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Institute
- Fakultät II - Maschinenbau und Bioverfahrenstechnik (153) (remove)
Nitric oxide adsorption on a Au(100) single crystal has been investigated to identify the type of adsorption, the adsorption site, and the orientation and alignment of the adsorbed NO relative to the surface. This was done using a combination of 3D-surface velocity map imaging, near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory. NO was observed to be molecularly adsorbed on gold at ~200 K. Very narrow angular distributions and cold rotational distributions of photodesorbed NO indicate that NO adsorbs on high-symmetry sites on the Au crystal, with the N–O bond axis close to the surface normal. Our density functional theory calculations show that NO preferentially adsorbs on the symmetric bridge (2f) site, which ensures efficient overlap of the NO π* orbital with the orbitals on the two neighbouring Au atoms, and with the N–O bond axis aligned along the surface normal, in agreement with our conclusions from the rotational state distributions. The combination of XPS, which reveals the orientation of NO on gold, with 3D-surface velocity map imaging and density functional theory thus allowed us to determine the adsorption site, orientation and alignment of nitric oxide adsorbed on Au(100).
The properties of these carbon nanostructures are determined by the structure and orientation of the graphitic domains during pyrolysis of carbon precursors. In this work, we investigated systematically the impact of creep stress during the stabilization process on the cyclization and molecular orientation of polyacrylonitrile as well as the graphitized structure after high temperature carbonization. Therefore, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is electrospun and then stabilized with and without application of creep stress at different temperatures. The effect of creep stress on cyclization was monitored via Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) and it was found that the degree of cyclization varies with the application of creep stress during the initial stages of cyclization at low temperatures (190°C and 210°C) in contrast to cyclization done at higher temperature (230°C). Herman molecular orientation factor was evaluated by polarized FTIR for PAN nanofibers cyclized with and without creep stress at 230°C-10 h. Subsequently, carbonization was performed at 1000°C and 1200°C for nanofibers cyclized at 230°C-10 h. Our results from XRD and Raman spectroscopy shows that the degree of graphitization and ordering of graphitic domains was enhanced for PAN nanofibers that were creep stressed during the cyclization process, even though both PAN nanofibers cyclized with creep stress and without creep stress showed the same amount of cyclized material. This increased degree of graphitization can be tracked to application of creep stress during the stabilization process which obviously favors the formation of sp2-hybridized carbon planes in the carbonization process. This finding highlights the impact of mechanical stress linking the cyclization of PAN nanofibers to graphitization.
Our results will pave the way for a deeper understanding of mechano-chemical processes to fabricate well-aligned graphitic domains which improves the mechanical and electrical properties of CNFs.
The reactivity of graphene at its boundary region has been imaged using non-linear spectroscopy to address the controversy whether the terraces of graphene or its edges are more reactive. Graphene was functionalised with phenyl groups, and we subsequently scanned our vibrational sum-frequency generation setup from the functionalised graphene terraces across the edges. A greater phenyl signal is clearly observed at the edges, showing evidence of increased reactivity in the boundary region. We estimate an upper limit of 1 mm for the width of the CVD graphene boundary region.
We report the unambiguous detection of phenyl groups covalently attached to functionalised graphene using non-linear spectroscopy. Sum-frequency generation was employed to probe graphene on a gold surface after chemical functionalisation using a benzene diazonium salt. We observe a distinct resonance at 3064 cm1 which can clearly be assigned to an aromatic C–H stretch by comparison with a self-assembled monolayer on a gold substrate formed from benzenethiol. Not only does sum-frequency generation spectroscopy allow one to characterise functionalised graphene with higher sensitivity and much better specificity than many other spectroscopic techniques, but it also opens up the possibility to assess the coverage of graphene with functional groups, and to determine their orientation relative to the graphene surface.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Kosten der Sprühtrocknung bei drei verschiedenen Kapazitätsgrößen mit jeweils variierender Kapazitätsauslastung nach einer speziellen Form der Teilkostenrechnung bestimmt. Die Kapazitätsgrößen betragen 10800, 21600 und 32400 kg Magermilch pro Stunde. Die verarbeiteten Milchmengen liegen
zwischen 12,8 Mio. und 256,6 Mio. kg im Jahr; dabei variieen die Stückkosten zwischen 4,80 und 1,78 Pf/kg Mm. Es hat sich dabei gezeigt, daß die Kostendegression bedeutend stärker durch den Grad der Kapazitätsauslastung als durch die Kapazitätsgröße beeinflußt wird.
Die Analyse von Struktureffekten in der „Allgemeine Milchbehandlung“ wird anhand zweier Fragen vorgenommen:
1. Welche Effekte hat die Größe der Abteilung auf die Produktionskosten?
2. Welche Kosteneinsparungen hätten - ausgehend von der bundesdeutschen Ist-Struktur milchverarbeitender Betriebsstätten - moderate Strukturveränderungen zur
Folge?
In den letzten Jahren hat sich der Trend zu forcierter Rationalisierung, zur Automatisierung und Mechanisierung der Produktion beschleunigt. Automatisierung erfordert aber hohe Inverstitionen und lässt so den Fixkostenblock wachsen. Bei einem Rückgang der Kapazitätsauslastung rutscht das Unternehmen aber rasch in die Verlustzone. Deshalb erscheint eine Rückbesinnung auf eher flexiblere, arbeitsorientierte Organisationskonzepte sinnvoll. Vorgestellt wird ein kybernetisches Regelkreismodell mit flacher Hierarchie als "Klammer" und sich weitgehend selbstregulierenden Unternehmenseinheiten.
Die Flexibilitätsanforderungen des Marktes werden zu einer Dezentralisierung von Unternehmensbereichen führen. Eigenständigen, teilautonomen Einheiten gehört die Zukunft. Diese Entwicklung hat für die PPS eine erhöhte Informationsdichte zur Folge, auf die mit individuellen Feinsteuerungskonzepten und zusätzlichen Steuerungsparametern reagiert werden muss. Die Art und Weise der Datenverarbeitung ist dementsprechend zu modifizieren.
Flexibel mit „make or buy"
(1989)