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The impact of vertical and horizontal integration in the context of Industry 4.0 requires new concepts for the security of industrial Ethernet protocols. The defense in depth concept, basing on the combination of several measures, especially separation and segmentation, needs to be complimented by integrated protection measures for industrial real-time protocols. To cover this challenge, existing protocols need to be equipped with additional functionality to ensure the integrity and availability of the network communication, even in environments, where possible attackers can be present. In order to show a possible way to upgrade an existing protocol, this paper describes a security concept for the industrial Ethernet protocol PROFINET.
This paper reflects the content of the presentation “The Next Generation: Ethernet-APL for Safety Systems” at the NAMUR Annual General Meeting 2022. It deals with the use of the Ethernet Advanced Physical Layer (Ethernet-APL) in combination with the PROFINET/PROFIsafe protocol for safety applications. It describes the virtues of the digital communication between the field and safety system. In parallel the aspect of OT security for this use case is touched as well. The paper proposes a secure architecture, where safety- and non-safety field communications are still separated. At the end a set of requirements for the development of future APL devices is described.
The PROFINET protocol has been extended in the current version to include security functions. This allows flexible network architectures with the consideration of OT security requirements to be designed for PROFINET, which were not possible due to the network segmentation previously required. In addition to the manufacturers of the protocol stacks, component manufacturers are also required to provide a secure implementation in their devices. The necessary measures go beyond the use of a secure protocol stack. Using the example of an Ethernet-APL transmitter with PROFINET communication, this article shows which technical and organizational conditions will have to be considered by PROFINET device manufacturers in the future.
Das PROFINET Protokoll wurde in der aktuellen Version um Security-Funktionen erweitert. Damit können für PROFINET flexible Netzwerkarchitekturen unter Berücksichtigung von OT-Security Anforderungen entworfen werden, die durch die bisher erforderliche Netzwerksegmentierung nicht möglich waren. Neben den Herstellern der Protokollstacks sind nachfolgend auch die Komponentenhersteller gefordert, eine sichere Implementierung in ihren Geräten umzusetzen. Die erforderlichen Maßnahmen gehen dabei über die Nutzung eines sicheren Protokollstacks hinaus. Der Beitrag zeigt am Beispiel eines Ethernet-APL Messumformers mit PROFINET-Kommunikation die künftig von PROFINET-Geräteherstellern zu berücksichtigenden technischen und organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen.
Operators of production plants are increasingly emphasizing secure communication, including real-time communication, such as PROFINET, within their control systems. This trend is further advanced by standards like IEC 62443, which demand the protection of realtime communication in the field. PROFIBUS and PROFINET International (PI) is working on the specification of the security extensions for PROFINET (“PROFINET Security”), which shall fulfill the requirements of secure communication in the field.
This paper discusses the matter in three parts. First, the roles and responsibilities of the plant owner, the system integrator, and the component provider regarding security, and the basics of the IEC 62443 will be described. Second, a conceptual overview of PROFINET Security, as well as a status update about the PI specification work will be given. Third, the article will describe how PROFINET Security can contribute to the defense-in-depth approach, and what the expected operating environment is. We will evaluate how PROFINET Security contributes to fulfilling the IEC 62443-4-2 standard for automation components.
Two of the authors are members of the PI Working Group CB/PG10 Security.
Dieses Research Paper befasst sich mit dem Thema der Hochverfügbarkeit von Automatisierungsnetzwerken am Beispiel von PROFINET. Anhand von verschiedenen PROFINET-Topologien soll verdeutlicht werden, durch welche Maßnahmen eine hohe Verfügbarkeit erzielt werden kann. Zuvor wird mithilfe von grundliegenden Berechnungsbeispielen gezeigt, wie sich die Verfügbarkeit eines technischen Systems ermitteln lässt. Anschließend erfolgt für die Betrachtung der Gesamtverfügbarkeit einer PROFINET-Anlage eine genaue Bestimmung der jeweiligen Verfügbarkeitswerte für die einzelnen PROFINET-Geräte. Ein besonderes Augenmerk richtet sich hierbei speziell auf die Verwendung von IO Devices mit redundanten bzw. nicht-redundanten Interfacemodulen. Für das Erzielen einer hohen Verfügbarkeit sind nicht nur PROFINET-Geräte von entscheidender Bedeutung, sondern auch die Stuktur des PROFINET-Netzwerks. Im Zusammenspiel mit den bereits existierenden Redundanzprotokollen, die für die Verwaltung des Datenverkehrs zuständig sind, werden in diesem Bericht mehrere Topologien anhand verschiedener Eigenschaften und Voraussetzungen auf ihre Vor- und Nachteile untersucht und entsprechend ihrer Gesamtverfügbarkeitswerte bewertet.
Dieses Research Paper basiert im Wesentlichen auf der Bachelorarbeit von Herrn Sebastian Stelljes an der Hochschule Hannover. Im Nachgang zur Arbeit wurden noch weitere Aspekte untersucht und mit den Inhalten der Bachelorarbeit zu diesem Research Paper zusammengeführt.
PROFINET Security: A Look on Selected Concepts for Secure Communication in the Automation Domain
(2023)
We provide a brief overview of the cryptographic security extensions for PROFINET, as defined and specified by PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI). These come in three hierarchically defined Security Classes, called Security Class 1, 2 and 3. Security Class 1 provides basic security improvements with moderate implementation impact on PROFINET components. Security Classes 2 and 3, in contrast, introduce an integrated cryptographic protection of PROFINET communication. We first highlight and discuss the security features that the PROFINET specification offers for future PROFINET products. Then, as our main focus, we take a closer look at some of the technical challenges that were faced during the conceptualization and design of Security Class 2 and 3 features. In particular, we elaborate on how secure application relations between PROFINET components are established and how a disruption-free availability of a secure communication channel is guaranteed despite the need to refresh cryptographic keys regularly. The authors are members of the PI Working Group CB/PG10 Security.