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Presse-, Informations- und Meinungsfreiheit sind miteinander verbundene Basisrechte. Durch das Recht sich frei zu informieren wird das Recht der freien Meinungsäußerung und damit die freie Presse sichergestellt. Die sich weltweit verändernden Presselagen stellen nicht nur die Pressefreiheit vor Herausforderungen. Durch die Fähigkeit erhaltene Informationen zu verarbeiten, wird die Informationskompetenz der Bevölkerung ermöglicht und sichergestellt. Die Ausübung dieser Kompetenz hingegen ist die Grundlage sich aktiv an demokratischen Prozessen zu beteiligen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, mittels der Rangliste zur Presselage der Reporter ohne Grenzen und anhand der Daten zur Informationsfreiheit des DA2I Dashboards sowie literaturbasierten Kriterien zu untersuchen, inwiefern sich die Lage der Presse- und Informationsfreiheit auf Bibliotheksdienstleistungen öffentlicher Bibliotheken auswirkt. Im Ergebnis wirken sich diese nicht ausschließlich auf den Medienbestand aus. Die Zustände der genannten Basisrechte in einem Staat haben auch Einfluss auf die Veranstaltungsarbeit.
Subclinical mastitis in heifers during early lactation affects udder health, future milk production and, therefore, the risk of premature culling. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify pre- and post-partum risk factors associated with a high heifer mastitis rate (HMR), and to find out which period (either pre- or post-partum) contains more risk factors and consequently should be the focus of mastitis control in heifers. A total of 77 herds were included in this study and the potential animal- and farm-related risk factors were recorded during a one-time farm visit. The HMR was provided by the dairy herd improvement test (DHI) as the annual average of the past 11 DHIs. For this study, data were analyzed in two models using generalized linear models. Each model examined the association between possible risk factors and HMR, one including only prepartum risk factors and the other one only post-partum risk factors. One identified pre-partum risk factor was the proportion of udder-healthy cows in the herd. Post-partum risk factors were the type of teat cleaning procedure before milking, teat disinfection, treatment of mastitis in heifers, a body condition score (BCS) of >3.0 in fresh heifers, and the combination of a teat cleaning procedure with a teat disinfectant. The results show the importance of the period shortly after calving for udder health in heifers, as four of the five significant risk factors were identified in this period and three of them were related to the milking process. However, further research with a higher number of herds is needed to minimize individual herd effects.
In this paper, we present a novel approach for real-time rendering of soft eclipse shadows cast by spherical, atmosphereless bodies. While this problem may seem simple at first, it is complicated by several factors. First, the extreme scale differences and huge mutual distances of the involved celestial bodies cause rendering artifacts in practice. Second, the surface of the Sun does not emit light evenly in all directions (an effect which is known as limb darkening). This makes it impossible to model the Sun as a uniform spherical light source. Finally, our intended applications include real-time rendering of solar eclipses in virtual reality, which require very high frame rates. As a solution to these problems, we precompute the amount of shadowing into an eclipse shadow map, which is parametrized so that it is independent of the position and size of the occluder. Hence, a single shadow map can be used for all spherical occluders in the Solar System. We assess the errors introduced by various simplifications and compare multiple approaches in terms of performance and precision. Last but not least, we compare our approaches to the state-of-the-art and to reference images. The implementation has been published under the MIT license.
During machine milking, pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted from cow to cow through liners. Therefore, in Germany, a spray method for the intermediate disinfection of the milking cluster is often used for prevention. This method of cluster disinfection is easy to perform, requires little time and no extra materials, and the disinfection solution is safe from outside contamination in the spray bottle. Since no data on a systematic efficacy trial are available, the aim of this study was to determine the microbial reduction effect of intermediate disinfection. Therefore, laboratory and field trials were conducted. In both trials, two sprays of 0.85 mL per burst of different disinfectant solutions were sprayed into the contaminated liners. For sampling, a quantitative swabbing method using a modified wet–dry swab (WDS) technique based on DIN 10113-1: 1997-07 was applied. Thus, the effectiveness of disinfectants based on Peracetic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxide and Plasma-Activated Buffered Solution (PABS) was compared. In the laboratory trial, the inner surfaces of liners were contaminated with pure cultures of Escherichia (E.) coli, Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, Streptococcus (Sc.) uberis and Sc. agalactiae. The disinfection of the contaminated liners with the disinfectants resulted in a significant reduction in bacteria with values averaging 1 log for E. coli, 0.7 log for S. aureus, 0.7 log for Sc. uberis and 0.8 log for Sc. agalactiae. The highest reduction was obtained for contamination with E. coli (1.3 log) and Sc. uberis (0.8 log) when PABS was applied and for contamination with S. aureus (1.1 log) and Sc. agalactiae (1 log) when Peracetic Acid Solution (PAS) was used. Treatment with sterile water only led to an average reduction of 0.4 log. In the field trial, after the milking of 575 cows, the liners were disinfected and the total microorganism count from the liner surface was performed. The reduction was measured against an untreated liner within the cluster. Although a reduction in microorganisms was achieved in the field trial, it was not significant. When using PAS, a log reduction of 0.3 was achieved; when using PABS, a log reduction of 0.2 was obtained. The difference between the two disinfection methods was also not significant. Treatment with sterile water only led to a reduction of 0.1 log. The results show that spray disinfection under these circumstances does result in a reduction in the bacteria on the milking liner surface, but for effective disinfection a higher reduction would be preferred.
Mobile crowdsourcing refers to systems where the completion of tasks necessarily requires physical movement of crowdworkers in an on-demand workforce. Evidence suggests that in such systems, tasks often get assigned to crowdworkers who struggle to complete those tasks successfully, resulting in high failure rates and low service quality. A promising solution to ensure higher quality of service is to continuously adapt the assignment and respond to failure-causing events by transferring tasks to better-suited workers who use different routes or vehicles. However, implementing task transfers in mobile crowdsourcing is difficult because workers are autonomous and may reject transfer requests. Moreover, task outcomes are uncertain and need to be predicted. In this paper, we propose different mechanisms to achieve outcome prediction and task coordination in mobile crowdsourcing. First, we analyze different data stream learning approaches for the prediction of task outcomes. Second, based on the suggested prediction model, we propose and evaluate two different approaches for task coordination with different degrees of autonomy: an opportunistic approach for crowdshipping with collaborative, but non-autonomous workers, and a market-based model with autonomous workers for crowdsensing.
Das Thema Nachhaltigkeit hat in den letzten Jahren auch dank der Fridays For Future Bewegung zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Bibliotheken sind per Definition nachhaltig durch die Bereitstellung und Ausleihe von Medien. Zusätzlich präsentieren sie ihrer Kundschaft Aktionen und Projekte wie „Saatgutbibliotheken“, welche inspirieren sollen, sich mit Nachhaltigkeit und den 17 Nachhaltigkeitszielen (SDGs) zu beschäftigen. Doch welche Strategie verfolgen Bibliotheken, um dieses Thema intern zu integrieren? Diese literaturbasierte Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über Nachhaltigkeit und im Besonderen über Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien. Dazu wird kurz ein Überblick über die historische Entwicklung der Nachhaltigkeit und der nachhaltigen Aktivitäten des Weltverbandes der Bibliotheken (IFLA), des Deutschen Bibliotheksverbandes (dbv) und des Netzwerks Grüne Bibliothek gegeben. Vervollständigt wird dies durch ein Kapitel zur Strategieentwicklung. Der erhaltene Überblick wird mit praxisnahen Fallbeispielen von öffentlichen und wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken aus Deutschland, Hong Kong und Oulu (Finnland) abgeglichen, mit dem Ziel eine Handlungsempfehlung für eine erfolgreiche Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie für Bibliotheken zu erhalten. Diese Handlungsempfehlung möchte Bibliotheken dazu anregen, eine solche Strategie, gestützt mit den drei Aspekten Sichtbarkeit, Vernetzung & Kooperation und Engagement der Mitarbeitenden für die eigene Bibliothek zu entwerfen.
We report velocity-dependent internal energy distributions of nitric oxide molecules, NO, scattered off graphene supported on gold to further explore the dynamics of the collision process between NO radicals and graphene. These experiments were performed by directing a molecular beam of NO onto graphene in a surface-velocity map imaging setup, which allowed us to record internal energy distributions of the NO radicals as a function of their velocity. We do not observe bond formation but (1) major contributions from direct inelastic scattering and (2) a smaller trapping–desorption component where some physisorbed NO molecules have residence times on the order of microseconds. This is in agreement with our classical molecular dynamics simulations which also observe a small proportion of two- and multi-bounce collisions events but likewise a small proportion of NO radicals trapped at the surface for the entire length of the molecular dynamics simulations (a few picoseconds). Despite a collision energy of 0.31 eV, which would be sufficient to populate NO(v = 1), we do not detect vibrationally excited nitric oxide.
Although Corynebacterium spp. can be regularly associated with subclinical and clinical mastitis cases in dairy cows, knowledge on their reservoirs in dairy farms is sparse. Therefore, samples were collected at 10 visits with 14 day intervals from bedding material (n = 50), drinking troughs (n = 20), different walking areas (n = 60), cow brushes (n = 8), fly traps (n = 4), the passage to pasture (n = 9) as well as milking liners (n = 80) and milker gloves (n = 20) in one dairy cow farm. Additionally, quarter foremilk samples from all lactating cows (approximately 200) were collected at each visit. All samples underwent microbiological examination and cultured isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF MS. Most Corynebacterium spp. that were cultivated from milk were also isolated from the housing environment and milking-related niches (C. amycolatum, C. confusum, C. stationis, C. variabile, C. xerosis) or from milking-related niches only (C. frankenforstense, C. pilosum, C. suicordis). C. bovis was not cultivated from any environmental niche, while being the dominant species in milk samples. This study demonstrates that many Corynebacterium spp. present in milk samples can also be isolated from the cows’ environment. For C. bovis, the most relevant Corynebacterium species with regard to intramammary infections, it indicates that environmental reservoirs are of little relevance.
This paper reflects the content of the presentation “The Next Generation: Ethernet-APL for Safety Systems” at the NAMUR Annual General Meeting 2022. It deals with the use of the Ethernet Advanced Physical Layer (Ethernet-APL) in combination with the PROFINET/PROFIsafe protocol for safety applications. It describes the virtues of the digital communication between the field and safety system. In parallel the aspect of OT security for this use case is touched as well. The paper proposes a secure architecture, where safety- and non-safety field communications are still separated. At the end a set of requirements for the development of future APL devices is described.
Apps und digitale Inhalte sind aus unserem Alltag nicht mehr wegzudenken. Auch Bibliotheken versuchen zunehmend, den Gewohnheiten ihrer Leser gerecht zu werden. Bekanntestes Beispiel im deutschsprachigen Raum ist der Onleihe-Service der divibib GmbH, über den Bibliotheksnutzer seit 2007 elektronische Medien entleihen können. Ein Großteil der öffentlichen Bibliotheken in Deutschland nutzt die Onleihe bereits. Das bringt jedoch hohe Anforderungen und Erwartungen seitens der Nutzer mit sich.
Aus diesem Grund beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit einer Evaluation der Onleihe-App hinsichtlich ihrer Usability. Zu Beginn wird ein Überblick über das Untersuchungsobjekt gegeben und die Bedeutung der Onleihe herausgestellt. Anhand von Fachliteratur werden anschließend Grundlagen und angewandte Methoden der Usability beschrieben. Im Anschluss erfolgt die Evaluation der App durch eine Auswertung von Online-Kundenbewertungen der letzten drei Monate, unter den Betriebssystemen Android und iOS. Anschließend werden weitere Usability-Probleme anhand einer Umfrage untersucht. Abschließend ermöglicht ein System Usability Scale die Bewertung der allgemeinen Nutzerfreundlichkeit der App. Mit der Untersuchung sollen Probleme und Schwachstellen der App aufgedeckt werden, um die schlechten Kundenbewertungen der App zu erörtern und um eventuelle Verbesserungsvorschläge einzubringen.
Die Arbeit richtet sich an App-Designer und Usability-Experten, die an der Entwicklung von Apps und Websites im bibliothekarischen Bereich beteiligt sind.
Die Zukunft der Öffentlichen Bibliotheken ist aktuell ein viel diskutiertes Thema. In dieser Bachelorarbeit werden die Anforderungen an die mobilen Bibliotheken der Zukunft untersucht. Sie werden in Deutschland als Fahrbibliotheken, Fahrbüchereien, Bibliotheksbusse oder Bücherbusse bezeichnet. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es darzustellen, welche Relevanz Fahrbibliotheken zukünftig im öffentlichen Bibliothekssystem haben. Die Untersuchung erfolgt methodisch durch eine Literaturrecherche. Der theoretische Teil zeigt Praxisbeispiele für Fahrbibliotheken aus Deutschland und dem Ausland auf. Es werden die Länder Dänemark, Singapur und die USA betrachtet. Im zweiten Teil werden drei Zukunftsszenarien von verschiedenen Experten und Expertinnen erläutert. Anhand dessen lassen sich die fünf Hauptanforderungen, der Beitrag zur kulturellen Bildung, die Bibliothek als Dritter Ort, die Integration und Inklusion und die Anforderungen an die Fahrzeuge ableiten. Die Anforderungen werden durch Beispiele von bereits vorhandenen neuen Konzepten und Dienstleistungen gestützt.
Music streaming platforms offer music listeners an overwhelming choice of music. Therefore, users of streaming platforms need the support of music recommendation systems to find music that suits their personal taste. Currently, a new class of recommender systems based on knowledge graph embeddings promises to improve the quality of recommendations, in particular to provide diverse and novel recommendations. This paper investigates how knowledge graph embeddings can improve music recommendations. First, it is shown how a collaborative knowledge graph can be derived from open music data sources. Based on this knowledge graph, the music recommender system EARS (knowledge graph Embedding-based Artist Recommender System) is presented in detail, with particular emphasis on recommendation diversity and explainability. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation with real-world data is conducted, comparing of different embeddings and investigating the influence of different types of knowledge.
For the introduction of technical nursing care innovations, a usability assessment survey is conducted by nursing staff. The questionnaire is used before and after the introduction of technical products. This poster contribution shows the latest comparison of pre- and post-surveys on selected products.
In der Sozialen Arbeit und Gesundheitsfürsorge fokussieren frühe Präventions- und Hilfsangebote nach wie vor die sogenannte primäre Dyade, also die Beziehung zwischen Mutter und Kind. Väter werden oft außer Acht gelassen, obwohl sie das Familienleben und die Entwicklung des Kindes positiv wie negativ beeinflussen können und in der Erziehung heute präsenter sind als es in früheren Generationen der Fall war. Aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven geht dieses Buch der Frage nach, mit welchen Angeboten, Erfolgsaussichten, Risiken und Nebenwirkungen (belastete) Väter unterstützt und angesprochen werden können.