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With regard to climate change, increasing energy efficiency is still a significant issue in the industry. In order to acquire energy data at the field level, so-called energy profiles can be used. They are advantageous as they are integrated into existing industrial ethernet standards (e.g. PROFINET). Commonly used energy profiles such as PROFIenergy and sercos Energy have been established in industrial use. However, as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) continues to develop, the question arises whether the established energy profiles are sufficient to fullfil the requirements of the upcoming IIoT communication technologies. To answer this question the paper compares and discusses the common energy profiles with the current and future challenges of energy data communication. Furthermore, this analysis examines the need for further research in this field.
The Ethernet-APL Engineering Process - A brief look at the Ethernet-APL engineering guideline
(2021)
The vision of an “Industrial Ethernet down to the sensors and actors” has become reality. At the Achema fair in June 2021 Ethernet-APL was introduced. This technology is based on a 2-wire Ethernet that conveys information as well as energy to the sensors and actuators of the automation system. Ethernet-APL is based on the 2-wire Ethernet standard IEEE 802.3cg running at 10 Mbit/s. An additional specification, the Ethernet-APL Port Profile Specification, defines additional parameters for the use of the technology in the process industry, especially in areas with potentially explosive atmospheres. As a next step, potential users need to become familiar with the engineering process of Ethernet-APL networks. For this purpose, the Ethernet-APL project provides the Ethernet-APL Engineering Guideline that covers the main areas of planning, installation and acceptance testing.
Flatness-based feedforward control is an approach for combining fast motion with low oscillations for nonlinear or flexible drive systems. Its desired trajectories must be continuously differentiable to the degree of the system order. Designing such trajectories, that also reach the dynamic system limits, poses a challenge. Common solutions, like Gevrey functions, usually require lengthy offline calculations. To achieve a quicker and simpler industrial-suited solution, this paper presents a new online trajectory generation scheme. The algorithm utilizes higher order s-curve trajectories created by a cyclic filtering process using moving average filters. An experimental validation proves the capability as well as industrial applicability of the presented approach for flexible structures like stacker cranes.
Worldwide, seagrass meadows are under threat. Consequently, there is a strong need for seagrass restoration to guarantee the provision of related ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and habitat provision. Seagrass often grows in vast meadows in which the presence of seagrass itself leads to a reduction of hydrodynamic energy. By modifying the environment, seagrass thus serves as foundation species and ecosystem engineer improving habitat quality for itself and other species as well as positively affecting its own fitness. On the downside, this positive feedback mechanism can render natural recovery of vanished and destroyed seagrass meadows impossible. An innovative approach to promote positive feedback mechanisms in seagrass restoration is to create an artificial seagrass (ASG) that mimics the facilitation function of natural seagrass. ASG could provide a window of opportunity with respect to suitable hydrodynamic and light conditions as well as sediment stabilization to allow natural seagrass to re-establish. Here, we give an overview of challenges and open questions for the application of ASG to promote seagrass restoration based on experimental studies and restoration trials and we propose a general approach for the design of an ASG produced from biodegradable materials. Considering positive feedback mechanisms is crucial to support restoration attempts. ASG provides promising benefits when habitat conditions are too harsh for seagrass meadows to re-establish themselves.
This paper presents a novel approach for modelling the energy consumption of the coupled parallel moulding sand mixers of a foundry as an optimal control problem. The minimization of energy consumption is optimized by scheduling the mixing processes in a linear integer programming scheme. The sand flow through the foundry’s sand preparation is characterized by a physical model. This model considers the sand demand of the moulding machine as disturbance, the stored sand masses in the mixer hoppers and machine hoppers, respectively. The novel approach of handling dwell-times for dosing, mixing and transport processes using dead-time systems and constraint pushing allows the application of a linear model. The formulation of the optimal control problem aims at real-time application as model predictive control at the production plant. Initial application results indicate an improvement in energy consumption of approximately 8%.
Planer und Betreiber von Produktionsanlagen stehen vor der Frage, welche Normen für die IT-Sicherheitskonzepte und ggf. auch für eine Auditierung dieser Anlagen anzuwenden sind. Da die Verantwortlichkeit in Bezug auf die IT-Sicherheit für die Operational Technology (OT) oft in anderen Händen liegt, als die für Information Technology (IT), gibt es hier gelegentlich abweichende Auffassungen darüber welche Normen zu Grunde zu legen sind.
Personen aus dem IT-Umfeld fokussieren in der Regel auf die Normreihe ISO 27001, während Personen aus dem OT-Umfeld eher die Normreihe IEC 62443 favorisieren. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Grundlagen und Ausrichtung der beiden Normreihen und gibt Anregungen, in welchem Kontext welche die Normen sinnvoll und ggf. auch kombiniert nutzbar sind.
Das Dokument schließt mit einer Empfehlung für ein Vorgehen im Bereich von Produktionsanlagen für die Fertigungs- und Prozessindustrie (OT-Security). Abschließend wird im Anhang noch am Beispiel einer Abwasserbehandlungsanlage die Anwendbarkeit der Normen diskutiert.
Industrial Control Systems (ICS) succumb to an ever evolving variety of threats. Additionally, threats are increasing in number and get more complex. This requires a holistic and up-to-date security concept for ICS as a whole. Usually security concepts are applied and updated based on regularly performed ICS security assessments. Such ICS security assessments require high effort and extensive knowledge about ICS and its security. This is often a problem for small and mediumsized enterprises (SME), which do not have sufficient respective sufficiently skilled human resources. This paper defines in a first step requirements on the knowledge needed to perform an ICS security assessment and the life cycle of this knowledge. Afterwards the ICS security knowledge and its life cycle are developed and discussed considering the requirements and related work.
This paper presents a databased approach for improving the precision of the moulding sand compressibility in the moulding sand mixer of a foundry. In this approach, the deviation between the measured and the target compressibility is reduced by controlling the water addition. The complex dynamic behaviour of the process variables and their influence on the water addition is modelled with a long short-term memory (LSTM) network. Another LSTM network as control path simulates the impact of the water addition on the compressibility. Simulation and experimental results with the applied model for water prediction in a feedforward control yield relevant improvements of the moulding sand compressibility.
This paper presents the implementation of a GMVC-based WAPSS to damp the interarea modes of power systems. The choise for the GMVC to tackle this problem lies on the fact that it can be used to compensate the time delay due to the latency of the transmission system in a more natural way than other controllers. The paper shows that it is possible to improve system’s closed-loop stability since its behavior is the same as if the time delay is not regarded. Simulation results with Kundur’s System prove that a latency of 1 second at a conventional WAPSS might lead system’s power to oscillate for 50 seconds for a short-circuit at the transmission line, whereas the oscillation decreases to only 5 seconds if the GMVC-based WAPSS is implemented.
