality of care for MS patients.
Der ständige Wandel der Gesellschaft hinsichtlich der Bedürfnisse und Arbeitsgewohnheiten, stellt eine Herausforderung dar, mit der sich auch Behördenbibliotheken auseinandersetzen müssen. Diese stetigen Veränderungen führen zu einem erhöhten Innovationsbedarf in diesen Bibliotheken. Die Arbeit setzt sich mit zwei möglichen nutzerorientierten Innovationsmethoden auseinander. Jene können dazu beitragen, dass die veränderten Bedürfnisse der Bibliotheksnutzer unmittelbar in Innovationsprojekte der Behördenbibliotheken mit einfließen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden die theoretischen Grundlagen von Innovationen sowie der zwei Methoden, Open Innovation und Design Thinking, dargestellt. Open Innovation und Design Thinking werden darüber hinaus anhand von Praxisbeispielen aus Bibliotheken näher erläutert. Außerdem werden sowohl die Aufgaben als auch die allgemeinen Herausforderungen in Behördenbibliotheken dargestellt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird die durchgeführte empirische Untersuchung beschrieben, die einen Aufschluss über den aktuellen Stand von Innovationen in Behördenbibliotheken geben soll. Abschließend werden, anhand der theoretischen Grundlagen sowie der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse, Erfolgskriterien und Handlungsempfehlungen für die Durchführung von nutzerintegrierten Innovationsprojekten für Behördenbibliotheken gegeben.
Barrierefreiheit spielt eine wichtige Rolle für die Inklusion und Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen an der Gesellschaft. Mit dem Beschluss des Barrierefreiheitsstärkungsgesetzes soll ihnen ein gleichberechtigter Zugang zu bestimmten digitalen Diensten ermöglicht werden. Diese Arbeit befasst sich speziell mit den Anforderungen an die Barrierefreiheit in mobilen Anwendungen. Auf Grundlage der Web Content Accessibility Guidelines wird in dieser theoretischen Arbeit erläutert, wie eine App konzipiert und gestaltet werden muss, um barrierefrei zu sein. Das Ziel ist darzulegen, wie die verschiedenen Barrieren, die die Zugänglichkeit und Nutzbarkeit von mobilen Anwendungen für Menschen mit unterschiedlichen Arten von Behinderungen einschränken, vermieden oder beseitigt werden können. Dafür wird anhand konkreter Beispiele aufgezeigt, welche Barrieren im Zusammenhang mit verschiedenen Behinderungen die größten Schwierigkeiten bei der Bedienung auslösen. Aus der Betrachtung der international anerkannten Zugänglichkeitsrichtlinien geht hervor, dass zur Behebung dieser Probleme die Wahrnehmbarkeit, Bedienbarkeit, Verständlichkeit und Robustheit gewährleistet sein müssen, welche auch in Apps die Grundlage für Barrierefreiheit darstellen. Auf Basis dieser vier Prinzipien werden die Besonderheiten von Barrierefreiheit in mobilen Anwendungen und ihre typischen Probleme beschrieben, woraufhin Maßnahmen und Lösungen für mehr Accessibility in Apps herausgearbeitet werden. Zudem wird erläutert, ob und wie Kontrollen durchgeführt werden können, damit in Zukunft die Barrierefreiheit garantiert werden kann.
Die vorliegende Bachelor-Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Aspekten des Social Media Marketings. Dazu gehören die strategische Planung, das Monitoring sowie Richtlinien zum Umgang mit dem Medium und mit Krisen, die gemeinsam den Rahmen des Engagements im Social Web bilden. Die Verfasserin zeigt die grundlegenden Eigenschaften des Mediums Social Web und seiner Plattformen auf. Der Dialog und der Austausch sind zentraler Bestandteil von Social Media. Zudem behandelt die Arbeit die Notwendigkeit eines Social Media Engagements für Unternehmen und welche Voraussetzungen die Basis bilden. Einzelne Aspekte werden durch Beispiele aus der Praxis veranschaulicht sowie Thesen mit Statistiken und Aussagen von Experten belegt. Am Ende der Arbeit gibt die Verfasserin einen Ausblick auf die mögliche Wandlung von Social Media sowie die mobile Nutzung des Social Web und die daraus resultierenden Veränderungen.
Die Nutzung von Messenger-Diensten hat die Nutzung von sozialen Medien übertroffen. Diese Mediennutzung bringt veränderte Erwartungen an Unternehmen mit sich. Unternehmen begegnen den Erwartungen ihrer Kund*innen in der Online-Kundenkommunikation mit dem Einsatz textbasierter Dialogsysteme. Im Facebook-Messenger wurden 2018 bereits über 300.000 Chatbots angeboten. Das Problem ist, dass Studien seit mehreren Jahren aufzeigen, dass diese Kommunikationstechnologie sich bei den Kund*innen noch nicht durchgesetzt hat und häufig noch skeptisch betrachtet wird. Für Unternehmen ist es daher notwendig zu verstehen, welche Kriterien erfüllt sein müssen, um die Akzeptanzbildung der Kund*innen gegenüber textbasierten Dialogsystemen positiv zu beeinflussen.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es zu betrachten, inwiefern die Eigenschaften textbasierter Dialogsysteme die Akzeptanzkriterien der Kund*innen erfüllen können. Dazu wird die folgende Forschungsfrage gestellt: Wie akzeptieren Kunden den Einsatz textbasierter Dialogsysteme in der Online-Kundenkommunikation von Unternehmen?
Um die Forschungsfrage zu beantworten, wird eine Literaturanalyse durchgeführt. Die Literatur wird mit Studienergebnissen verglichen, um Übereinstimmungen und Abweichungen herauszuarbeiten.
Eine Akzeptanzanalyse hat ergeben, dass Kund*innen textbasierte Dialogsysteme vor allem akzeptieren, wenn sie darin einen Nutzen erkennen. Jedoch beeinflussen neben nutzenorientierten Faktoren auch emotionale Faktoren die Akzeptanz.
Auf dieser Grundlage ist es empfehlenswert, positive und negative Einflussfaktoren des Akzeptanzprozesses zu identifizieren und die Gestaltung textbasierter Dialogsysteme an die Kund*innen anzupassen, bevor diese eingesetzt werden.
Automatische Spracherkennungssysteme (Automatic Speech Recognition - ASR) können derzeit nicht alle Wörter korrekt erkennen und daher noch keine guten Transkriptionen erstellen. Die Qualität der automatischen Spracherkennung wird von vielen Faktoren beeinflusst. Einer davon ist das Vokabular. Je vielfältiger und komplexer die Themen, desto größer die Anzahl der fachspezifischen Wörter ist, die erkannt werden müssen, desto schwieriger ist die Erkennungsaufgabe und desto schlechter sind die Transkriptionsergebnisse. Die Sprachmodelle von automatischen Spracherkennungssystemen müssen durch Training angepasst werden, damit sie auch bei Gebieten mit speziellem Vokabular gute Resultate erzielen können. In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, ob der prozentuale Anteil der korrekt erkannten Wörter durch Training des Sprachmodells der automatischen Spracherkennung mit fachspezifischer Terminologie wirksam gesteigert werden kann. Anhand von Ergebnissen der durchgeführten Experimente wird dargelegt, welche Anzahl und Art von Daten benötigt wird, um den Prozentsatz der falsch erkannten Wörter zu senken. Die Ergebnisse der Domänen-Adaption bilden die Basis für den anschließenden Vergleich des fachspezifischen Vokabulars in Vorlesungsvideos und wissenschaftlichen Publikationen, um die Unterschiede hinsichtlich der verwendeten Fachsprache aufzuzeigen. Grundlage und Ausgangspunkt für die gesamte Untersuchung stellt die Erkennung der Fachterminologie und ihre Unterscheidung von der Allgemeinsprache dar.
In den letzten Jahren hat sich der Auskunftsdienst in wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken gewandelt. Die bibliothekarische Auskunft setzt zahlreiche unterschiedliche Kommunikationsformen ein, um dem Kunden die gewünschten Informationen zukommen zu lassen. Neben den konventionellen Auskunftsmitteln setzen die Bibliotheken verstärkt auf die elektronischen Auskunftsdienste. Seit dem Jahr 2004 haben Chatbots als Auskunftsmittel einen festen Platz in diesem Bereich. Chatbots sind virtuelle Assistenten, die mit Hilfe einer hinterlegten Datenbank die Fragen der Kunden beantworten. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die vier Chatbots ASKademicus, Stella, Albot und Hugo Blotius näher vor. Anhand von verschiedener Literatur wird eine Checkliste für eine Qualitätsüberprüfung von Chatbots erarbeitet. Am Beispiel von Hugo Blotius, dem Chatbot der Österreichischen National-bibliothek aus Wien werden die Chatbots analysiert und bewertet. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Thematik der Chatbots näher zu betrachten und deren Nutzungsberechtigung im Bibliothekswesen nachzuweisen. Die durchgeführte Analyse konnte eine Nutzungsberechtigung der bibliothekarischen Chatbots belegen und Hugo Blotius als wertvolle Ergänzung des Auskunftsangebotes der Bibliothek bestätigen.
Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit beleuchtet die Sicherheitsaspekte von Webapplikationen, mit speziellem Fokus auf das CMS TYPO3. Im ersten Abschnitt werden die gesellschaftspolitischen Hintergründe von Internetkriminalität, sowie die allgemeine Rechtslage beschrieben. Der zweite Abschnitt erklärt die heutigen Angriffsmethoden, mit denen Webseiten attackiert werden. Im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit untersucht der Autor anhand einer eigenen TYPO3 Installation, welche Möglichkeiten zur effektiven Optimierung der Sicherheit des CMS zur Verfügung stehen. Den Abschluß bilden eine Analyse der durchgeführten Maßnahmen, sowie die Aufstellung allgemeiner Richtlinien für vergleichbare Projekte.
Der konventionelle Auskunftstresen ist in Deutschland nach wie vor weit verbreitet. Im Falle der Zentralbibliothek der Fachhochschule (FH) Hannover wird seit Mitte 2009 auf einen solchen Tresen verzichtet. Es stellt sich die Frage inwieweit weiterhin ein zufriedenstellender Auskunftsdienst in der Bibliothek geleistet werden kann. Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit analysiert vor diesem Hintergrund verschiedene Auskunftskonzepte, die auf einen traditionellen Auskunftsplatz verzichten. Die Autorinnen präsentieren allgemeingültige Hinweise und geben Beispiel für eine mögliche Umsetzung der Konzepte. Die Ergebnisse der Bachelorarbeit sollen zu einem effizienteren und nutzerorientierteren Auskunftsdienst führen.
Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), an immunogenic tumor, is the most common form of kidney cancer worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) play an important role in the treatment of metastatic RCC. Programmed death-ligand (PD-L1) has already been proposed as a possible prognosticator for ICIs effectiveness. To elucidate the feasible role of ICIs in neoadjuvant settings, we have assessed the most common PD-L1 expression modalities [tumor proportion score (TPS), combined positivity score (CPS) and inflammatory cell (IC) score] in primary tumors (PTs) and venous tumor thrombi (VTT) in first diagnosed, previously untreated RCC patients with accompanying
VTT.
Methods: Between January 1999 and December 2016, 71 patients with a first diagnosed, untreated, locally advanced RCC (aRCC) (≥ pT3a) underwent surgery in Hanover Medical School (MHH). PD-L1 expression was examined separately in PTs and VTT using the CPS, IC score and TPS. We also considered the age at the time of the initial surgery and gender as probable influencing factors. By using a cutoff value of 1 (1%), PD-L1 expression levels in PTs and VTT were assessed to enable the determination of any frequency differences.
Results: Positive scores for PTs were shown by 54 (CPS), 53 (IC score) and 34 (TPS) patients, whereas in VTT, positive scores were evaluated
for a total of 50 (CPS), 47 (IC-score) and 36 (TPS) patients. No statistically significant differences were obtained between the PD-L1 expression immunoscores for PTs and VTT. The covariates age at the time of the initial surgery and gender could not be statistically proven to influence the differences in PD-L1 expression between the
VTT and PTs.
Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this research is the largest study to investigate PD-L1 expression in PTs and VTT in 71 cases. It could have relevance for the future development of neoadjuvant immunotherapy options, particularly in aRCC with VTT.
Editorial for the 17th European Networked Knowledge Organization Systems Workshop (NKOS 2017)
(2017)
Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS), in the form of classification systems, thesauri, lexical databases, ontologies, and taxonomies, play a crucial role in digital information management and applications generally. Carrying semantics in a well-controlled and documented way, Knowledge Organization Systems serve a variety of important functions: tools for representation and indexing of information and documents, knowledge-based support to information searchers, semantic road maps to domains and disciplines, communication tool by providing conceptual framework, and conceptual basis for knowledge based systems, e.g. automated classification systems. New networked KOS (NKOS) services and applications are emerging, and we have reached a stage where many KOS standards exist and the integration of linked services is no longer just a future scenario. This editorial describes the workshop outline and overview of presented papers at the 17th European Networked Knowledge Organization Systems Workshop (NKOS 2017) which was held during the TPDL 2017 Conference in Thessaloniki, Greece.
Editorial for the 15th European Networked Knowledge Organization Systems Workshop (NKOS 2016)
(2016)
Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS), in the form of classification systems, thesauri, lexical databases, ontologies, and taxonomies, play a crucial role in digital information management and applications generally. Carrying semantics in a well-controlled and documented way, Knowledge Organisation Systems serve a variety of important functions: tools for representation and indexing of information and documents, knowledge-based support to information searchers, semantic road maps to domains and disciplines, communication tool by providing conceptual framework, and conceptual basis for knowledge based systems, e.g. automated classification systems. New networked KOS (NKOS) services and applications are emerging, and we have reached a stage where many KOS standards exist and the integration of linked services is no longer just a future scenario. This editorial describes the workshop outline and overview of presented papers at the 15th European Networked Knowledge Organization Systems Workshop (NKOS 2016) in Hannover, Germany.
Schattenbibliotheken sind Lösungen, die sich aus einem Literaturmangel in der Forschung ergeben haben. Urheberrechtlich geschützte Inhalte werden hier online jedem frei zur Verfügung gestellt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, das Wirken dieser Dokumentsammlungen einzuordnen. So wird die Entstehung von Schattenbibliotheken aufgezeigt, auf den rechtlichen Umgang mit diesen Plattform eingegangen, zwei Schattenbibliotheken beispielhaft näher betrachtet und deren Auswirkungen abgebildet, bevor die Arbeit mit einem persönlichen Fazit abschließt.
Fall events and their severe consequences represent not only a threatening problem for the affected individual, but also cause a significant burden for health care systems. Our research work aims to elucidate some of the prospects and problems of current sensor-based fall risk assessment approaches. Selected results of a questionnaire-based survey given to experts during topical workshops at international conferences are presented. The majority of domain experts confirmed that fall risk assessment could potentially be valuable for the community and that prediction is deemed possible, though limited. We conclude with a discussion of practical issues concerning adequate outcome parameters for clinical studies and data sharing within the research community. All participants agreed that sensor-based fall risk assessment is a promising and valuable approach, but that more prospective clinical studies with clearly defined outcome measures are necessary.
Background: Fall events contribute significantly to mortality, morbidity and costs in our ageing population. In order to identify persons at risk and to target preventive measures, many scores and assessment tools have been developed. These often require expertise and are costly to implement. Recent research investigates the use of wearable inertial sensors to provide objective data on motion features which can be used to assess individual fall risk automatically. So far it is unknown how well this new method performs in comparison with conventional fall risk assessment tools. The aim of our research is to compare the predictive performance of our new sensor-based method with conventional and established methods, based on prospective data.
Methods: In a first study phase, 119 inpatients of a geriatric clinic took part in motion measurements using a wireless triaxial accelerometer during a Timed Up&Go (TUG) test and a 20 m walk. Furthermore, the St. Thomas Risk Assessment Tool in Falling Elderly Inpatients (STRATIFY) was performed, and the multidisciplinary geriatric care team estimated the patients’ fall risk. In a second follow-up phase of the study, 46 of the participants were interviewed after one year, including a fall and activity assessment. The predictive performances of the TUG, the STRATIFY and team scores are compared. Furthermore, two automatically induced logistic regression models based on conventional clinical and assessment data (CONV) as well as sensor data (SENSOR) are matched.
Results: Among the risk assessment scores, the geriatric team score (sensitivity 56%, specificity 80%) outperforms STRATIFY and TUG. The induced logistic regression models CONV and SENSOR achieve similar performance values (sensitivity 68%/58%, specificity 74%/78%, AUC 0.74/0.72, +LR 2.64/2.61). Both models are able to identify more persons at risk than the simple scores.
Conclusions: Sensor-based objective measurements of motion parameters in geriatric patients can be used to assess individual fall risk, and our prediction model’s performance matches that of a model based on conventional clinical and assessment data. Sensor-based measurements using a small wearable device may contribute significant information to conventional methods and are feasible in an unsupervised setting. More prospective research is needed to assess the cost-benefit relation of our approach.
Mining geriatric assessment data for in-patient fall prediction models and high-risk subgroups
(2012)
Background: Hospital in-patient falls constitute a prominent problem in terms of costs and consequences. Geriatric institutions are most often affected, and common screening tools cannot predict in-patient falls consistently. Our objectives are to derive comprehensible fall risk classification models from a large data set of geriatric in-patients’ assessment data and to evaluate their predictive performance (aim#1), and to identify high-risk subgroups from the data (aim#2).
Methods: A data set of n = 5,176 single in-patient episodes covering 1.5 years of admissions to a geriatric hospital were extracted from the hospital’s data base and matched with fall incident reports (n = 493). A classification tree model was induced using the C4.5 algorithm as well as a logistic regression model, and their predictive performance was evaluated. Furthermore, high-risk subgroups were identified from extracted classification rules with a support of more than 100 instances.
Results: The classification tree model showed an overall classification accuracy of 66%, with a sensitivity of 55.4%, a specificity of 67.1%, positive and negative predictive values of 15% resp. 93.5%. Five high-risk groups were identified, defined by high age, low Barthel index, cognitive impairment, multi-medication and co-morbidity.
Conclusions: Our results show that a little more than half of the fallers may be identified correctly by our model, but the positive predictive value is too low to be applicable. Non-fallers, on the other hand, may be sorted out with the model quite well. The high-risk subgroups and the risk factors identified (age, low ADL score, cognitive impairment, institutionalization, polypharmacy and co-morbidity) reflect domain knowledge and may be used to screen certain subgroups of patients with a high risk of falling. Classification models derived from a large data set using data mining methods can compete with current dedicated fall risk screening tools, yet lack diagnostic precision. High-risk subgroups may be identified automatically from existing geriatric assessment data, especially when combined with domain knowledge in a hybrid classification model. Further work is necessary to validate our approach in a controlled prospective setting.
Wearable sensors in healthcare and sensor-enhanced health information systems: all our tomorrows?
(2012)
Wearable sensor systems which allow for remote or self-monitoring of health-related parameters are regarded as one means to alleviate the consequences of demographic change. This paper aims to summarize current research in wearable sensors as well as in sensor-enhanced health information systems. Wearable sensor technologies are already advanced in terms of their technical capabilities and are frequently used for cardio-vascular monitoring. Epidemiologic predictions suggest that neuro-psychiatric diseases will have a growing impact on our health systems and thus should be addressed more intensively. Two current project examples demonstrate the benefit of wearable sensor technologies: long-term, objective measurement under daily-life, unsupervised conditions. Finally, up-to-date approaches for the implementation of sensor-enhanced health information systems are outlined. Wearable sensors are an integral part of future pervasive, ubiquitous and person-centered health
care delivery. Future challenges include their integration into sensor-enhanced health information systems and sound evaluation studies involving measures of workload reduction and costs.
Forschungsdatenzentrum Gesundheit – Vision für eine Weiterentwicklung aus Sicht der Forschung
(2023)
Das Forschungsdatenzentrum (FDZ) Gesundheit nach der Datentransparenzverordnung (DaTraV), angesiedelt am Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM) wird Routinedaten der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung für die Forschung bereitstellen. Die Bereitstellung der Daten von knapp 90% der Bevölkerung in Deutschland dient dem übergeordneten Ziel, die gesundheitliche Versorgung im Hinblick auf Unter-, Über- und Fehlversorgung zu evaluieren und daraus Handlungsempfehlungen für eine evidenzbasierte Gesundheitsversorgung abzuleiten. Der gesetzliche Rahmen wird im Sozialgesetzbuch (§§ 303a-f SBG V) und zwei dazu gehörigen Verordnungen gesteckt, lässt jedoch hinreichend großen Spielraum für die Ausgestaltung auf der Organisations- und Arbeitsebene. Hier setzt das vorliegende Papier an. Aus Forscher*innensicht wurden zehn Statements für eine Weiterentwicklung formuliert, die das Potential eines Forschungsdatenzentrums aufzeigen und Ideen für die weitere zukunftsfähige Ausgestaltung und Entwicklung mit Bestandskraft darlegen.
Background:
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disease and characterized by clinical features such as paroxysmal, recurrent angioedema of the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, and the upper airways. Swelling of the skin occurs primarily in the face, extremities and genitals. Gastrointestinal attacks are accompanied by painful abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhea. Due to the low prevalence and the fact that HAE patients often present with rather unspecific symptoms such as abdominal cramps, the final diagnosis is often made after a long delay. The aim of this German-wide survey was to characterize the period between occurrence of first symptoms and final diagnosis regarding self-perceived health, symptom burden and false diagnoses for patients with HAE.
Results:
Overall, 81 patients with HAE were included and participated in the telephone-based survey. Of those, the majority reported their current health status as “good” (47.5%) or “very good” (13.8%), which was observed to be a clear improvement compared to the year before final diagnosis (“good” (16.3%), “very good” (11.3%)). Edema in the extremities (85.2%) and in the gastrointestinal tract (81.5%) were the most currently reported symptoms and occurred earlier than other reported symptoms (mean age at onset 18.1 and 17.8 years, respectively). Misdiagnoses were observed in 50.6% of participating HAE patients with appendicitis and allergy being the most frequently reported misdiagnoses (40.0 and 30.0% of those with misdiagnosis, respectively). Patients with misdiagnosis often received mistreatment (80.0%) with pharmaceuticals and surgical interventions as the most frequently carried out mistreatments (65.6 and 56.3% of those with mistreatment, respectively). The mean observed diagnostic delay was 18.1 years (median 15.0 years). The diagnostic delay was higher in older patients and index patients.
Conclusions:
This study showed that self-perceived status of health for patients is much better once the final correct diagnosis has been made and specific treatment was available. Further challenge in the future will still be to increase awareness for HAE especially in settings which are normally approached by patients at occurrence of first symptoms to assure early referral to specialists and therefore increase the likelihood of receiving an early diagnosis.
The amount of papers published yearly increases since decades. Libraries need to make these resources accessible and available with classification being an important aspect and part of this process. This paper analyzes prerequisites and possibilities of automatic classification of medical literature. We explain the selection, preprocessing and analysis of data consisting of catalogue datasets from the library of the Hanover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany. In the present study, 19,348 documents, represented by notations of library classification systems such as e.g. the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), were classified into 514 different classes from the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classification system. The algorithm used was k-nearest-neighbours (kNN). A correct classification rate of 55.7% could be achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this is not only the first research conducted towards the use of the NLM classification in automatic classification but also the first approach that exclusively considers already assigned notations from other
classification systems for this purpose.
In den letzten Jahren ist, nicht zuletzt aufgrund der schnellen und einfachen Verfügbarkeit von Daten und Informationen, ein Anstieg an veröffentlichter Literatur zu beobachten. Bibliotheken stehen vor der Herausforderung, diese Ressourcen zu erschließen und damit verfügbar zu machen. Ein Teilaspekt ist hierbei die Klassifizierung. Die Arbeit untersucht Voraussetzungen und Möglichkeiten der automatischen Klassifizierung am Beispiel medizinischer Literatur. Der erste, theoretische Teil beinhaltet die Beschreibung der Grundlagen der Inhaltserschließung, des Data Mining und der automatischen Klassifizierung sowie eine umfassende Übersicht über den aktuellen Forschungsstand in diesem Bereich. Im zweiten Teil wird die Auswahl, Aufbereitung und Analyse eines aus Katalogdatensätzen der Bibliothek der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover bestehenden Datenbestandes erläutert. Die Anwendung von Verfahren des maschinellen Lernens zur Klassifizierung bibliographischer Datensätze wird am Beispiel des Algorithmus k-nearest-neighbours verdeutlicht. Hierbei lässt sich eine korrekte Klassifizierung von rund 58 % der Dokumente erreichen. Abschließend werden Optimierungsansätze (z.B. semi-automatische Verfahren) und Herausforderungen automatischer Klassifizierungsverfahren (z.B. uneinheitlich erschlossene Datensätze oder ungleiche Verteilung der Klassen einer Systematik in den Dokumenten) aufgezeigt.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Kompetenzanforderungen des aktuellen Arbeitsmarktes an Informationsmanager mit Bachelor-Abschluss. Dazu erfolgt eine statistische Erhebung von Stellenangeboten, die von Oktober 2008 bis einschließlich Mai 2010 über die bibliothekarische Diskussionsliste InetBib ausgeschrieben wurden. Nach Beschreibung der Auswertungselemente, interpretiert die Verfasserin die Ergebnisse zunächst quantitativ. Die aus den Ergebnissen gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bezüglich der Erwartungen des Arbeitsmarktes werden festgehalten und münden in einem Kompetenzprofil eines idealtypischen Informationsmanagers. In einem abschließenden Kapitel erarbeitet die Verfasserin unter Berücksichtigung der Untersuchungsergebnisse Empfehlungen für das Curriculum der Fachhochschule Hannover.
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Erlebnisqualität auf Open-Air-Tanzveranstaltungen unter Pandemiebedingungen. Um zu erforschen, welche Faktoren die Erwartungen der Teilnehmer:Innen von Events unter Pandemiebedingungen übertreffen und somit Begeisterung hervorrufen, wurden Befragungen mit Besucher:Innen des Modellprojekts "Back to dance" durchgeführt.
Die Critical Incident Technik stellt den qualitativen Teil der Untersuchung dar, welche mit einer quantitativen Forschung unter Anwendung der Kano-Befragung kombiniert wird. Die Ergebnisse einer Forschungsgruppe der Leibniz-Universität Hannover, die ebenfalls Besucher:Innen derselben Veranstaltung befragte, ergänzen die Analyse.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde zunächst eine tiefgründige Literaturrecherche zu den Kernthemen Clubkultur, Dienstleistungs- und Erlebnisqualität sowie den angewendeten Methoden betrieben.
Insgesamt wird aus den Untersuchungen deutlich, dass - nach langer Zeit der Abstinenz - schon allein die Möglichkeit, an einer Veranstaltung teilzunehmen, zu großer Zufriedenheit führt. Daher zeigen die Besucher:Innen bezüglich einschränkender Regelungen wie dem Tragen einer Mund-Nasen-Bedeckung, veränderter Veranstaltungszeit oder fehlendem Alkoholausschank eine hohe Kompromissbereitschaft.
Diese Bachelorarbeit untersucht den Einfluss von Fitness-Influencer*innen auf Instagram auf die Körperzufriedenheit der Rezipierenden. Sie untersucht die Auswirkungen von Fitness-Influencer*innen und dessen Internetauftritt auf die Zufriedenheit mit dem eigenen Körper der Rezipierenden unter Einbeziehung sozialer Vergleichsprozesse. Um empirische Befunde liefern zu können, wurde eine standardisierte Online-Befragung durchgeführt.
Die Bachelorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Ontologie des Forschungsinformationssystems VIVO. In der Arbeit wird der Versuch unternommen, die Ontologie an die Besonderheiten des deutschen Wissenschaftsbetriebs anzupassen, mit dem Ziel, die Einführung des Systems für eine deutsche Einrichtung zu erleichtern. Das Mapping und die Erweiterung sind auf die Bereiche „Positionsbezeichnungen“ und „Organisationseinheiten“ beschränkt.
Der theoretische Teil behandelt das Thema der Forschungsinformationen und deren Implementierung in ein Forschungsinformationssystem. Unter anderem werden auch die Tendenzen der Standardisierung in dem Bereich beleuchtet.
Bei der Darstellung von VIVO als eine Semantic-Web-Anwendung steht die Ontologie, als Grundlage für die Funktionalitäten des Systems im Vordergrund.
Immunization is the most cost-effective intervention for infectious diseases, which are the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccines not only protect the individual who is vaccinated but also reduce the burden of infectious vaccine-preventable diseases for the entire community.
1 Adult vaccination is very important given that >25% of mortality is due to infectious diseases.
2 There is a scarcity of information on the vaccination status of young adults and the role of socioeconomic conditions in India.
The world health organization defines musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) as “a disorder of muscles, tendons, peripheral vascular system not directly resulting from an acute or instantaneous event.1 Work related MSDs are one of the most important occupational hazards.1 Among many other occupations, dentistry is a highly demanding profession that requires good visual acuity, hearing, depth perception, psychomotor skills, manual dexterity, and ability to maintain occupational postures over long periods.
Nanotechnology is emerging as one of the key technologies of the 21st century and is expected to enable developments across a wide range of sectors that can benefit citizens. Nanomedicine is an application of nanotechnology in the areas of healthcare, disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. Nanomedicines pose problem of nanotoxicity related to factors like size, shape, specific surface area, surface morphology, and crystallinity. Currently, nanomedicines are regulated as medicinal products or as medical devices and there is no specific regulatory framework for nanotechnology-based products neither in the EU nor in the USA. This review presents a scheme for classification and regulatory approval process for nanotechnology based medicines.
Medical devices are health care products distinguished from drugs for regulatory purposes in most countries based on mechanism of action. Unlike drugs, medical devices operate via physical or mechanical means and are not dependent on metabolism to accomplish their primary intended effect. Developing new medical devices requires clinical investigations and approval process goes through similar process like drugs. Medical device approvals in the period of 2010 to 2014 were searched from USFDA website. Disease burden data in the similar period was searched from centers for disease control and prevention website. Collected data was analyzed to know number of approved devices, top therapy areas, and mechanism of action of these devices. Out of a total of 200 medical devices approvals in the time period of 2010 to 2014, maximum number of devices (51; 25.5%) were approved in the year 2011, cardiovascular (78; 39%) was the top therapy area. Highest number (180; 90%) of approved medical devices belonged to the category III and maximum number (73; 36.5%) of approved medical devices had ―mechanical‖ mechanism of action. The top 3 causes of deaths in USA during 2010 to 2014 were heart disease, cancer and followed by respiratory infection. There was a match between the top diseases and the medical device approvals for top 2 diseases in USA i.e. heart disease, and cancer. With respect to respiratory infections and ailments which was the 3rd leading cause of death only one device was approved out of 200 approvals in total.
Background: Antimicrobial resistance has become a serious global problem. A potential post-antibiotic era is threatening present and future medical advances. In Pakistan, the usage of antibiotic is unnecessarily high and due to over exposure to these drugs, bacteria are developing resistance against these drugs. It is necessary to improve public awareness about the rational use of antibiotics in order to bring a change in consumer’s behaviour. Therefore, present study was undertaken to assess the existing knowledge, attitude and practices related to antibiotic usage among university students.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among university students from Karachi, Pakistan during May-June 2018. 200 students were approached to participate in the study of which 159 agreed to participate (males: 70, females: 89). Pretested questionnaire was distributed to the study subjects and the collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23.
Results: Substantial number of (33% and 50%) participants were unaware about the differences in antibiotic: anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotic: antipyretics respectively. 29% of the participants thought it is right to stop antibiotics only based on symptomatic improvement. Thirty nine percent and eighty three percent participants believed that antibiotics should always be prescribed to treat flu like symptoms and pneumonia respectively.
Conclusions: Participants demonstrated average knowledge about antibiotics. Similarly, their attitude and practice toward antibiotic use was associated with misconceptions. An educational intervention is necessary to make them aware about rational use of antibiotics.
Background: Oral cancers (OC) are malignant lesions occurring in the oral cavity that include squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), salivary gland and odontogenic neoplasms. Even though it is the eighth most common malignancy globally but in Pakistan it is the second commonest type of cancer. Lack of awareness about ill-effects of preventable risk factors of oral cancer increases the burden of disease due to the associated high cost of treatment, permanent impairment and high mortality. Hence, awareness can be very helpful in prevention, control and early diagnosis of oral cancer.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among university students from Karachi, Pakistan during April to May 2018. Three hundred students were approached to participate in the study of which 277 agreed to participate. Pretested questionnaire was distributed and collected data was analysed using IBM SPSS version 23.
Results: There were 125 (45%) males and 152 (55%) females in the study and response rate was 94%. Sixty one percent (154/250) respondents correctly identified smoking, and tobacco chewing as possible causes of oral cancer. Almost one third (74%; 184/250) respondents correctly responded that oral cancer does not spread from person to person through touch or speaking. Sixty six percent (164/250) respondents believed that oral cancer is curable. Mean score of knowledge was higher in females (61%) than males (53%). Significantly higher number of females compared to male participants answered correctly to questions regarding cause of oral cancer, spread of disease and occurrence of oral cancer in AIDS patients.
Conclusions: Participants showed poor knowledge about oral cancer. Female participants showed better knowledge compared to male counterparts. Details about oral cancer should be incorporated in the university curriculum and periodic awareness programs should be organized for students.
Background: Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India, with >62 million individuals currently diagnosed with the disease. India currently faces an uncertain future in relation to the potential burden that diabetes may impose on the country. An estimated US$ 2.2 billion would be needed to sufficiently treat all cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in India. Many interventions can reduce the burden of this disease. However, health care resources are limited; thus, interventions for diabetes treatment should be prioritized. The present study assesses the cost-effectiveness of antidiabetic drugs in patients with T2DM from Mumbai, India.
Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was performed to assess the cost-effectiveness of antidiabetic drugs in patients with T2DM. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by using a validated questionnaire in a total of 152 (76 males, 76 females) patients with T2DM from F-North Ward, Mumbai, India. Cost-effectiveness was determined on the basis of cost of antidiabetic drug/s, efficacy, adverse drug reactions, safety of administration, frequency of administration, and bioavailability.
Results: For treatment of T2DM in non-obese participants, Glimepiride+Pioglitazone costed least (`3.7) per unit of effectiveness followed by Glimepiride (`6.6), Gliclazide (`8.1), Repaglinide (`24.5), and Vildagliptin (`45.2). For treatment of T2DM in obese participants, Metformin cost least (` 6.7) per unit of effectiveness followed by Glimepiride + Metformin (`5.9) and Repaglinide (`24.5).
Conclusions: In case of non-obese participants, cost effectiveness and prescribed treatments did not show a match, while for obese participants prescribed treatments were in line with cost effectiveness.
Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India, with >62 million individuals currently diagnosed with the disease.1 India currently faces an uncertain future in relation to the potential burden that diabetes may impose on the country. An estimated US$ 2.2 billion would be needed to sufficiently treat all cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in India.2 Many interventions can reduce the burden of this disease. However, health care resources are limited; thus, interventions for diabetes treatment should be prioritized.
Background: Pharmacovigilance (PV); also known as drug safety surveillance, is the science of enhancing patient care and patient safety regarding the use of medicines by collecting, monitoring, assessing, and evaluating information from healthcare providers and patients. Pharmacists are pivotal players in adverse drug event (ADE) monitoring and reporting. However, most pharmacists are unaware or not knowledgeable about the guidelines used by their respective countries’ drug regulatory bodies. It is the need of the hour to train pharmacy students on the concept of pharmacovigilance.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among pharmacy students from Mumbai University, India during May-June 2017. On the basis of the eligibility criterion 352 students were selected for the present study. Four hundred students were approached to participate in the study of which 201 agreed to participate (males: 179; females: 173). Pretested questionnaire was distributed and collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23.
Results: Overall pharmacovigilance knowledge (44%) and perception (58%) was low among the participants of the present study. Seventy four percent of the participants felt that adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting should be made compulsory for healthcare professionals. And only 21% agreed that the topic of Pharmacovigilance is well covered in pharmacy curriculum.
Conclusions: Pharmacy council of India, pharmacy teacher’s association and respective pharmacy college should take necessary steps to increase the knowledge and create awareness regarding pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting among pharmacy students.
Background: Self-medication, practiced globally is an important public health problem. Research studies have indicated inappropriate self‐medication results in adverse drug reactions, disease masking, antibiotic resistance and wastage of healthcare resources. The objectives of the study were to explore overall self-medication and antibiotic self-medication prevalence among students of university students in Karachi, Pakistan along with probable reasons, indications, and sources of advice for self-medication. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was carried out among students from university of Karachi, Pakistan during the time period of September to November 2016. Pretested questionnaire was distributed to 320 students, collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 24. Results: From 320 students, 311 (83 male and 228 female) students participated in the study giving a response rate of 97%. Prevalence of self-medication was 66%. Belonging to higher monthly family income group was associated with likelihood of self-medication. Antibiotic self-medication prevalence was 39%. Lack of time (39%), and old prescription (35%) were the main reasons for self-medication. Pharmacy shop (75%) was the main source for self-medication. In case of antibiotics, 44% students changed the dosage of antibiotic and 50% students stopped antibiotics after the disappearance of the symptoms. Conclusions: Antibiotic self-medication (39%) and self-medication with other drugs among university students of Karachi is a worrisome problem. Our findings highlight the need for planning interventions to promote the judicious use of general medicines as well as that of antibiotics.
Background: Discovery of antibiotics have helped to manage the devastating diseases. Presently, the antibiotic era is threatened by the emergence of high level of antibiotic resistance of important pathogens. Misuse of antibiotics poses a serious risk to infectious disease control. It is necessary to improve public awareness to bring a change in the behavior of consumers. Therefore, present study was undertaken to assess the existing knowledge, attitude and practices related to antibiotic usage among university students.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among students from Mumbai University, India during May-June 2017. 300 students were approached to participate in the study of which 250 agreed to participate (males: 117; females: 133). Pretested questionnaire was distributed and collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23.
Results: Substantial number (33% and 40%) participants were unaware about the differences in antibiotic-anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotic-antipyretics respectively. 28% of the participants thought it is right to stop antibiotics only based on symptoms improvement. Sixty eight percent and seventy nine percent participants believed that antibiotics should always be prescribed to treat flu like symptoms and pneumonia respectively.
Conclusions: Participants demonstrated poor knowledge about antibiotics. Similarly, their attitude and practice toward antibiotic use was associated with misconceptions. An educational intervention can be introduced to make them aware about rational antibiotic practices.
Knowledge and attitude towards voluntary blood donation among students from Mumbai University
(2018)
Background: Blood is scarce; its demand far outweighs the supply. In addition to limited supply, the issue of safety especially with regard to the risk of transfusion transmissible infection is also an issue of utmost concern especially in the developing countries. Blood transfusion services in India have gained special significance in recent years and forms a vital part of national health care system. Voluntary Non-Remunerated Blood Donation (VNRBD) is the safest of all types of blood donations. One of the potential sources that can be tapped for blood donation is the young and physically fit students from educational institutions across India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among students from Mumbai University, India during May–June 2017. Two hundred and fifty students were approached to participate in the study of which 201 agreed to participate (males: 104; females: 97). Pretested questionnaire was distributed and collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. Results: High number of participants agreed about encouraging general public about voluntary blood donation (96%; 193/201), lack of awareness about VBD in general public (82%; 164/201). But not a single participant was able to respond to the knowledge part of the questionnaire with 100% accuracy. Almost all the participants had correct knowledge about blood groups (98%; 196/201) and blood matching need (195/201; 97%). Conclusions: Participants showed good attitude but demonstrated poor knowledge about voluntary blood donation. Details about blood donation should be incorporated in the undergraduate curriculum and periodic awareness programs should be organized for students.
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that may cause cervical cancer and other malignancies including those of the vulva, anus, vagina, penis, head and neck. In most Asian countries including India, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women. Awareness about HPV and cervical cancer, use of vaccines can be very helpful in prevention, control and early diagnosis of cervical cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among students from Mumbai University, India during May - June 2017. Two hundred students were approached to participate in the study of which 142 were selected to participate (males: 54; females: 88). Pretested questionnaire was distributed and collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. Results: Participants had fair knowledge (61% average) about HPV, whereas knowledge about symptoms, prevention and spread of HPV was very poor i.e. 18%. Knowledge about HPV vaccine was 50% and 78% participants had positive attitude for HPV vaccine. Conclusions: This study showed the lacunas in the pharmacy curriculum and urgent need to create awareness of HPV among bachelor of pharmacy students from Mumbai University.
A systematic review of the literature on survey questionnaires to assess self-medication practices
(2017)
Self-medication is of great public health importance as it often bypasses regulatory mechanisms to assure quality of health care. Nevertheless there are no established standards on how to assess self-medication. We therefore intended to systematically retrieve questionnaires and survey tools used to capture self-medication, with the aim to identify the scope of information investigated in this context and commonalities between the tools. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on questionnaires used for self-medication assessment by searching PubMed and Web of Science databases using the combinations of following keywords; self-medication, self-prescription, non-prescription, questionnaire. Truncation was used to ensure retrieval of all possible variations of search terms. The search was limited to articles published between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2015, human studies and English language. Duplicate and irrelevant studies were excluded from the final review. A total of 158 studies were included in the review. Studies were from diverse geographical locations, most of the studies were from Nigeria 16 (10.1%) followed by India 10 (6.3%) and Iran 8 (5%). Forty-three studies (27.2%) focused on antibiotic self-medication. Majority of the studies (106; 67%) were done with adult populations. The components addressed by the questionnaires covered: reasons for self-medications in 147 (93%) studies, purchasing source in 136 (86%) studies, medical conditions to be treated in 153 (96.8%) studies, adverse events in 67 (42.4%) studies, use of prescribing information in 24 (15.1%) studies and antibiotic resistance awareness in 20 (46.5%) antibiotic studies. For 74 (46.8%) studies, survey questionnaires were self-administered and most studies (57; 36%) were done at homes of respondents. Thirty-seven (23.4%) studies did not report any recall period for self-medication practices. Study response rates varied from 17.9% to 100%, and while validity of the study questionnaire was reported for 100 (63.3%) studies, 15 (9.5%) studies reported reliability test of the study questionnaire. There is a large variety of questionnaires being used for investigating self-medication practices making comparability and meta-analyses very difficult. It is desirable to have a basic set of standardized survey questions on this topic to make available for future research groups in this field.
Background: Concerns about practice of self-medication (SM) world across are based on associated risks such as adverse reactions, disease masking, increased morbidity, wastage of resources and antibiotic resistance. SM is likely to differ between rural and urban areas of India. Systematically retrieved evidence on these differences are required in order to design targeted measures for improvement. Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study among the general population in urban (Matunga) and rural (Tala) areas of Maharashtra, India to explore SM practices and its associated factors. Face to face interviews were conducted using the validated study questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and analytical statistical methods. Results: A total of 1523 inhabitants from 462 households were interviewed between [June/2015] and [August /2015], 778 (51%) of them in rural and 745 (49%) in urban areas. Overall self-medication prevalence was 29.1% (urban; 51.5%, rural; 7.7%, OR 12.7, CI 9.4-17.2) in the study participants. Participants having chronic disease (OR: 3.15, CI: 2.07-4.79) and from urban areas (OR:15.38, CI:8.49-27.85) were more likely to self-medicate. Self-medication practices were characterized by having old prescription (41.6%) as the main reason, fever (39.4%) as top indication and NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Agents) as the most self-medicated category of drugs (40.7%). Conclusions: The present study documented that the prevalence of self-medication is associated with place of residence, and health status of the study participants. Self-medication is still a major issue in western Maharashtra, India and is majorly an urban phenomenon. Status of implementation of existing regulations should be reconsidered.
Background: Immunization is the most cost-effective intervention for infectious diseases which are the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is a scarcity of information on the vaccination status of young adults and the role of socioeconomic conditions in India. Objectives: Present study explored the adult vaccination status and influence of income and education of parents on adult vaccination status in university students from Mumbai, India.
Methods: On the basis of the eligibility criterion 149 students were selected for the present study. A total of 8 vaccines namely Tdap/DTP, Varicella, MMR, Influenza, Pneumococcal, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Meningococcal were included in this study for all the respondents. In addition to these vaccines, Human Papilloma Virus vaccine was also included for female respondents.
Results: There were total of 149 (75 male and 74 females) respondents with the mean age of 21.5 years. The top 3 immunizations were Td/Tdap (97.3%), MMR (66.4%) and Hepatitis B (55%) among the respondents. Only 4 (5.5%) female respondents have been immunized against the HPV. Conclusions: Td/Tdap (97.3%) and MMR (66.4%) coverage was in line with the recommendations. For all the other vaccines the coverage was low varying from 5.5% to 35.4%. The vaccination coverage was better in respondents with higher educated and higher income parents. We suggest that patient education, planning by government for the implementation of policy for adult vaccination and involvement of physicians are must for better adult vaccination coverage.
Objectives: To assess the relation between the number of clinical trials conducted and respective new drug approvals in India and South Africa.
Design: Construction and analysis of a comprehensive database of completed randomised controlled clinical trials based on clinicaltrials.gov from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2010 and drug approval data from 2006 until 2013 for India and South Africa.
Setting: USA, the EU, India and South Africa.
Main outcome measures: Percentage of completed randomised clinical trials for an Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) leading to new drug approval in India and South Africa.
Results: A total of 622 eligible randomised controlled trials were identified as per search criteria for India and South Africa. Clustering them for the same sponsor and the same Investigational New Drug (IND) resulted in 453 eligible trials, that is, 224 for India and 229 for South Africa. The distribution of the market application approvals between the EU/USA as well as India and South Africa revealed that out of clinical trials with the participation of test centres in India and/or South Africa, 39.6% (India) clinical trials and 60.1% (South Africa) clinical trials led to market authorisation in the EU/USA without a New Drug Application (NDA) approval in India or South Africa.
Conclusions: Despite an increase in clinical trial activities, there is a clear gap between the number of trials conducted and market availability of these new drugs in India and South Africa. Drug regulatory authorities, investigators, institutional review boards and patient groups should direct their efforts to ensuring availability of new drugs in the market that have been tested and researched on their population.
Hypertension is a serious global public health problem. It accounts for 10% of all deaths in India and is the leading noncommunicable disease.1 Recent studies have shown that the prevalence of hypertension is 25% in urban and 10% in rural people in India.2 It exerts a substantial public health burden on cardiovascular health status and health care systems in India.3 Antihypertensive treatment effectively reduces hypertension-related morbidity and mortality.1 The cost of medications has always been a barrier to effective treatment.
Background: Patient satisfaction is considered as an indicator of the healthcare quality. Information on patient satisfaction based on medical expertise of the physician, interpersonal skills, physician-patient interaction time, perception and needs of the patient allow policymakers to identify areas for improvement. Primary care services and healthcare structure differ between the countries. The present study was done to determine and analyze the determinants associated with patient satisfaction in India, Pakistan, Spain and USA.
Methods: This descriptive study was performed in January to August 2019 among students from Mumbai University, India, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan, University CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain, Texas State University, Texas, USA. On the basis of the eligibility criterion (those who gave a written informed consent and were registered students of respective university) 890 (India: 369, Pakistan: 128, Spain: 195, USA: 99) students were selected for the present study.
Results: India had almost similar male (49%) to female (51%) ratio of participants. For other 3 countries (PK, ES, US), female participant percentage was nearly 20% or even more as compared to male participants. Overall participant’s satisfaction score about medial expertise of the doctor were highest in India (71%) and were lowest in Spain (43%). Overall satisfaction score about time spent with doctor were highest for India (64%) and were lowest for Spain (41%). Overall satisfaction score about communication with doctor were highest for US (60%) and were lowest for PK (53%). Overall satisfaction score for medical care given by the doctor was lowest in PK (43%) and was highest in US (64%). Overall satisfaction about doctor, highest number of US (83%) and lowest number of PK (32%) participants were satisfied about medical interaction with doctors.
Conclusions: These multi-country findings can provide information for health policy making in India, Pakistan, Spain and USA. Although the average satisfaction per country, except Pakistan is more than 60%, the results suggest that there is ample room for improvement.
Background: India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world. The Indian epidemic is characterized by low levels in the general population and elevated concentrations among high-risk groups. The present study was planned to determine the awareness of HIV among students from Mumbai University.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among students from Mumbai University, India during May–June 2017. Two hundred and fifty students were approached to participate in the study of which 199 agreed to participate (males: 132; females: 67). Pretested questionnaire was distributed and collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23.
Results: Study participants had high knowledge (86%) and attitude score (87%). There was no significant difference between males and female participants for attitude and knowledge, except for one question regarding knowledge about HIV transmission via breastfeeding to child.
Conclusions: Present study showed that there are no misconceptions or negative attitudes regarding HIV among students. A longitudinal study with a larger sample size across India is recommended for further investigation.
The drugs we use to treat any condition – from an innocuous cough to a life-threatening cancer – are the outcome of painstaking human clinical trials. These trials are the only way to credibly determine the safety and efficacy of drugs. In recent years there has been a clear shift in clinical trial sites from core developed countries like USA, European countries to developing countries like India, China, South American countries. This shift is related to challenges and opportunities like costs of trials, recruitment issues, and regulatory challenges in developed vs. developing countries. Developing countries and developed countries have their unique disease burden patterns based on various parameters like but not limited to age, health care facilities, health insurance, sanitary conditions, environmental issues, education, nutrition
and GDP. Previous studies have reported that many of the important global diseases are not much explored in clinical trials and many published clinical trials have very less international health relevance. This study was aimed at finding the correlation between disease burdens, number of clinical trials done and trial success rates. We compared 2005 - 2010 Global Burden of Disease data for Germany, India and number of clinical trials from clinicaltrials.gov database done in the same period. Our findings indicated that there was a good correlation between the disease burden and clinical trials for Germany in 2005 and 2010. For India in 2005 there was a moderate positive correlation, 2010 data showed the improvement in India in terms of match between disease burden and clinical trials. But careful observation of the data shows still a need for more trials on Communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional disorders.
Background: Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain that affects people worldwide. The overall prevalence (3.0-11.9 / 1,000) and incidence (0.2-0.6/1,000) of epilepsy in India are comparable to the rates of high-income countries. The high prevalence of negative attitudes towards epilepsy has been highlighted by several studies. Pharmacy students represent a better-educated section of society regarding drugs and have the potential to create awareness, and influence attitudes towards the disease. Thus, it is important that they have the appropriate and updated knowledge and appropriate attitude towards epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs. Objective of the present study was to determine the Mumbai University pharmacy student’s awareness about epilepsy, so as to know the kind of education and awareness strategies that would be applicable to them.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among students from Mumbai University, India during May-June 2017. Two hundred and fifty students were approached to participate in the study of which 213 agreed to participate (males: 107; females: 106). Pretested questionnaire was distributed and collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23.
Results: Response rate for this study was 85.2% (213/250). Ninety six percent (204/213) of the participants had heard or read about epilepsy. Overall knowledge was poor (40.2%) and attitude was fair (75.3%). None of the participants were aware about recent research regarding hereditary nature of epilepsy. Only 2 (0.98%) students were aware how to perform the first aid in epilepsy. Only 6.8% participants felt that epileptics should participate in sports.
Conclusions: The findings of this study show that, even with extensive curriculum covering diseases, drugs and relevant laws of land, the knowledge and attitude scores were low. There is a need to have focused education and campaigns to increase the knowledge and attitude towards epilepsy.
Background: Oral cancer is among the top three types of cancers in India. Severe alcoholism, use of tobacco in the form of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, and betel nut chewing are the most common risk factors for oral cancer. Often individuals with pre cancer even notice the alterations, such as reduced mouth opening in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), but they are not aware about the causes and consequences of these changes. Awareness about causes and features of oral cancers can be very helpful in prevention, control and early diagnosis of oral cancer.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among students from Mumbai University, India during May-June 2017. Five hundred students were approached to participate in the study of which 400 agreed to participate. Pretested questionnaire was distributed and collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23.
Results: There were 199 (49%) males and 201 (50%) females in the study and response rate was (80%). Respondents had good knowledge about oral cancer. Seventy four percent (268/362) respondents correctly identified smoking, and tobacco chewing as possible causes of oral cancer. Almost all (96%; 348/362) respondents correctly responded that oral cancer does not spread from person to person through touch or speaking. Seventy two percent (260/362) respondents believed that oral cancer is curable. Significantly higher number of male (98%) compared to female participants answered correctly to questions regarding spread of disease and occurrence of oral cancer in AIDS patients.
Conclusions: Participants showed good knowledge about oral cancer. Female participants showed lesser knowledge compared to male counterparts. Details about oral cancer should be incorporated in the undergraduate curriculum and periodic awareness programs should be organized for students.
The medical devices sector helps save lives by providing innovative health care solutions regarding diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment, and alleviation. Medical devices are classified into 1 of 3 categories in the order of increasing risk: Class I, Class II, and Class III.1 Medical devices are distinguished from drugs for regulatory purposes based on mechanism of action. Unlike drugs, medical devices operate via physical or mechanical means and are not dependent on metabolism to accomplish their primary intended effect.
Background: The mission of the pharmacy profession is to improve public health through ensuring safe, effective, and appropriate use of medications. Population health management (PHP) is a process wherein opportunities are identified to improve the quality of health care delivered and thereby, promote better health outcomes for patients.
Rationale: As concept of PHP is extremely important in today’s context, it is helpful to integrate data related to pharmacist in population health management practices. Authors conducted a systematic review of the literature on role of pharmacist in population health management practices. Method: We conducted a systematic review of the literature on literature on role of pharmacist in population health management practices by searching, PubMed Medline database using the following combination of keywords – pharmacist, population health. Truncation was used to ensure retrieval of all possible variations of search terms. The search was limited to articles published between 1st January 2015 and 31st December 2019, human studies and English language.
Results: Initial search resulted in a total of 281 studies, title abstract review to remove irrelevant studies resulted in 256 studies. Yearly trend showed that number of publications are decreasing. Highest number of publications were from Europe (47; 18%) and 29 publications (11%) discussed role of pharmacist in population health management of subjects in the age group of 10 to 20 years. Twenty five publications mentioned health management was done in the community settings. Advice on the lifestyle was mentioned in 242 (96%) and 10 (4%) publications offered advice about drugs during the health management. Pharmacists played important roles in population health management for e.g. as care provider in exploring the challenges faced in clinics for management of Type 2 DM. Pharmacists played an important role in increasing the quality of life of patients.
Discussion: Population health management concept has evolved steadily over the past few decades and is now contributing to the ‘patient care journey’ at all stages. There were 24 (9%) publications from India. Specially designed and implemented Pharm D program would play a major role in Indian health care system in future. This will give an opportunity to pharmacists to work more prominently in Indian health care system.
Conclusion: Authors are of the opinion that this is the first review encompassing the topic of pharmacist and population health management in the global context. It is clear that there is a global trend of moving towards involvement of pharmacist in healthcare management. This enables pharmacists to assume an expanded role and at same time it necessitates reforms in pharmacy education and practice.
Objective
Cyberknife robotic radiosurgery (RRS) provides single-session high-dose radiotherapy of brain tumors with a steep dose gradient and precise real-time image-guided motion correction. Although RRS appears to cause more radiation necrosis (RN), the radiometabolic changes after RRS have not been fully clarified. 18F-FET-PET/CT is used to differentiate recurrent tumor (RT) from RN after radiosurgery when MRI findings are indecisive. We explored the usefulness of dynamic parameters derived from 18F-FET PET in differentiating RT from RN after Cyberknife treatment in a single-center study population.
Methods
We retrospectively identified brain tumor patients with static and dynamic 18F-FET-PET/CT for suspected RN after Cyberknife. Static (tumor-to-background ratio) and dynamic PET parameters (time-activity curve, time-to-peak) were quantified. Analyses were performed for all lesions taken together (TOTAL) and for brain metastases only (METS). Diagnostic accuracy of PET parameters (using mean tumor-to-background ratio >1.95 and time-to-peak of 20 min for RT as cut-offs) and their respective improvement of diagnostic probability were analyzed.
Results
Fourteen patients with 28 brain tumors were included in quantitative analysis. Time-activity curves alone provided the highest sensitivities (TOTAL: 95%, METS: 100%) at the cost of specificity (TOTAL: 50%, METS: 57%). Combined mean tumor-to-background ratio and time-activity curve had the highest specificities (TOTAL: 63%, METS: 71%) and led to the highest increase in diagnosis probability of up to 16% p. – versus 5% p. when only static parameters were used.
Conclusions
This preliminary study shows that combined dynamic and static 18F-FET PET/CT parameters can be used in differentiating RT from RN after RRS.
Der Einzug der rechtspopulistischen und teilweise rechtsextremistischen Alternative für Deutschland in den Deutschen Bundestag, hat das politische Klima verändert und stellt auch den Journalismus vor neue Herausforderungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, wie Politikjournalist*innen Fernsehinterviews mit AfD-Politiker*innen führen. Hierfür wurden leitfaden-basierte Experteninterviews mit neun Experten aus den Bereichen der politischen Interviewführung vor und hinter der Kamera sowie Seminaren zur Interviewführung mit Rechtspopulist*innen geführt.
Die Untersuchungsergebnisse werden mit Hilfe einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse in Anlehnung an Mayring ermittelt. Zentrale Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind, dass es zwar keiner grundsätzlich ‚spezifischen‘ Interviewführung bei AfD-Politiker*innen bedarf, die Vorbereitung darauf allerdings weitaus umfangreicher sein muss. Politikjournalist*innen müssen sich in Bereichen des Rechtsextremismus, der Rhetorik der Rechten und rechtspopulistischem Framing weiterbilden und auf Anfeindungen und Verleumdung von Fakten von AfD-Politiker*innen vorbereitet sein. Außerdem wird aus der Untersuchung deutlich, dass es beispielsweise einen großen Unterschied macht, ob Politikjournalist*innen AfD-Interviews vor oder hinter der
Kamera führen. Die Untersuchungsteilnehmer sind sich darin einig, dass durch die exorbitante, mediale Beobachtung und die gegensätzlichen Erwartungshaltungen der Öffentlichkeit, Politikjournalist*innen unter einem erhöhten Druck bei Interviews mit AfD-Politiker*innen stehen. Dadurch wird einem Fernsehinterview mit AfD-Politiker*innen eine Art Sonderstatus zugeschrieben und es hebt sich somit auch immer von Fernsehinterviews mit Politiker*innen anderer Parteien ab.
To learn a subject, the acquisition of the associated technical language is important.
Despite this widely accepted importance of learning the technical language, hardly any studies are published that describe the characteristics of most technical languages that students are supposed to learn. This might largely be due to the absence of specialized text corpora to study such languages at lexical, syntactical and textual level. In the present paper we describe a corpus of German physics text that can be used to study the language used in physics. A large and a small variant are compiled. The small version of the corpus consists of 5.3 Million words and is available on request.
Malnutrition is the condition in which the body does not get the right amount of proteins, vitamins, or other nutrients.1 The global prevalence of malnutrition was reported as 13% in 2015.2 The subregion of South Asia is especially known as a critical area for severe wasted children aged <5 years.3 In India, 38.4% of children aged <3 years are stunted, and 46% are underweight.4 Malnutrition can lead to mortality as well as disabilities and long-term consequences such as cognitive disabilities, less economic productivity, or diseases.
Die Generation Z stellt Arbeitgebende vor eine Herausforderung. In Zeiten, in denen in vielen Branchen Fachkräftemangel herrscht und der Beschäftigten-Nachwuchs in seiner Anzahl wesentlich geringer ist als die Lücken, die Pensionierte bei ihrem Rentenantritt hinterlassen, ist eine hohe Arbeitgebendenattraktivität nicht nur viel Wert, sondern fundamental. Gerade im Hinblick auf die gewünschten Mitarbeitenden jüngerer Generationen müssen Unternehmen neu denken und ihre gewohnten Kommunikationsaktivitäten anpassen. Ein erfolgreiches Employer Branding kennt die Ansprüche und Charakteristika seiner Zielgruppen und schöpft gängige Instrumente und Maßnahmen aus, um den gewünschten Effekt nach außen zu erzeugen. Allerdings wird Sprache auch in dieser Disziplin nicht aktiv in all ihrer Komplexität und mitsamt all ihren Möglichkeiten betrachtet. Ein Instrument, dessen theoretische Fundierung eine lange Zeit zurückreicht, welches jedoch in der dazugehörigen Fachliteratur gemeinhin als wirkungsstark gilt, ist die metaphorische Redewendung.
Die vorliegende Masterarbeit befasst sich mit der Forschungslücke, welche aus der Überschneidung der Themenbereiche Metaphernforschung, Employer Branding (Kommunikation) und (Werten der) Generation Z besteht. Ziel dieser Masterthesis ist das Bestimmen des Status Quos hinsichtlich der Verwendung von Metaphern im Kontext von zielgruppenspezifischer Employer Branding Kommunikation in der deutschen Medienbranche. Mit Bezug auf die Zielgruppe der Generation Z wird die Vermittlung von Werten ebendieser Zielgruppe durch Metaphern in den Fokus genommen.
Information Professionals sind in Unternehmen für den professionellen und strategischen Umgang mit Informationen verantwortlich. Da es keine allgemeingültige Definition für diese Berufsgruppe gibt, wird in der Masterarbeit eine Begriffsbestimmung unternommen. Mit Hilfe dreier Methoden, einer Auswertung von relevanter Fachliteratur, die Untersuchung von einschlägigen Stellenausschreibungen und das Führen von Experteninterviews, wird ein Kompetenzprofil für Information Professionals erstellt. 16 Kompetenzen in den Bereichen Fach-, Methoden-, Sozial- und persönliche Kompetenzen geben eine Orientierung über vorhandene Fähigkeiten dieser Berufsgruppe für Personalfachleute, Vorgesetzte und Information Professionals selbst.
The German Corona Consensus (GECCO) established a uniform dataset in FHIR format for exchanging and sharing interoperable COVID-19 patient specific data between health information systems (HIS) for universities. For sharing the COVID-19 information with other locations that use openEHR, the data are to be converted in FHIR format. In this paper, we introduce our solution through a web-tool named “openEHR-to-FHIR” that converts compositions from an openEHR repository and stores in their respective GECCO FHIR profiles. The tool provides a REST web service for ad hoc conversion of openEHR compositions to FHIR profiles.
Im Rahmen dieser Bachelorarbeit soll empirisch überprüft werden, welche Faktoren Einfluss auf die Glaubwürdigkeitszuschreibung von CSR-Kommunikation nehmen. Bei den untersuchten Faktoren handelt es sich um die Unternehmensreputation, die Motivattribution und das Fitting zwischen Unternehmenswerten und CSR-Maßnahmen.
Targeted panel sequencing in pediatric primary cardiomyopathy supports a critical role of TNNI3
(2019)
The underlying genetic mechanisms and early pathological events of children with primary cardiomyopathy (CMP) are insufficiently characterized. In this study, we aimed to characterize the mutational spectrum of primary CMP in a large cohort of patients ≤18 years referred to a tertiary center. Eighty unrelated index patients with pediatric primary CMP underwent genetic testing with a panel-based next-generation sequencing approach of 89 genes. At least one pathogenic or probably pathogenic variant was identified in 30/80 (38%) index patients. In all CMP subgroups, patients carried most frequently variants of interest in sarcomere genes suggesting them as a major contributor in pediatric primary CMP. In MYH7, MYBPC3, and TNNI3, we identified 18 pathogenic/probably pathogenic variants (MYH7 n = 7, MYBPC3 n = 6, TNNI3 n = 5, including one homozygous (TNNI3 c.24+2T>A) truncating variant. Protein and transcript level analysis on heart biopsies from individuals with homozygous mutation of TNNI3 revealed that the TNNI3 protein is absent and associated with upregulation of the fetal isoform TNNI1. The present study further supports the clinical importance of sarcomeric mutation-not only in adult-but also in pediatric primary CMP. TNNI3 is the third most important disease gene in this cohort and complete loss of TNNI3 leads to severe pediatric CMP.
Informationskompetenz ist eine Schlüsselkompetenz für gesellschaftliche Teilhabe. Unter dem Eindruck des „Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education“ der ACRL verändert sich das Verständnis von Informationskompetenz. Die Angebote zur Förderung von Informationskompetenz von Universitäts- und Hochschulbibliotheken müssen besser in die Lehre in den Disziplinen integriert werden. E-Learning-Formate eigenen sich hierfür besonders gut. Für die gelungene Gestaltung von E-Learning-Angeboten sind Kenntnisse über Lerntheorien und Mediendidaktik notwendig. Auf eine breite theoretische Betrachtung folgt der Entwurf mediendidaktischer Konzepte für ein E-Learning-Angebot zur Förderung von Informationskompetenz an der Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin.
Die Nutzung des Like-Buttons wurde bisher nur oberflächlich und vor allem auf den US-Raum begrenzt erforscht. Dabei lag der Fokus ausschließlich auf wirtschaftlich orientierten Unternehmen und dem monetären Wert, den ein Fan für dieses hat. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird eine erweiterte Perspektive gewählt. Aus Sicht deutschsprachiger Nutzer wird erforscht, welche Motive und Bedürfnisse eine Person dazu veranlassen, sich freiwillig per Gefällt-mir zu verknüpfen. Hierzu wird der Uses and Gratifications-Ansatz herangezogen. Es stehen nicht Unternehmen, sondern generell alle Formen von Organisationen im Fokus. Gleichzeitig wird untersucht, wie diese Beziehungen verlaufen: Welche Erwartungen stellen Fans? Welche Handlungen nehmen sie wie häufig vor und welchen Effekt hat eine Fanbeziehung auf die Einstellung eines Nutzers gegenüber einer Organisation? Die Motive hinter der Nutzung des Gefällt mir-Buttons sind umfangreicher, als es bisherige Forschung vermuten ließ. Fans wollen informiert werden, sie wollen ihr Gefallen schnell und einfach bekunden und sich durch die Verknüpfung selbst darstellen. Weniger wichtig, aber dennoch von Relevanz sind die Motive der Partizipation und Unterstützung, der Empfehlung, der Vorteilssuche, der Unterhaltung sowie der Netzwerkerweiterung und Gruppenzugehörigkeit. Die Verwendung des Like-Buttons dient somit der Befriedigung einer ganzen Reihe von Nutzungsbedürfnissen. Der Verlauf der Beziehungen zwischen Organisationen und Usern ist eher von Passivität geprägt. Fans wollen zwar informiert werden und stellen konkrete Ansprüche an die Art und Form von Organisationsmeldungen, sie wollen aber nur selten wirklich direkt mit einem Unternehmen, einem Verein o.ä. interagieren. Langweilen die Meldungen einer Organisation, werden zu viele oder nicht relevante Informationen an die Fans weitergeben, zögern diese nicht, eine Verknüpfung zu beenden. Ein Effekt der Fanschaft auf die Einstellung von Nutzern gegenüber der jeweiligen Organisation konnte nur bedingt festgestellt werden. Letztere zieht einen Gewinn nicht aus einer erhöhten Ausgabebereitschaft seiner Fans, sondern aus deren stärkerer Aufmerksamkeit gegenüber Organisationsmeldungen.
Background and Objectives:
Drawing causal conclusions from real-world data (RWD) poses methodological challenges and risk of bias. We aimed to systematically assess the type and impact of potential biases that may occur when analyzing RWD using the case of progressive ovarian cancer.
Methods:
We retrospectively compared overall survival with and without second-line chemotherapy (LOT2) using electronic medical records. Potential biases were determined using directed acyclic graphs. We followed a stepwise analytic approach ranging from crude analysis and multivariable-adjusted Cox model up to a full causal analysis using a marginal structural Cox model with replicates emulating a reference randomized controlled trial (RCT). To assess biases, we compared effect estimates (hazard ratios [HRs]) of each approach to the
HR of the reference trial.
Results:
The reference trial showed an HR for second line vs. delayed therapy of 1.01 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.82e1.25). The corresponding HRs from the RWD analysis ranged from 0.51 for simple baseline adjustments to 1.41 (95% CI: 1.22e1.64) accounting for immortal time bias with time-varying covariates. Causal trial emulation yielded an HR of 1.12 (95% CI: 0.96e1.28).
Conclusion:
Our study, using ovarian cancer as an example, shows the importance of a thorough causal design and analysis if one is expecting RWD to emulate clinical trial results.
The practice, attitude, and knowledge of complementary and alternative medicine in Mumbai, India
(2020)
Background: In the recent times, there has been a resurging interest in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in India. The present study was conducted to examine the prevalence of CAM use in Mumbai, the knowledge and attitude regarding CAM regarding its safety and efficacy and the reasons for the use of CAM.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the general population of Mumbai and its adjoining regions during January-July 2020. 205 residents participated in the study and were asked to fill a pretested questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23.
Results: Out of the 205 responses, 163 (79.51%) agreed to have used CAM at least once in their life. Of these, 108 (52.68%) respondents used Ayurveda and 105 (51.21%) used homeopathy. 60 (36.81%) of the respondents practicing CAM used it for common gastrointestinal (GIT)-related disorder with a 100% recovery rate, 125 (76.67%) for infectious diseases with a 93.6% recovery rate. 99 (60.74%) of the respondents preferring CAM for its safety profile, 68 (41.72%) believed that CAM is time tested and thus is efficacious. An integrative approach was suggested by 118 (57.56%) of all the respondents.
Conclusions: There is a disparity between the high prevalence in the use of CAM and its knowledge. However, a general consensus suggests that CAM is efficacious and is practiced for various indications.
For the introduction of technical nursing care innovations, a usability assessment survey is conducted by nursing staff. The questionnaire is used before and after the introduction of technical products. This poster contribution shows the latest comparison of pre- and post-surveys on selected products.