Fakultät II - Maschinenbau und Bioverfahrenstechnik
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Background: The topographical correlations between certain extracranial and intracranial osseous points of interest (POIs), and their age-related changes, are indispensable to know for a diagnostical or surgical access to intracranial structures; however, they are difficult to assess with conventional devices.
Materials and methods: In this pilot study, the 3-dimensional coordinates of extra-/intracranial POIs were determined, thus avoiding perspective distortions that used to be intrinsic problems in 2-dimensional morphometry. The data sets were then analysed by creating virtual triangles. The sizes, shapes, and positions of these triangles described the extent and the directions of the age-related shifts of the POIs. A selection of extracranial and intracranial POIs were marked on half skulls of four warmblood horses in two age groups (young: 6 weeks, n = 2; old: 14 and 17 years, n = 2). The x-, y-, and z-coordinates of these POIs were determined with a measurement arm (FaroArm Fusion, FARO Europe®). Direct distances between the POIs as well as their indirect distances on the x-, y-, and z-axis, and angles were calculated.
Results: The analysed virtual triangles revealed that some parts of the skull grew in size, but did not change in shape/relative proportions (proportional type of growth, as displayed by POI A and POI B at the Arcus zygomaticus). The same POIs (A and B) remained in a very stable relationship to their closest intracranial POI at the Basis cranii on the longitudinal axis, however, shifted markedly in the dorso-lateral direction. In contrast, a disproportional growth of other parts of the cranium was, for example, related to POI C at the Crista nuchae, which shifted strongly in the caudal direction with age. A topographically stable reference point (so-called anchor point) at the Basis cranii was difficult to determine.
Conclusions: Two candidates (one at the Synchondrosis intersphenoidalis, another one at the Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis) were relatively stable in their positions. However, the epicentre of (neuro-)cranial growth could only be pinpointed to an area between them.
The objective of this study was to investigate the association between teat skin colonization and intramammary infection (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus agalactiae at the quarter level in herds with automatic milking systems. Milk and teat skin samples from 1,142 quarters were collected from 300 cows with somatic cell count >200,000 cells/mL from 8 herds positive for Strep. agalactiae. All milk and teat skin samples were cultured on calf blood agar and selective media. A subset of samples from 287 quarters was further analyzed using a PCR assay (Mastit4 PCR; DNA Diagnostic A/S, Risskov, Denmark). Bacterial culture detected Staph. aureus in 93 (8.1%) of the milk samples and 75 (6.6%) of the teat skin samples. Of these, 15 (1.3%) quarters were positive in both the teat skin and milk samples. Streptococcus agalactiae was cultured in 84 (7.4%) of the milk samples and 4 (0.35%) of the teat skin samples. Of these, 3 (0.26%) quarters were positive in both the teat skin and milk samples. The PCR detected Staph. aureus in 29 (10%) of the milk samples and 45 (16%) of the teat skin samples. Of these, 2 (0.7%) quarters were positive in both the teat skin and milk samples. Streptococcus agalactiae was detected in 40 (14%) of the milk samples and 51 (18%) of the teat skin samples. Of these, 16 (5.6%) quarters were positive in both the teat skin and milk samples. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between teat skin colonization and IMI at the quarter level. Based on bacterial culture results, teat skin colonization with Staph. aureus resulted in 7.8 (95% confidence interval: 2.9; 20.6) times higher odds of Staph. aureus IMI, whereas herd was observed as a major confounder. However, results from the PCR analyses did not support this association. Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated from the teat skin with both PCR and bacterial culture, but the number of positive teat skin samples detected by culture was too low to proceed with further analysis. Based on the PCR results, Strep. agalactiae on teat skin resulted in 3.8 (1.4; 10.1) times higher odds of Strep. agalactiae IMI. Our results suggest that Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae on teat skin may be a risk factor for IMI with the same pathogens. Focus on proper teat skin hygiene is therefore recommended also in AMS.
Against the background of climate change and finite fossil resources, bio-based plastics have been in the focus of research for the last decade and were identified as a promising alternative to fossil-based plastics. Now, with an evolving bio-based plastic market and application range, the environmental advantages of bio-based plastic have come to the fore and identified as crucial by different stakeholders. While the majority of assessments for bio-based plastics are carried out based on attributional life cycle assessment, there have been only few consequential studies done in this area. Also, the application of eco-design strategies has not been in the focus for the bio-based products due to the prevailing misconceptions of renewable materials (as feedstock for bio-based plastics) considered in itself as an ‘eco-design strategy’. In this paper, we discuss the life cycle assessment as well as eco-design strategies of a bio-based product taking attributional as well as consequential approaches into account.
Staphylococcus aureus is recognized worldwide as one of the major agents of dairy cow intra-mammary infections. This microorganism can express a wide spectrum of pathogenic factors used to attach, colonize, invade and infect the host. The present study evaluated 120 isolates from eight different countries that were genotyped by RS-PCR and investigated for 26 different virulence factors to increase the knowledge on the circulating genetic lineages among the cow population with mastitis. New genotypes were observed for South African strains while for all the other countries new variants of existing genotypes were detected. For each country, a specific genotypic pattern was found. Among the virulence factors, fmtB, cna, clfA and leucocidins genes were the most frequent. The sea and sei genes were present in seven out of eight countries; seh showed high frequency in South American countries (Brazil, Colombia, Argentina), while sel was harboured especially in one Mediterranean country (Tunisia). The etb, seb and see genes were not detected in any of the isolates, while only two isolates were MRSA (Germany and Italy) confirming the low diffusion of methicillin resistance microorganism among bovine mastitis isolates. This work demonstrated the wide variety of S. aureus genotypes found in dairy cattle worldwide. This condition suggests that considering the region of interest might help to formulate strategies for reducing the infection spreading.
A nonblinded, positively controlled, noninferiority trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an alternative, nonantibiotic therapy with Masti Veyxym® to reduce ineffective antibiotic usage in the treatment of nonsevere clinical mastitis (CM) in cows with longer lasting udder diseases. The solely intramammary treatment with Masti Veyxym® (three applications, 12 hr apart) and the combined treatment with Masti Veyxym® and antibiotics as usual on the farm according to label of the respective product were compared with the reference treatment of solely antibiotic therapy. The matched field study was conducted on eight free-stall dairy farms located in Eastern Germany. Cases of mild-to-moderate CM in cows with longer lasting high somatic cell counts in preceding dairy herd improvement test days and with previous CM cases in current lactation were randomly allocated to one of the three treatment groups. A foremilk sample of the affected quarter was taken before treatment and again approximately 14 days and 21 days after the end of therapy for cyto-bacteriological examination. Primary outcomes were clinical cure (CC) and no CM recurrence within 60 days after the end of treatment (no R60). Bacteriological cure (BC) and quarter somatic cell count (QSCC) cure were chosen as secondary outcomes although low probabilities of BC and QSCC cure for selected cows were expected. The study resulted in the following findings: the pathogens mostly cultured from pretreatment samples were Streptococcus uberis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. There were no significant differences between the two test treatments in comparison with the reference treatment regarding all outcome variables. The sole therapy with Masti Veyxym® resulted in a numerically lower likelihood of BC without significant differences to the reference treatment. The combined therapy group showed a numerically higher nonrecurrence rate than the two other treatment groups and noninferiority compared to the reference treatment was proven. Having regard to the selection criteria of cows in this study, the findings indicated that sole treatment with Masti Veyxym® in nonsevere CM cases may constitute an alternative therapy to reduce antibiotics. However, noninferiority evaluations were mostly inconclusive. Further investigations with a larger sample size are required to confirm the results and to make a clear statement on noninferiority.
This paper describes the latest accomplishments on the current research that is based on the master’s thesis “Ein System zur Erstellung taktiler Karten für blinde und sehbehinderte Menschen” (German for “A system creating tactile maps for blind and visually impaired people”) (Hänßgen, 2012). The system consists of two parts. The first part is new software especially designed and developed for creating tactile maps addressing the needs of blind and visually impaired people on tactile information. The second is an embossing device based on a modified CNC (computer numerical control) router. By using OpenStreetMap-data, the developed system is capable of embossing tactile maps into Braille paper and writing film.
Streptococcus (S.) uberis is a causative agent for clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis which significance for the udder health has increased over the last decades. Molecular diagnosis methods revealed that S. uberis may be subdivided into many different varieties with different epidemiological properties. In addition, some varieties were reclassified as Streptococcus parauberis and Globicatella sanguinis. The present paper reviews S. uberis and its role in modern dairy farming. This pathogen is ubiquitous for which it is considered as environment- associated. Straw bedding and pasture, but also the bovine skin and digestive mucosae are typical localizations inhabited by S. uberis. Due to its capacity to persist within the mammary tissue, some infections may eventually turn cow-associated. In other cases, the infection is short, but in any case, there is a high risk of re-infection. Although many varieties remain susceptible to most antimicrobial agents, the problem for the dairy farm lies in the high rate of re-infection. This paper also reviews risk factors, therapies and measures to control S. uberis at farm level.
The technical, environmental and economic potential of hemp fines as a natural filler in bioplastics to produce biocomposites is the subject of this study – giving a holistic overview. Hemp fines are an agricultural by-product of the hemp fibres and shives production. Shives and fibres are for example used in the paper, animal bedding or composite area. About 15 to 20 wt.-% per kg hemp straw results in hemp fines after processing. In 2010 about 11,439 metric tons of hemp fines were produced in Europe. Hemp fines are an inhomogeneous material which includes hemp dust, shives and fibre. For these examinations the hemp fines are sieved in a further step with a tumbler sieving machine to obtain more specified fractions. The untreated hemp fines (ex work) as well as the sieved fractions are combined with a polylactide polymer (PLA) using a co-rotating twin screw extruder to produce biocomposites with different hemp fine content. By using an injection moulding machine standard test bars are produced to conduct several material tests. The Young’s modulus is increased and the impact strength reduced by hemp fines. With a content of above 15 wt.-% hemp fines are also improving the environmental (global warming potential) and economic performance in comparison to pure PLA.
Of late, decrease in mineral oil supplies has stimulated research on use of biomass as an alternative energy source. Climate change has brought problems such as increased drought and erratic rains. This, together with a rise in land degeneration problems with concomitant loss in soil fertility has inspired the scientific world to look for alternative bio-energy species. Euphorbia tirucalli L., a tree with C3/CAM metabolism in leaves/stem, can be cultivated on marginal, arid land and could be a good alternative source of biofuel.
We analyzed a broad variety of E. tirucalli plants collected from different countries for their genetic diversity using AFLP. Physiological responses to induced drought stress were determined in a number of genotypes by monitoring growth parameters and influence on photosynthesis. For future breeding of economically interesting genotypes, rubber content and biogas production were quantified.
Cluster analysis shows that the studied genotypes are divided into two groups, African and mostly non-African genotypes. Different genotypes respond significantly different to various levels of water. Malate measurement indicates that there is induction of CAM in leaves following drought stress. Rubber content varies strongly between genotypes. An investigation of the biogas production capacities of six E. tirucalli genotypes reveals biogas yields higher than from rapeseed but lower than maize silage.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit, deren erster und zweiter Teil in den vorangegangenen Heften dieser Zeitschrift veröffentlicht wurden, werden die Kosten der “Weichkäserei” am Beispiel der Herstellung von Camembert- und Brie-Käse modellhaft bestimmt. Damit werden die im Jahr 1970 in gleicher Zeitschrift (Heft 5, Band 22) veröffentlichten Analysen der Produktionskosten in Camembertkäsereien hinsichtlich der Funktionsinhalte ausgedehnt und dem neuesten Stand der Technik sowie heutigen Produktionsstrukturen im Weichkäsesektor angepaßt. Gleichzeitig sind die generell für alle Modellabteilungen geltenden methodischen Weiterentwicklungen (2) in den Kalkulationen berücksichtigt worden. In den sechs Unterabteilungen Vorstapelung, Bruchbereitung/Portionierung, Umhorden/Salzen, Reifung, Abpackung und Fertiglager werden aus der Produktgruppe Weichkäse die Sorten Camembert mit 30 und 60 % F.i.Tr. sowie Brie mit 45 % F.i.Tr. in unterschiedlichen Stückgrößen hergestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Kostenverursachung untersucht. Zur Bestimmung der Modellkosten wurden vier Modelle gebildet, deren Kapazitäten in der Kesselmilchverarbeitung zwischen 8.000 und 30.000 l/h liegen. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 15 und 100 % simuliert wurde, können so die Kosten für Käsemengen zwischen rd. 700-17.0001 Käse/Jahr bestimmt werden.Nach den vorgegebenen Kapazitäten sind die technischen Voraussetzungen der einzelnen Unterabteilungen modellspezifisch festgelegt worden, wobei die technische Auslegung an eine verringerte Auslastung bei 65 und 33%iger Beschäftigung angepaßt wurde. Die zu tätigenden Investitionen für die Grundversion betragen 25,0 Mio DM im Modell 1 und 54,5 Mio DM im Modell 4. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge an Käse ergeben sich hieraus spezifische Investitionen, die sich mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 5.125 auf 3.205 DM/t jährliche Käsemenge erheblich senken. Produktspezifische Investitionen und Faktormengenverbräuche führen zu den Einzelkosten der ausgewählten Weichkäseprodukte, die z.B. für den Camembert mit 60 % F.i.Tr. je nach Modellgrößeund Beschäftigungsgrad zwischen 500,7 Pf/kg und 620,2 Pf/kg Käse liegen. Die Gesamtkosten der Abteilung “Weichkäserei”, die sich aus den Einzelkosten der Produkte und den Einzelkosten der Abteilung zusammensetzen, betragen im größten Modell bei 100%iger Beschäftigung 522,1 Pf/kg Käse, die sich im kleinsten Modell bei nur 15%iger Beschäftigung auf 1.027,6 Pf/kg Käse erhöhen. Bei einem Beschäftigungsgrad von 65 %, dem die Produktionsmenge eines 2-Schichtbetriebes zugeordnet ist, entfallen von den Gesamtkosten der Abteilung je nach Modellgröße 62-72 % auf die Rohstoffkosten, 14-20 % auf die Anlagekosten und 4-7 % auf die Personalkosten, während die übrigen Kostenartengruppen nur von geringerer Bedeutung sind. Betrachtet man die Gesamtkosten (ohne Rohstoffkosten) hinsichtlich ihrer Entstehung in den Unterabteilungen, so ist festzustellen, daß die Unterabteilungen Bruchbereitung/Portionierung sowie Abpackung die höchsten Kosten verursachen. Für einen Beschäftigungsgrad von 65 % betragen die Kosten in den Unterabteilungen Bruchbereitung/Portionierung im Modell 1 85,8 Pf/kg, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße auf 45,9 Pf/kg im Modell 4 zurückgehen. Die Kosten für die Abpackung liegen im Modell 1 bei 76,2 Pf/kg, während sie im Modell 4 nur noch 58,3 Pf/kg betragen. Die geringsten Kosten verursacht die Unterabteilung Fertiglager mit 2,6 Pf/kg im kleinsten und 1,5 Pf/kg im größten Modell bei 65%iger Beschäftigung. Die Ergebnisse der Modellabteilungsrechnung lassen erkennen, daß mit zunehmender Kapazitätsgröße und ansteigendem Beschäftigungsgrad erhebliche Stückkostendegressionen zu erreichen sind, die bei betriebsindividuellen oder branchenbedingten Entscheidungen genutzt werden sollten. So empfiehlt es sich, daß auf eine dem Markt angepaßte Produktion auch eine auf die geplante Tagesproduktionsmenge angepaßte Ausstattung der Abteilung folgt, da sich, wie in den Modellkostenkurven bei 65 und 33 % Beschäftigung dargestellt, die Kosten sprunghaft senken können. Kostendegressionseffekte werden auch erreicht, wenn durch Spezialisierung der Stückkäse-Produktion die Vielfalt der Formatgrößen eingeschränkt werden kann. Das höchste Kosteneinsparungspotential ist aber durch Strukturveränderungen im Weichkäsesektor zu erwarten, die, wie an zwei Beispielen erläutert, der Branche langfristige Kosteneinsparungen von rd.25 bzw. 95 Mio DM/Jahr ermöglichen können.
