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Im März 2021 fand erneut der langjährig etablierte „Erfahrungsaustausch: Fachreferate der Geisteswissenschaften“ statt, organisiert von Dorothee Graf (UB Duisburg-Essen), Alice Rabeler (ULB Bonn), Rosemarie Kosche (UB Duisburg-Essen) sowie Björn Gebert (ULB Münster). Ausgangspunkt der diesjährigen Veranstaltung war die Frage: „Was hat Corona im Fachreferat verändert? “ Die Veranstaltung, an der 80 Interessierte aus Deutschland und der Schweiz teilnahmen, gliederte sich in sechs inhaltliche Blöcke. Der Aufsatz fasst die Beiträge inhaltlich zusammen.
Dass die Stadt- und Staatstheater nicht in der Lage seien, sich auf die neuen Realitäten einer pluralisierten Stadtgesellschaft einzustellen und ihre Rolle neu zu definieren, sie stattdessen in Traditionen verharrten und „von allem zu viel und immer das gleiche“ spielten, ist ein im Rahmen der Stadttheaterdebatte häufig geäußerter Vorwurf. Ein sehr viel komplexeres und widersprüchlicheres Bild ergibt sich unter anderem aus der Analyse der Werkstatistiken des Deutschen Bühnenvereines wie auch der Theaterstatistiken. Sie legen nahe, dass sich seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre bedeutende Veränderungen in den Repertoires und Spielplänen der Stadt- und Staatstheater vollzogen haben, die sich als Versuch der Theater interpretieren lassen, sich neu in der Stadtgesellschaft der Gegenwart zu verorten. Der Aufsatz arbeitet die Bemühungen der Theater um eine größere Repertoirevielfalt und Neuverortung heraus, um anschließend die Frage zu diskutieren, welche Schlüsse sich hieraus sowohl für die Kulturpolitik wie auch die Theater ziehen lassen.
Improving Risk Assessment in Clinical Trials: Toward a Systematic Risk-Based Monitoring Approach
(2021)
Regulatory authorities have encouraged the usage of a risk-based monitoring (RBM) system in clinical trials before trial initiation for detection of potential risks and inclusion of a mitigation plan in the monitoring strategy. Several RBM tools were developed after the International Council for Harmonization gave sponsors the flexibility to initiate an approach to enhance quality management in a clinical trial. However, various studies have demonstrated the need for improvement of the available RBM tools as each does not provide a comprehensive overview of the characteristics, focus, and application. This research lays out a rationale for a risk methodology assessment (RMA) within the RBM system. The core purpose of RMA is to deliver a scientifically based evaluation and decision of any potential risk in a clinical trial. Thereby, a monitoring plan can be developed to elude prior identified risk outcome. To demonstrate RMA’s theoretical approach in practice, a Shiny web application (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) was designed to describe the assessment process of risk analysis and visualization tools that eventually aid in focusing monitoring activities. RMA focuses on the identification of an individual risk and visualizes its weight on the trial. The scoring algorithm of the presented approach computes the assessment of the individual risk in a radar plot and computes the overall score of the trial. Moreover, RMA’s novelty lies in its ability to decrease biased decision making during risk assessment by categorizing risk influence and detectability; a characteristic pivotal to serve RBM in assessing risks, and in contributing to a better understanding in the monitoring technique necessary for developing a functional monitoring plan. Future research should focus on validating the power of RMAs to demonstrate its efficiency. This would facilitate the process of characterizing the strengths and weaknesses of RMA in practice.
Öffentliche Bibliotheken sind in der Digitalen Bildung von großer Bedeutung. Sie vermitteln digitale Kompetenzen, nutzen zunehmend neue Technologien und verleihen digitale Medien. Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der Förderung und Finanzierung digitaler Angebote in Bibliotheken. Zu Beginn wird ein Überblick über die Bibliotheksgesetzgebung in Deutschland gegeben. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Forderung der Bibliotheken nach einer Normierung zur Pflichtaufgabe für Kommunen erörtert und ein Vergleich mit den europäischen Ländern Dänemark und Finnland gezogen. Eine Untersuchung der Drittmittelförderung auf Landesebene, Bundesebene und der Europäischen Kommission zeigt die Verortung der Bibliotheken in Förderprogrammen auf. Im Anschluss werden anhand von Best-Practice-Beispielen alternative Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten dargestellt. Meinungen von Vertretern aus Bibliotheken weisen auf die Vorteile und Nachteile von Drittmittelförderung, Fundraising, Rechtsformwechsel, Integration in die Stadtentwicklung oder die Entwicklung von Bibliothekskonzeptionen, Bibliotheksentwicklungsplänen sowie die Regelung durch Kulturfördergesetze hin. Ausgehend von den Ergebnissen der untersuchten Finanzierungmöglichkeiten wird abschließend die Notwendigkeit von Bibliotheksgesetzen diskutiert. Hieraus ergibt sich, dass Bibliotheksgesetze für eine einheitliche und zukunftsfähige Entwicklung der Bibliotheken in der Digitalen Bildung notwendig sind. Zugleich wird deutlich, dass die derzeit bestehenden Gesetze diese Anforderungen nicht leisten.
Eine belastbare Datengrundlage ist notwendig sowohl für die Planung und Integration von Publikationsfonds an Hochschulen als auch im Hinblick auf Transformationsverträge zwischen Bibliotheken und wissenschaftlichen Verlagen. In den letzten Jahren hat sich der Datenservice Unpaywall diesbezüglich zu einem wichtigen Instrument für die Identifizierung von Open Access entwickelt. In dieser Arbeit sollen die Zuverlässigkeit sowie die Belastbarkeit des Datenservices auf Grundlage der zeitlichen Transformation des Dienstes untersucht werden. In diesem Zusammenhang werden elf Datenbanksnapshots des Services, die zwischen 2018 und 2020 erschienen sind, ausgewertet und Modifikationen über einen längeren Zeitraum herausgestellt. Ferner soll anhand einer vollständigen Erhebung aller Zeitschriftenartikel der Publikationsjahre 2008 bis 2018 analysiert werden, inwiefern sich Open Access im Publikationsaufkommen zwischen verschiedenen Snapshots verändert hat.
Obesity and excess adiposity account for approximately 20% of all cancer cases; however, biomarkers of risk remain to be elucidated. While fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is emerging as an attractive candidate biomarker for visceral adipose tissue mass, the role of circulating FGF2 in malignant transformation remains unknown. Moreover, functional assays for biomarker discovery are limited. We sought to determine if human serum could stimulate the 3D growth of a non-tumorigenic cell line. This type of anchorage-independent 3D growth in soft agar is a surrogate marker for acquired tumorigenicity of cell lines. We found that human serum from cancer-free men and women has the potential to stimulate growth in soft agar of non-tumorigenic epithelial JB6 P+ cells. We examined circulating levels of FGF2 in humans in malignant transformation in vitro in a pilot study of n = 33 men and women. Serum FGF2 levels were not associated with colony formation in epithelial cells (r = 0.05, p = 0.80); however, a fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) selective inhibitor significantly blocked serum-stimulated transformation, suggesting that FGF2 activation of FGFR1 may be necessary, but not sufficient for the transforming effects of human serum. This pilot study indicates that the FGF2/FGFR1 axis plays a role in JB6 P+ malignant transformation and describes an assay to determine critical serum factors that have the potential to promote tumorigenesis.
Background: Mobile text reminder (SMS) system is considered a viable strategy for targeting/facilitating healthy behavioural change including adherence to prescribed physical exercises (PE) and medication (antiretroviral therapy-ART) which should improve the quality of life (Qol) in people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA). Thus, the literature was appraised for evidence of SMS effectiveness in improving ART and PE adherence behaviours and QoL in PLWHA.
Methods: Eight databases–AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, EMCARE, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PubMed-were searched up to December 2020, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol.This review included only randomised control trials (RCTs) investigating the effectiveness of SMS in improving QoL or PE or ART adherence behaviour or a combination of these variables in PLWHA >18 years.
Two independent reviewers determined the eligibility of the studies. Data were extracted and the quality of the study was assessed with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) tool. The primary outcomes were ART and PE adherence behaviours while the secondary outcome was QoL.
Result: A pooled estimate of effect was not calculated due to the heterogeneity of methods and outcome measures.
Therefore, a narrative synthesis of ten studies that met the inclusion criteria (n = 1621 participants at study completion) comprising males/females, aged ≥ 18 years, was done. There was a significant improvement in ART adherence behaviour except in three underpowered studies. Only the SMS interventions that were developed using the Starks 3-steps Adherence model was associated with positive outcome. The only study that evaluated QoL was underpowered and reported no significant change while there were no RCTs on PE.
Conclusion: Effects of SMS intervention trends towards a significant improvement in ART adherence behaviour in PLWHA. It is plausible that SMS reminders developed using the broader framework of the interpersonal health behaviour theory(ies) may have positive outcome. Nevertheless, the observed heterogeneity in the methods/outcome measures warrants a cautious interpretation of the findings. There is a lack/paucity of RCTs and therefore no evidence in support of the effectiveness of SMS intervention in improving PE adherence and QoL.
In order to ensure validity in legal texts like contracts and case law, lawyers rely on standardised formulations that are written carefully but also represent a kind of code with a meaning and function known to all legal experts. Using directed (acyclic) graphs to represent standardized text fragments, we are able to capture variations concerning time specifications, slight rephrasings, names, places and also OCR errors. We show how we can find such text fragments by sentence clustering, pattern detection and clustering patterns. To test the proposed methods, we use two corpora of German contracts and court decisions, specially compiled for this purpose. However, the entire process for representing standardised text fragments is language-agnostic. We analyze and compare both corpora and give an quantitative and qualitative analysis of the text fragments found and present a number of examples from both corpora.
As noted by Roman poet Virgil already more than 2,000 years ago: “The greatest wealth is health.”. Without health, there is no happiness, no peace, and no success according to the Reflections Recovery Center from Arizona, United States (USA, U.S.). The goal of the Healthy People 2020-project (HP2020), which is led by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP), was to “promote quality life, healthy development, and health behaviors across all life stages” among the U.S. population. HP2020 measures progress by using so-called Leading Health Indicators (LHI), reliable data sources, baseline values as well as targets for LHI-individual improvements for every measurable objective to be achieved by 2020 and each following decade. In the further course, these values were compared to student populations from the U.S., Germany, and Poland. The goal of this master's thesis was to obtain more data on international health, particularly among student populations. For the statistical analysis, data were obtained from an online survey that was distributed to students in at least one university in each of the three countries. In total, data from 380 students were analyzed in terms of HP2020 goal attainment. To determine if statistically significant differences were present, the z-test was used. The biggest differences emerged on the following topics: access to healthcare, environmental quality, obesity as well as reproductive and sexual health.