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Objectives:
The aim was to identify theoretically expected as well as actually reported benefits from drug development and the importance of individual patient benefits compared to the collective benefits to society in general.
Background:
Ethical guidelines require that clinical research involving humans offer the potential for benefit. A number of characteristics can be applied to define research benefit. Often benefit is categorized as being either direct or indirect. Indirect benefits can involve collective benefits for society rather than any benefits to the trial patient or subject. The purpose of this review was to examine which potential individual and societal benefits were mentioned as being expected in publications from government experts and which were mentioned in publications describing completed drug development trial results.
Methods:
Literature on research benefit was first identified by searching the PubMed database using several combinations of the key words benefit and clinical research. The search was limited to articles published in English. A Google search with the same combinations of key words but without any language limitation was then performed. Additionally, the reference lists of promising articles were screened for further thematically related articles. Finally, a narrative review was performed of relevant English- and German-language articles published between 1996 and 2016 to identify which of several potential benefits were either theoretically expected or which were mentioned in publications on clinical drug development trial results.
Results:
The principal benefits from drug development discussed included 2 main types of benefit, namely individual benefits for the patients and collective benefits for society. Twenty-one of an overall total of 26 articles discussing theoretically expected benefits focused on individual patient benefits, whereas 17 out of 26 articles mentioned collective benefits to society. In these publications, the most commonly mentioned theoretically expected individual patient benefit was the chance to receive up-to-date care (38.1%). A general increase in knowledge about health care, treatments, or drugs (70.6%) was the most commonly mentioned theoretically expected benefit for society. In contrast, all 13 publications reporting actual benefits of clinical drug development trials focused on personal benefits and only 1 of these publications also mentioned a societal benefit. The most commonly mentioned individual benefit was an increased quality of life (53.9%), whereas the only mentioned collective benefit to society was a general gain of knowledge (100.0%).
Conclusions:
Both theoretically expected and actually reported benefits in the majority of the included publications emphasized the importance of individual patient benefits from drug development rather than the collective benefits to society in general. The authors of these publications emphasized the right of each individual patient or subject to look for and expect some personal benefit from participating in a clinical trial rather than considering societal benefit as a top priority. From an ethical point of view, the benefits each individual patient receives from his or her participation in a clinical trial might also be seen as a societal benefit, especially when the drug or device tested, if approved for marketing, would eventually be made available for other similar patients from the country in which the clinical trial was conducted.
Roads to Health in Developing Countries: Understanding the Intersection of Culture and Healing
(2017)
Background:
The most important attribute to which all human beings aspire is good health because it enables us to undertake different forms of activities of daily living. The emergence of scientific knowledge in Western societies has enabled scientists to explore and define several parameters of health by drawing boundaries around factors that are known to influence the attainment of good health. For example, the World Health Organization defined health by taking physical and psychological factors into consideration. Their definition of health also included a caveat that says, “not merely the absence of sickness.”
This definition has guided scientists and health care providers in the Western world in the development of health care programs in non-Western societies.
Objective:
However, ethnomedical beliefs about the cause(s) of illness have given rise to alternative theories of health, sickness, and treatment approaches in the developing world. Thus, there is another side to the story.
Method:
Much of the population in developing countries lives in rural settings where the knowledge of health, sickness, and care has evolved over centuries of practice and experience. The definition of health in these settings tends to orient toward cultural beliefs, traditional practices, and social relationships. Invariably, whereas biomedicine is the dominant medical system in Western societies, traditional medicine — or ethno-medicine — is often the first port of call for patients in developing countries.
Results:
The 2 medical systems represent, and are influenced by, the cultural environment in which they exist. On one hand, biomedicine is very effective in the treatment of objective, measurable disease conditions. On the other hand, ethnomedicine is effective in the management of illness conditions or the experience of disease states. Nevertheless, an attempt to supplant 1 system of care with another from a different cultural environment could pose enormous challenges in non-Western societies.
Conclusion:
In general, we, as human beings, are guided in our health care decisions by past experiences, family and friends, social networks, cultural beliefs, customs, tradition, professional knowledge, and intuition. No medical system has been shown to address all of these elements; hence, the need for collaboration, acceptance, and partnership between all systems of care in cultural communities. In developing countries, the roads to health are incomplete without an examination of the intersection of culture and healing. Perhaps mutual exclusiveness rather inclusiveness of these 2 dominant health systems is the greatest obstacle to health in developing countries.
The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has profound implications for improving human and computational productivity in the future. However, it also is an existential risk to human life because it could exceed human capabilities. As such, information about the technology, the direction of the development and its purpose is important. This can be achieved through openness and transparency of processes. Indeed, companies hold property rights over AI and monopolies of software, data and experts. As a countermovement to leading AI companies, the “Open AI Movement” has evolved to push open-source AI research and products, to empower users, and to bridge the digital divide through participation and access. In this thesis, the implications of the declaration of AI as a commons have been analyzed through interviews with AI experts in the United States. The legal placement of AI is controversial but it could be seen as a basic human right. Other findings are that this field is very competitive and that the best approach is to collaboratively develop software that adds additional value on the edge of the commons.
Objective: To evaluate the impact of different dissemination channels on the awareness and usage of hospital performance reports among referring physicians, as well as the usefulness of such reports from the referring physicians’ perspective.
Data sources/Study setting: Primary data collected from a survey with 277 referring physicians (response rate = 26.2%) in Nuremberg, Germany (03–06/2016).
Study design: Cluster-randomised controlled trial at the practice level. Physician practices were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (1) physicians in the control arm could become aware of the performance reports via mass media channels (Mass Media, npr MM=132, nph MM=147); (2) physicians in the intervention arm also received a printed version of the report via mail (Mass and Special Media, npr MSM=117; nph MSM=130). <br> Principal findings: Overall, 68% of respondents recalled hospital performance reports and 21% used them for referral decisions. Physicians from the Mass and Special Media group were more likely to be aware of the performance reports (OR 4.16; 95% CI 2.16–8.00, p < .001) but not more likely to be influenced when referring patients into hospitals (OR 1.73; 95% CI 0.72–4.12, p > .05). On a 1 (very good) to 6 (insufficient) scale, the usefulness of the performance reports was rated 3.67 (±1.40). Aggregated presentation formats were rated more helpful than detailed hospital quality information.
Conclusions: Hospital quality reports have limited impact on referral practices. To increase the latter, concerns raised by referring physicians must be given more weight. Those principally refer to the underlying data, the design of the reports, and the lack of important information.
Background: Physician-rating websites (PRWs) may lead to quality improvements in case they enable and establish a peer-to-peer communication between patients and physicians. Yet, we know little about whether and how physicians respond on the Web to patient ratings.
Objective: The objective of this study was to describe trends in physicians’ Web-based responses to patient ratings over time, to identify what physician characteristics influence Web-based responses, and to examine the topics physicians are likely to respond to.
Methods: We analyzed physician responses to more than 1 million patient ratings displayed on the German PRW, jameda, from 2010 to 2015. Quantitative analysis contained chi-square analyses and the Mann-Whitney U test. Quantitative content techniques were applied to determine the topics physicians respond to based on a randomly selected sample of 600 Web-based ratings and corresponding physician responses.
Results: Overall, physicians responded to 1.58% (16,640/1,052,347) of all Web-based ratings, with an increasing trend over time from 0.70% (157/22,355) in 2010 to 1.88% (6377/339,919) in 2015. Web-based ratings that were responded to had significantly worse rating results than ratings that were not responded to (2.15 vs 1.74, P<.001). Physicians who respond on the Web to patient ratings differ significantly from nonresponders regarding several characteristics such as gender and patient recommendation results (P<.001 each). Regarding scaled-survey rating elements, physicians were most likely to respond to the waiting time within the practice (19.4%, 99/509) and the time spent with the patient (18.3%, 110/600). Almost one-third of topics in narrative comments were answered by the physicians (30.66%, 382/1246).
Conclusions: So far, only a minority of physicians have taken the chance to respond on the Web to patient ratings. This is likely because of (1) the low awareness of PRWs among physicians, (2) the fact that only a few PRWs enable physicians to respond on the Web to patient ratings, and (3) the lack of an active moderator to establish peer-to-peer communication. PRW providers should foster more frequent communication between the patient and the physician and encourage physicians to respond on the Web to patient ratings. Further research is needed to learn more about the motivation of physicians to respond or not respond to Web-based patient ratings.
Das Konzept soll eine Grundlage zur Bereitstellung von Open Educational Resources (OER) für Studierende der Hochschule Hannover sein. Entstanden ist dieses auf Grundlage eines Studierendenprojektes (Bereitstellung von OER auf einer geeigneten Plattform) des Studiengangs "Informationsmanagement – berufsbegleitend". Aufgrund der kurzen Projektzeit, Schwierigkeiten bei der Auswahl einer geeigneten Plattform und einer problematischen Inhaltsrecherche konnte keine langfristige Lösung zur Bereitstellung von OER gefunden werden. Dieses Konzept soll die Erfahrungen der Projektgruppe zusammenfassen und an die Bibliothek der Hochschule Hannover sowie das E-Learning-Center weitergegeben werden. Ergänzt wird das Konzept durch allgemeine Informationen zu OER, Vorschläge für die Bereitstellung und Ideen für das weitere Vorgehen.
Demografieorientiertes Personalmanagement in kleinen und mittleren wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken
(2017)
Der demografische Wandel stellt für das Personalmanagement eine Herausforderung dar, mit der sich auch Bibliotheken auseinandersetzen müssen. Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich mit der Frage auseinander, welche Maßnahmen des Personalmanagements kleine und mittlere wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken anwenden und inwiefern sie damit auf den demografischen Wandel vorbereitet sind. Der erste Teil der Arbeit umfasst die theoretischen Grundlagen. Dafür werden zunächst die zentralen Begriffe demografischer Wandel, Personalmanagement sowie Personalentwicklung definiert. Anschließend werden Handlungsfelder sowie deren Bedeutung für ein demografieorientiertes Personalmanagement dargestellt. Diese umfassen die Altersstrukturanalyse, die Personalgewinnung, die Personalbindung, die Personalentwicklung, die Gesundheitsförderung und das Gesundheitsmanagement sowie den Wissenstransfer. Sie beinhalten außerdem auch Beispiele von Maßnahmen aus größeren wissenschaftlichen sowie öffentlichen Bibliotheken. Die aus einer Befragung gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über die Maßnahmen des Personalmanagements in kleinen und mittleren wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken werden im zweiten Teil der Arbeit beschrieben. Abschließend werden anhand der theoretischen Grundlagen sowie der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse Handlungsempfehlungen für die Zielgruppe der kleinen und mittleren wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken gegeben.
Editorial for the 17th European Networked Knowledge Organization Systems Workshop (NKOS 2017)
(2017)
Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS), in the form of classification systems, thesauri, lexical databases, ontologies, and taxonomies, play a crucial role in digital information management and applications generally. Carrying semantics in a well-controlled and documented way, Knowledge Organization Systems serve a variety of important functions: tools for representation and indexing of information and documents, knowledge-based support to information searchers, semantic road maps to domains and disciplines, communication tool by providing conceptual framework, and conceptual basis for knowledge based systems, e.g. automated classification systems. New networked KOS (NKOS) services and applications are emerging, and we have reached a stage where many KOS standards exist and the integration of linked services is no longer just a future scenario. This editorial describes the workshop outline and overview of presented papers at the 17th European Networked Knowledge Organization Systems Workshop (NKOS 2017) which was held during the TPDL 2017 Conference in Thessaloniki, Greece.
The amount of papers published yearly increases since decades. Libraries need to make these resources accessible and available with classification being an important aspect and part of this process. This paper analyzes prerequisites and possibilities of automatic classification of medical literature. We explain the selection, preprocessing and analysis of data consisting of catalogue datasets from the library of the Hanover Medical School, Lower Saxony, Germany. In the present study, 19,348 documents, represented by notations of library classification systems such as e.g. the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), were classified into 514 different classes from the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classification system. The algorithm used was k-nearest-neighbours (kNN). A correct classification rate of 55.7% could be achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this is not only the first research conducted towards the use of the NLM classification in automatic classification but also the first approach that exclusively considers already assigned notations from other
classification systems for this purpose.