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The adsorption of O atoms on the Fe(1 1 0) surface has been investigated by density functional theory for increasing degrees of oxygen coverage from 0.25 to 1 monolayer, to follow the evolution of the Osingle bondFe(1 1 0) system into an FeO(1 1 1)-like monolayer. We found that the quasi-threefold site is the most stable adsorption site for all coverages, with adsorption energies of ∼2.8–4.0 eV per O atom. Oxygen adsorption results in surface geometrical changes such as interlayer relaxation and buckling, the latter of which decreases with coverage. The calculated vibrational frequencies range from 265 to 470 cm−1 for the frustrated translational modes and 480–620 cm−1 for the stretching mode, and hence are in good agreement with the experimental values reported for bulk FeO wüstite. The hybridization of the oxygen 2p and iron 3d orbitals increases with oxygen coverage, and the partial density of states for the Osingle bondFe(1 1 0) system at full coverage resembles the one reported in the literature for bulk FeO. These results at full oxygen coverage point to the incipient formation of an FeO(1 1 1)-like monolayer that would eventually lead to the bulk FeO oxide layer.
The present research study investigated the susceptibility of common mastitis pathogens—obtained from clinical mastitis cases on 58 Northern German dairy farms—to routinely used antimicrobials. The broth microdilution method was used for detecting the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 51), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (n = 54), Streptococcus uberis (n = 50), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 85), non-aureus staphylococci (n = 88), Escherichia coli (n = 54) and Klebsiella species (n = 52). Streptococci and staphylococci were tested against cefquinome, cefoperazone, cephapirin, penicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefalexin/kanamycin. Besides cefquinome and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Gram-negative pathogens were examined for their susceptibility to marbofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. The examined S. dysgalactiae isolates exhibited the comparatively lowest MICs. S. uberis and S. agalactiae were inhibited at higher amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cephapirin concentration levels, whereas S. uberis isolates additionally exhibited elevated cefquinome MICs. Most Gram-positive mastitis pathogens were inhibited at higher cloxacillin than oxacillin concentrations. The MICs of Gram-negative pathogens were higher than previously reported, whereby 7.4%, 5.6% and 11.1% of E. coli isolates had MICs above the highest concentrations tested for cefquinome, marbofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, respectively. Individual isolates showed MICs at comparatively higher concentrations, leading to the hypothesis that a certain amount of mastitis pathogens on German dairy farms might be resistant to frequently used antimicrobials.
The reactivity of graphene at its boundary region has been imaged using non-linear spectroscopy to address the controversy whether the terraces of graphene or its edges are more reactive. Graphene was functionalised with phenyl groups, and we subsequently scanned our vibrational sum-frequency generation setup from the functionalised graphene terraces across the edges. A greater phenyl signal is clearly observed at the edges, showing evidence of increased reactivity in the boundary region. We estimate an upper limit of 1 mm for the width of the CVD graphene boundary region.
In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gibt es rund 200000 Lieferstellen für Molkereiprodukte vom industriellen Großverbraucher bis zum Facheinzelhändler mit Milchproduktenangebot. Gut die Hälfte der gesamten Nachfrage schöpfen die Zentralläger sowie die Geschäfte des Lebensmitteleinzelhandels ab, wobei die Belieferung des LEH weitestgehend auf Strecke erfolgt. - Dipl.-Wirtsch.-Ing. Heinrich Wietbrauk von der Bundesanstalt für Milchforschung in Kiel analysiert für „dynamik im handel" die milchwirtschaftlichen Warenströme in Deutschland.
Eine schnelle Erfassung aller Wartezeiten und Störungen im Produktionsablauf und ihre richtige kostenmäßige Bewertung zu einer wirksamen Kontrolle der Gemeinkosten in der Produktion ist schon seit langem eine betriebliche Forderung. Ihre Erfüllung scheiterte bisher häufig an fehlenden organisatorischen Voraussetzungen und den nicht für diese Zwecke geeigneten EDV-Sachmitteln. Mit Hilfe von online konzipierten, im Dialog arbeitenden BDE-Systemen können diese Mängel jetzt behoben werden. Schwachstellen im Prozess lassen sich aktuell lokalisieren und damit auch rasch beseitigen. Das im folgenden hier vorgestellte Programm zur Erfassung der benötigten Daten ist gleichzeitig die Kernzelle eines zur Planung und Steuerung des Auftragsbearbeitungsprozesses eingesetzten Logistiksystems, mit dem noch eine große Anzahl weiterer organisatorischer Aufgaben gelöst werden kann. Betrachtungsschwerpunkt in diesem Beitrag ist die verursachungsgerechte Erfassung von Gemeinkosten im Prozess.
Food protein hydrolysates are often produced in unspecific industrial batch processes. The hydrolysates composition underlies process-related fluctuations and therefore the obtained peptide fingerprint and bioactive properties may vary. To overcome this obstacle and enable the production of specific hydrolysates with selected peptides, a ceramic capillary system was developed and characterized for the continuous production of a consistent peptide composition. Therefore, the protease Alcalase was immobilized on the surface of aminosilane modified yttria stabilized zirconia capillaries with a pore size of 1.5 μm. The loading capacity was 0.3 μg enzyme per mg of capillary with a residual enzyme activity of 43%. The enzyme specific peptide fingerprint produced with this proteolytic capillary reactor system correlated with the degree of hydrolysis, which can be controlled over the residence time by adjusting the flow rate. Common food proteins like casein, sunflower and lupin protein isolates were tested for continuous hydrolysis in the developed reactor system. The peptide formation was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Various trends were found for the occurrence of specific peptides. Some are just intermediately occurring, while others cumulate by time. Thus, the developed continuous reactor system enables the production of specific peptides with desired bioactive properties.
Flexibel mit „make or buy"
(1989)
Milk concentrates are used in the manufacturing of dairy products such as yogurt and cheese or are processed into milk powder. Processes for the nonthermal separation of water and valuable milk ingredients are becoming increasingly widespread at farm level. The technical barriers to using farm-manufactured milk concentrate in dairies are minimal, hence the suspicion that the practice of on-farm raw milk concentration is still fairly uncommon for economic reasons. This study, therefore, set out to investigate farmers’ potential willingness to adopt a raw milk concentration plant. The empirical analysis was based on discrete choice experiments with 75 German dairy farmers to identify preferences and the possible adoption of on-farm raw milk concentration. The results showed that, in particular, farmers who deemed the current milk price to be insufficient viewed on-farm concentration using membrane technology as an option for diversifying their milk sales. We found no indication that adoption would be impeded by a lack of trustworthy information on milk processing technologies or capital.
In den letzten Jahren hat sich der Trend zu forcierter Rationalisierung, zur Automatisierung und Mechanisierung der Produktion beschleunigt. Automatisierung erfordert aber hohe Inverstitionen und lässt so den Fixkostenblock wachsen. Bei einem Rückgang der Kapazitätsauslastung rutscht das Unternehmen aber rasch in die Verlustzone. Deshalb erscheint eine Rückbesinnung auf eher flexiblere, arbeitsorientierte Organisationskonzepte sinnvoll. Vorgestellt wird ein kybernetisches Regelkreismodell mit flacher Hierarchie als "Klammer" und sich weitgehend selbstregulierenden Unternehmenseinheiten.