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Institute
- Fakultät I - Elektro- und Informationstechnik (30) (remove)
The research project "Herbar Digital" was started in 2007 with the aim to digitize 3.5 million dried plants on paper sheets belonging to the Botanic Museum Berlin in Germany. Frequently the collector of the plant is unknown, so a procedure had to be developed in order to determine the writer of the handwriting on the sheet. In the present work the static character was transformed into a dynamic form. This was done with the model of an inert ball which was rolled along the written character. During this off-line writer recognition, different mathematical procedures were used such as the reproduction of the write line of individual characters by Legendre polynomials. When only one character was used, a recognition rate of about 40% was obtained. By combining multiple characters, the recognition rate rose considerably and reached 98.7% with 13 characters and 93 writers (chosen randomly from the international IAM-database [3]). A global statistical approach using the whole handwritten text resulted in a similar recognition rate. By combining local and global methods, a recognition rate of 99.5% was achieved.
The methods developed in the research project "Herbar Digital" are to help plant taxonomists to master the great amount of material of about 3.5 million dried plants on paper sheets belonging to the Botanic Museum Berlin in Germany. Frequently the collector of the plant is unknown. So a procedure had to be developed in order to determine the writer of the handwriting on the sheet. In the present work the static character is transformed into a dynamic form. This is done with the model of an inert ball which is rolled through the written character. During this off-line writer recognition, different mathematical procedures are used such as the reproduction of the write line of individual characters by Legendre polynomials. When only one character is used, a recognition rate of about 40% is obtained. By combining multiple characters, the recognition rate rises considerably and reaches 98.7% with 13 characters and 93 writers (chosen randomly from the international IAM-database [3]). Another approach tries to identify the writer by handwritten words. The word is cut out and transformed into a 6-dimensional time series and compared e.g. by means of DTW-methods. A global statistical approach using the whole handwritten sentences results in a similar recognition rate of more than 98%. By combining the methods, a recognition rate of 99.5% is achieved.
In the area of manufacturing and process automation in industrial applications, technical energy management systems are mainly used to measure, collect, store, analyze and display energy data. In addition, PLC programs on the control level are required to obtain the energy data from the field level. If the measured data is available in a PLC as a raw value, it still has to be processed by the PLC, so that it can be passed on to the higher layers in a suitable format, e.g. via OPC UA. In plants with heterogeneous field device installations, a high engineering effort is required for the creation of corresponding PLC programs. This paper describes a concept for a code generator that can be used to reduce this engineering effort.
With the use of an energy management system in an industrial company according to ISO 50001, a step-by-step increase in energy efficiency can be achieved. The realization of energy monitoring and load management functions requires programs on edge devices or PLCs to acquire the data, adapt the data type or scale the values of the energy information. In addition, the energy information must be mapped to communication interfaces (e.g. based on OPC UA) in order to convey this energy information to the energy management application. The development of these energy management programs is associated with a high engineering effort, because the field devices from the heterogeneous field level do not provide the energy information in standardized semantics. To mitigate this engineering effort, a universal energy data information model (UEIM) is developed and presented in this paper.
Toward a service-based workflow for automated information extraction from herbarium specimens
(2018)
Over the past years, herbarium collections worldwide have started to digitize millions of specimens on an industrial scale. Although the imaging costs are steadily falling, capturing the accompanying label information is still predominantly done manually and develops into the principal cost factor. In order to streamline the process of capturing herbarium specimen metadata, we specified a formal extensible workflow integrating a wide range of automated specimen image analysis services. We implemented the workflow on the basis of OpenRefine together with a plugin for handling service calls and responses. The evolving system presently covers the generation of optical character recognition (OCR) from specimen images, the identification of regions of interest in images and the extraction of meaningful information items from OCR. These implementations were developed as part of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft funded a standardised and optimised process for data acquisition from digital images of herbarium specimens (StanDAP-Herb) Project.
This paper reflects the content of the presentation “The Next Generation: Ethernet-APL for Safety Systems” at the NAMUR Annual General Meeting 2022. It deals with the use of the Ethernet Advanced Physical Layer (Ethernet-APL) in combination with the PROFINET/PROFIsafe protocol for safety applications. It describes the virtues of the digital communication between the field and safety system. In parallel the aspect of OT security for this use case is touched as well. The paper proposes a secure architecture, where safety- and non-safety field communications are still separated. At the end a set of requirements for the development of future APL devices is described.
The Ethernet-APL Engineering Process - A brief look at the Ethernet-APL engineering guideline
(2021)
The vision of an “Industrial Ethernet down to the sensors and actors” has become reality. At the Achema fair in June 2021 Ethernet-APL was introduced. This technology is based on a 2-wire Ethernet that conveys information as well as energy to the sensors and actuators of the automation system. Ethernet-APL is based on the 2-wire Ethernet standard IEEE 802.3cg running at 10 Mbit/s. An additional specification, the Ethernet-APL Port Profile Specification, defines additional parameters for the use of the technology in the process industry, especially in areas with potentially explosive atmospheres. As a next step, potential users need to become familiar with the engineering process of Ethernet-APL networks. For this purpose, the Ethernet-APL project provides the Ethernet-APL Engineering Guideline that covers the main areas of planning, installation and acceptance testing.
Operators of production plants are increasingly emphasizing secure communication, including real-time communication, such as PROFINET, within their control systems. This trend is further advanced by standards like IEC 62443, which demand the protection of realtime communication in the field. PROFIBUS and PROFINET International (PI) is working on the specification of the security extensions for PROFINET (“PROFINET Security”), which shall fulfill the requirements of secure communication in the field.
This paper discusses the matter in three parts. First, the roles and responsibilities of the plant owner, the system integrator, and the component provider regarding security, and the basics of the IEC 62443 will be described. Second, a conceptual overview of PROFINET Security, as well as a status update about the PI specification work will be given. Third, the article will describe how PROFINET Security can contribute to the defense-in-depth approach, and what the expected operating environment is. We will evaluate how PROFINET Security contributes to fulfilling the IEC 62443-4-2 standard for automation components.
Two of the authors are members of the PI Working Group CB/PG10 Security.
Conventional fluorescent tubes are increasingly being replaced with innovative light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for lighting poultry houses. However, little is known about whether the flicker frequencies of LED luminaires are potential stressors in poultry husbandry. The term “light flicker” describes the fluctuations in the brightness of an electrically operated light source caused by the design and/or control of the light source. In this context, the critical flicker frequency (CFF) characterizes the frequency at which a sequence of light flashes is perceived as continuous light. It is known that CFF in birds is higher than that in humans and that light flicker can affect behavioral patterns and stress levels in several bird species. As there is a lack of knowledge about the impact of flicker frequency on fattening turkeys, this study aimed to investigate the effects of flicker frequency on the behavior, performance, and stress response in male turkeys. In 3 trials, a total of 1,646 male day-old turkey poults of the strain B.U.T. 6 with intact beaks were reared for 20 wk in 12 barn compartments of 18 m² each. Each barn compartment was illuminated using 2 full-spectrum LED lamps. Flicker frequencies of 165 Hz, 500 Hz, and 16 kHz were set in the luminaires to illuminate the compartments. Analyses of feather corticosterone concentration were performed on fully grown third-generation primaries (P 3) of 5 turkeys from each compartment. No significant differences were found in the development of live weight, feed consumption, or prevalence of injured or killed turkeys by conspecifics reared under the above flicker frequencies. The flicker frequencies also did not significantly influence feather corticosterone concentrations in the primaries of the turkeys. In conclusion, the present results indicate that flicker frequencies of 165 Hz or higher have no detrimental effect on growth performance, injurious pecking, or endocrine stress response in male turkeys and, thus, may be suitable for use as animal-friendly lighting.
Requirements for an energy data information model for a communication-independent device description
(2021)
With the help of an energy management system according to ISO 50001, industrial companies obtain the opportunities to reduce energy consumption and to increase plant efficiencies. In such a system, the communication of energy data has an important function. With the help of so-called energy profiles (e.g. PROFIenergy), energy data can be communicated between the field level and the higher levels via proven communication protocols (e.g. PROFINET). Due to the fact that in most cases several industrial protocols are used in an automation system, the problem is how to transfer energy data from one protocol to another with as less effort as possible. An energy data information model could overcome this problem and describe energy data in a uniform and semantically unambiguous way. Requirements for a unified energy data information model are presented in this paper.