Fakultät III - Medien, Information und Design
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Improving Risk Assessment in Clinical Trials: Toward a Systematic Risk-Based Monitoring Approach
(2021)
Regulatory authorities have encouraged the usage of a risk-based monitoring (RBM) system in clinical trials before trial initiation for detection of potential risks and inclusion of a mitigation plan in the monitoring strategy. Several RBM tools were developed after the International Council for Harmonization gave sponsors the flexibility to initiate an approach to enhance quality management in a clinical trial. However, various studies have demonstrated the need for improvement of the available RBM tools as each does not provide a comprehensive overview of the characteristics, focus, and application. This research lays out a rationale for a risk methodology assessment (RMA) within the RBM system. The core purpose of RMA is to deliver a scientifically based evaluation and decision of any potential risk in a clinical trial. Thereby, a monitoring plan can be developed to elude prior identified risk outcome. To demonstrate RMA’s theoretical approach in practice, a Shiny web application (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) was designed to describe the assessment process of risk analysis and visualization tools that eventually aid in focusing monitoring activities. RMA focuses on the identification of an individual risk and visualizes its weight on the trial. The scoring algorithm of the presented approach computes the assessment of the individual risk in a radar plot and computes the overall score of the trial. Moreover, RMA’s novelty lies in its ability to decrease biased decision making during risk assessment by categorizing risk influence and detectability; a characteristic pivotal to serve RBM in assessing risks, and in contributing to a better understanding in the monitoring technique necessary for developing a functional monitoring plan. Future research should focus on validating the power of RMAs to demonstrate its efficiency. This would facilitate the process of characterizing the strengths and weaknesses of RMA in practice.
Ganz selbstverständlich wird heute von Forscher*innen erwartet, in ihre Projektvorhaben auch Strategien der Wissenschaftskommunikation zu integrieren. Wie dies in der Praxis aussehen kann wird in diesem Bericht anhand der unter dem Stichwort #bildredaktionsforschung laufenden Kommunikationsstrategie zum Post-Doc-Forschungsprojekt „Wandel bild-redaktioneller Strukturen im digitalen Zeitungsjournalismus“ reflektiert. An den geschilderten Herausforderungen zeigt sich, wie wichtig ein eigenständiger visueller Ansatz und eine langfristige redaktionelle Strategie sind. Parallel dazu wird in einem visuellen Essay, der aus einer Auswahl von Text- und Bildkacheln besteht, die auf dem Instagram-Kanal des Forschungsprojektes publizierten wurden, ein Einblick in das visuelle Erscheinungsbild des Projekts gegeben.
This paper describes the approach of the Hochschule Hannover to the SemEval 2013 Task Evaluating Phrasal Semantics. In order to compare a single word with a two word phrase we compute various distributional similarities, among which a new similarity measure, based on Jensen-Shannon Divergence with a correction for frequency effects. The classification is done by a support vector machine that uses all similarities as features. The approach turned out to be the most successful one in the task.
This paper presents a possibility to extend the formalism of linear indexed grammars. The extension is based on the use of tuples of pushdowns instead of one pushdown to store indices during a derivation. If a restriction on the accessibility of the pushdowns is used, it can be shown that the resulting formalisms give rise to a hierarchy of languages that is equivalent with a hierarchy defined by Weir. For this equivalence, that was already known for a slightly different formalism, this paper gives a new proof. Since all languages of Weir's hierarchy are known to be mildly context sensitive, the proposed extensions of LIGs become comparable with extensions of tree adjoining grammars and head grammars.
We present a simple method to find topics in user reviews that accompany ratings for products or services. Standard topic analysis will perform sub-optimal on such data since the word distributions in the documents are not only determined by the topics but by the sentiment as well. We reduce the influence of the sentiment on the topic selection by adding two explicit topics, representing positive and negative sentiment. We evaluate the proposed method on a set of over 15,000 hospital reviews. We show that the proposed method, Latent Semantic Analysis with explicit word features, finds topics with a much smaller bias for sentiments than other similar methods.
Concreteness of words has been measured and used in psycholinguistics already for decades. Recently, it is also used in retrieval and NLP tasks. For English a number of well known datasets has been established with average values for perceived concreteness.
We give an overview of available datasets for German, their correlation and evaluate prediction algorithms for concreteness of German words. We show that these algorithms achieve similar results as for English datasets. Moreover, we show for all datasets there are no significant differences between a prediction model based on a regression model using word embeddings as features and a prediction algorithm based on word similarity according to the same embeddings.
In order to ensure validity in legal texts like contracts and case law, lawyers rely on standardised formulations that are written carefully but also represent a kind of code with a meaning and function known to all legal experts. Using directed (acyclic) graphs to represent standardized text fragments, we are able to capture variations concerning time specifications, slight rephrasings, names, places and also OCR errors. We show how we can find such text fragments by sentence clustering, pattern detection and clustering patterns. To test the proposed methods, we use two corpora of German contracts and court decisions, specially compiled for this purpose. However, the entire process for representing standardised text fragments is language-agnostic. We analyze and compare both corpora and give an quantitative and qualitative analysis of the text fragments found and present a number of examples from both corpora.
Background: Mobile text reminder (SMS) system is considered a viable strategy for targeting/facilitating healthy behavioural change including adherence to prescribed physical exercises (PE) and medication (antiretroviral therapy-ART) which should improve the quality of life (Qol) in people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA). Thus, the literature was appraised for evidence of SMS effectiveness in improving ART and PE adherence behaviours and QoL in PLWHA.
Methods: Eight databases–AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, EMCARE, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PubMed-were searched up to December 2020, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol.This review included only randomised control trials (RCTs) investigating the effectiveness of SMS in improving QoL or PE or ART adherence behaviour or a combination of these variables in PLWHA >18 years.
Two independent reviewers determined the eligibility of the studies. Data were extracted and the quality of the study was assessed with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) tool. The primary outcomes were ART and PE adherence behaviours while the secondary outcome was QoL.
Result: A pooled estimate of effect was not calculated due to the heterogeneity of methods and outcome measures.
Therefore, a narrative synthesis of ten studies that met the inclusion criteria (n = 1621 participants at study completion) comprising males/females, aged ≥ 18 years, was done. There was a significant improvement in ART adherence behaviour except in three underpowered studies. Only the SMS interventions that were developed using the Starks 3-steps Adherence model was associated with positive outcome. The only study that evaluated QoL was underpowered and reported no significant change while there were no RCTs on PE.
Conclusion: Effects of SMS intervention trends towards a significant improvement in ART adherence behaviour in PLWHA. It is plausible that SMS reminders developed using the broader framework of the interpersonal health behaviour theory(ies) may have positive outcome. Nevertheless, the observed heterogeneity in the methods/outcome measures warrants a cautious interpretation of the findings. There is a lack/paucity of RCTs and therefore no evidence in support of the effectiveness of SMS intervention in improving PE adherence and QoL.
Lack of knowledge regarding antibiotics use has been widely identified as a main reason for inappropriate antibiotics use which leads to antibiotic resistance phenomenon. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pharmacist-initiated educational intervention on promoting appropriate use of antibiotics and reducing self-medication with antibiotics. A pre and post intervention study using two validated self-administered questionnaires was performed in Yogyakarta province. A-two hour session of course and case discussion was delivered as method of intervention. Pharmacy customers attended Gema Cermat program were invited conveniently to complete both of pre- and post-educational questionnaires. Descriptive presentation was conducted to show scores on questions. Knowledge scores were categorized as poor, adequate and high. Of 268 respondents, 34.22% respondents had poor level of knowledge before receiving educational intervention, but this number decreased into 12.21% after post-interventional phase. Another 28.23% respondents had adequate level of knowledge before and then elevated into 38.28% after receiving education about appropriate use of antibiotics. Pre-education, 37.43% participants had a high level of knowledge about antibiotics use and resistance, whereas after education the number became slightly higher (49.25%). A vast majority of respondents (75.24%) became more aware about appropriate antibiotics practice after receiving educational inter- vention. Overall, didactic educational intervention imposed higher knowledge and better practice regarding antibiotics use (p < 0.05). This study showed that using didactical education intervention towards antibiotics use and resistance can be an initial strategy that led to substantial improvement of appropriate antibiotics use. Further systemic interventions to educate people should be performed and evaluated in order to promote the appropriate use of antibiotics.
Durch den demographischen Wandel und den damit verbundenen Fachkräftemangel stehen für Unternehmen immer weniger qualifizierte Fachkräfte zur Verfügung. Um in diesem sogenannten "War for Talents" wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben, müssen Arbeitgebende für ihre Zielgruppe als attraktiv wahrgenommen werden. Dafür setzen immer mehr Unternehmen darauf, ihre Werte deutlich zu kommunizieren, um so eine starke, emotionalisierte Marke als Arbeitgebende aufzubauen. Denn: Nach der Theorie des "Person-Organization-Fit" bevorzugen Mitarbeitende Unternehmen als Arbeitgebende, die ähnliche Werteidentitäten aufweisen.
Neben diesen Entwicklungen fordern immer mehr Konsument:innen, aber auch Mitarbeitende, dass Unternehmen und Arbeitgebende Haltung zeigen und Verantwortung für Gesellschaft und Umwelt übernehmen, zum Beispiel in Form von Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Insbesondere Angehörige der Generationen Y und Z (zwischen 1980 und 2010 Geborene) wünschen sich eine emotionale Bindung und übereinstimmende Werte zu bzw. mit ihren Arbeitgebenden. Als informierte Generationen erwarten sie mehr als andere eine deutliche Positionierung von Unternehmen zu aktuellen Missständen: Ethisches Verhalten ist wichtiger als Gehalt und Glück schlägt Geld.
Ein Lösungsansatz, dem Fachkräftemangel und dieser Forderung zu begegnen, könnte dabei die Anwendung und Integration von Brand Activism sein, indem es der Steigerung der Arbeitgebendenattraktivität dient und Arbeitgebende die Rolle als "Agents of Change" einnehmen. Mit den Unternehmenswerten als Treiber umfasst Brand Activism sowohl die Kommunikation als auch spezifische aktivistische Handlungen, meist in Form von Kampagnen, die die eigene Haltung verdeutlichen.
In diesem Zusammenhang untersucht die vorliegende Experimentalstudie, inwiefern Brand Activism die wahrgenommene Arbeitgebendenattraktivität bei den Generationen Y und Z, insbesondere im Vergleich zu CSR, beeinflusst. Zudem wurde der moderierende Einfluss von bestimmten Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und Wertvorstellungen auf den Effekt von Brand Activism auf die Attraktivität von Arbeitgebenden untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der quantitativen Online-Befragung mit drei Experimentalgruppen zeigten, dass Brand Activism einen signifikant positiven Einfluss auf die wahrgenommene Arbeitgebendenattraktivität bei den Generationen Y und Z hat; im Detail auf den Innovations-, Entwicklungs- und Transferwert sowie auf einen Teil des ökonomischen Wertes und die Absichten gegenüber dem Unternehmen. Die untersuchten Persönlichkeitsmerkmale (Ausprägung der prosozialen Persönlichkeit und Communion) sowie Wertevorstellungen (Selbst-Überwindung) verstärken diesen Effekt von Brand Activism dabei nicht. Hierbei wurde lediglich in Zusammenhang mit dem sozialen Wert der Marke eine disordinale Wechselwirkung zwischen der Manipulation von Brand Activism und der Ausprägung der prosozialen Persönlichkeit aufgedeckt, die sich jedoch ausschließlich auf Personen mit geringer prosozialer Persönlichkeit in Verbindung mit der Beurteilung des sozialen Wertes der CSR-Marke bezieht und nicht pauschalisiert werden kann.
