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- time-series forecast (1)
- transmission pathways (1)
- treatment approaches (1)
- vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy (1)
- virulence genes (1)
- weaving technique (1)
- welfare (1)
- wet-dry swab technique (1)
- wet–dry swab technique (1)
Institute
- Fakultät II - Maschinenbau und Bioverfahrenstechnik (211) (remove)
Die Serie von Modellabteilungsrechnungen wird mit der Untersuchung des Kostenverlaufs in der Abteilung Weichkäse fortgefuhrt, um einen weiteren Baustein zur Bestimmung optimaler Produktionsstrukturen zu erhalten. Als Ausgangsposition dieser Themenstellung soll im folgenden die Modellabteilung Weichkäse Gestalt annehmen. Dazu sind drei Arbeitsschritte notwendig: die Festlegung des zu untersuchenden Produktes, die inhaltliche Abgrenzung der zu bildenden Modellabteilung und die Auswahl des Fertigungsverfahrens.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit, deren erster und zweiter Teil in den vorangegangenen Heften dieser Zeitschrift veröffentlicht wurden, werden die Kosten der “Weichkäserei” am Beispiel der Herstellung von Camembert- und Brie-Käse modellhaft bestimmt. Damit werden die im Jahr 1970 in gleicher Zeitschrift (Heft 5, Band 22) veröffentlichten Analysen der Produktionskosten in Camembertkäsereien hinsichtlich der Funktionsinhalte ausgedehnt und dem neuesten Stand der Technik sowie heutigen Produktionsstrukturen im Weichkäsesektor angepaßt. Gleichzeitig sind die generell für alle Modellabteilungen geltenden methodischen Weiterentwicklungen (2) in den Kalkulationen berücksichtigt worden. In den sechs Unterabteilungen Vorstapelung, Bruchbereitung/Portionierung, Umhorden/Salzen, Reifung, Abpackung und Fertiglager werden aus der Produktgruppe Weichkäse die Sorten Camembert mit 30 und 60 % F.i.Tr. sowie Brie mit 45 % F.i.Tr. in unterschiedlichen Stückgrößen hergestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Kostenverursachung untersucht. Zur Bestimmung der Modellkosten wurden vier Modelle gebildet, deren Kapazitäten in der Kesselmilchverarbeitung zwischen 8.000 und 30.000 l/h liegen. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 15 und 100 % simuliert wurde, können so die Kosten für Käsemengen zwischen rd. 700-17.0001 Käse/Jahr bestimmt werden.Nach den vorgegebenen Kapazitäten sind die technischen Voraussetzungen der einzelnen Unterabteilungen modellspezifisch festgelegt worden, wobei die technische Auslegung an eine verringerte Auslastung bei 65 und 33%iger Beschäftigung angepaßt wurde. Die zu tätigenden Investitionen für die Grundversion betragen 25,0 Mio DM im Modell 1 und 54,5 Mio DM im Modell 4. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge an Käse ergeben sich hieraus spezifische Investitionen, die sich mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 5.125 auf 3.205 DM/t jährliche Käsemenge erheblich senken. Produktspezifische Investitionen und Faktormengenverbräuche führen zu den Einzelkosten der ausgewählten Weichkäseprodukte, die z.B. für den Camembert mit 60 % F.i.Tr. je nach Modellgrößeund Beschäftigungsgrad zwischen 500,7 Pf/kg und 620,2 Pf/kg Käse liegen. Die Gesamtkosten der Abteilung “Weichkäserei”, die sich aus den Einzelkosten der Produkte und den Einzelkosten der Abteilung zusammensetzen, betragen im größten Modell bei 100%iger Beschäftigung 522,1 Pf/kg Käse, die sich im kleinsten Modell bei nur 15%iger Beschäftigung auf 1.027,6 Pf/kg Käse erhöhen. Bei einem Beschäftigungsgrad von 65 %, dem die Produktionsmenge eines 2-Schichtbetriebes zugeordnet ist, entfallen von den Gesamtkosten der Abteilung je nach Modellgröße 62-72 % auf die Rohstoffkosten, 14-20 % auf die Anlagekosten und 4-7 % auf die Personalkosten, während die übrigen Kostenartengruppen nur von geringerer Bedeutung sind. Betrachtet man die Gesamtkosten (ohne Rohstoffkosten) hinsichtlich ihrer Entstehung in den Unterabteilungen, so ist festzustellen, daß die Unterabteilungen Bruchbereitung/Portionierung sowie Abpackung die höchsten Kosten verursachen. Für einen Beschäftigungsgrad von 65 % betragen die Kosten in den Unterabteilungen Bruchbereitung/Portionierung im Modell 1 85,8 Pf/kg, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße auf 45,9 Pf/kg im Modell 4 zurückgehen. Die Kosten für die Abpackung liegen im Modell 1 bei 76,2 Pf/kg, während sie im Modell 4 nur noch 58,3 Pf/kg betragen. Die geringsten Kosten verursacht die Unterabteilung Fertiglager mit 2,6 Pf/kg im kleinsten und 1,5 Pf/kg im größten Modell bei 65%iger Beschäftigung. Die Ergebnisse der Modellabteilungsrechnung lassen erkennen, daß mit zunehmender Kapazitätsgröße und ansteigendem Beschäftigungsgrad erhebliche Stückkostendegressionen zu erreichen sind, die bei betriebsindividuellen oder branchenbedingten Entscheidungen genutzt werden sollten. So empfiehlt es sich, daß auf eine dem Markt angepaßte Produktion auch eine auf die geplante Tagesproduktionsmenge angepaßte Ausstattung der Abteilung folgt, da sich, wie in den Modellkostenkurven bei 65 und 33 % Beschäftigung dargestellt, die Kosten sprunghaft senken können. Kostendegressionseffekte werden auch erreicht, wenn durch Spezialisierung der Stückkäse-Produktion die Vielfalt der Formatgrößen eingeschränkt werden kann. Das höchste Kosteneinsparungspotential ist aber durch Strukturveränderungen im Weichkäsesektor zu erwarten, die, wie an zwei Beispielen erläutert, der Branche langfristige Kosteneinsparungen von rd.25 bzw. 95 Mio DM/Jahr ermöglichen können.
In dem vorliegenden Teil 1 der Arbeit werden die Grundlagen und die Rohstoffmengenrechnung zur Ermittlung der Modellkosten in der Abteilung Weichkäserei dargestellt. In sechs Unterabteilungen - Vorstapelung, Bruchbereitung und Portionierung, Umhorden/Salzen, Reifung, Abpackung, Fertiglager - werden aus der Produktgruppe Weichkäse die Sorten Camembert 30 und 60 % F.i.Tr. sowie Brie 45 % F.i.Tr. mit unterschiedlichen Stückgewichten hergestellt und diese hinsichtlich ihrer Kostenverursachung untersucht. Zur Kalkulation der Modellkosten werden 4 Modelle gebildet, deren Verarbeitungskapazität an Kesselmilch zwischen 8.000 und 30.000 l/h liegen. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 15 % und 100 % simuliert wurde, können so Kosten für Käsemengen zwischen rd. 700 und 17.0001 Käse/Jahr bestimmt werden. Da der Rohstoff Milch im kostenrechnerischen Ansatz als der wichtigste Kostenfaktor gilt, wird der verursachungsgerechten Rohstoffverbrauchsbestimmung in diesem Teil ein gesondertes Kapitel gewidmet. Die Arbeit wird mit dem Teil 2 ''Modellspezifischer Faktoreinsatz'' fortgesetzt, dem abschließend der Teil 3 "Ergebnisse und Interpretation der Modellkalkulation" folgt.
Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit bilden gemäß den allgemeinen technischen Prozeßbedingungen die maschinellen und baulichen Ausrüstungen der vier Modelle, deren Investitionsbeträge, Nutzungsdauer und Instandhaltungsquote unterabteilungsweise dargestellt sind, den Ausgangspunkt dieses Themenbereiches. Eine Anpassung der technischen Auslegung an eine verringerte Auslastung erfolgte bei einer 65%igen und 33%igen Beschäftigung. Die zu tätigenden Investitionen für die Grundversion (100 % Beschäftigung) betragen im Modell 1 25,0 Mio. DM und im Modell 4 54,5 Mio. DM. Die Mengenverbräuche der Produktionsfaktoren Rohstoff, Personal, Energie, Betriebs- und Hilfsstoffe sowie Reparaturen sind von den spezifischen Modellausstattungen abgeleitet. Es ergeben sich Faktoreinsatzmengen, die mengenproportional auftreten und den Produkten zugeordnet sind, sowie periodenabhängige fixe Verbrauche, die der Abteilung angelastet werden. Anhand einer ausgewählten Beschäftigungssituation, die einem 2-Schichtbetrieb bei 250 Produktionstagen entspricht, wird aufgezeigt, wie sich die auf Abteilungsebene aggregierten Faktoreinsatzmengen in Abhängigkeit von der Modellgröße gestalten. So ergibt sich z.B. im Bereich des Produktionsfaktors Personal, daß für das Modell 1 eine Beschäftigungszahl an Arbeitskräften von 25 und im Modell 4 von 40 vorgesehen ist.
Streptococcus dysgalactiae is among the most important pathogens causing bovine mastitis. Unfortunately, there is presently a lack of clear knowledge about the mode of transmission — contagious or environmental — of this pathogen. To obtain more information on this, knowledge of the genetic diversity of the isolated microorganisms at the farm level can be useful. To observe the strain variety in different herds of cattle, isolates of Strep. dysgalactiae were collected from clinical mastitis samples at different farms, and the strains were typed using the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method. Overall, we performed strain typing on 93 isolates from 16 farms in Germany and used an index to describe the degree of contagiosity of Strep. dysgalactiae at each farm. This index (CI) represents the number of isolates divided by the number of strains found in mastitis milk of clinical cases within a period of 14 months. The results differed between the farms. In one farm, all six Strep. dysgalactiae cases that occurred during the study period were caused by a single strain (CI = 6), while in another farm the six cases that occurred were caused by five different strains (CI = 1.2). All other farms fell between these two extremes. This indicates that Strep. dysgalactiae infections can occur via several routes of transmission. At the farm level, strain comparisons are necessary to determine the routes of transmission. Two strains were able to survive on the farm for a minimum of 14 months.
Milk concentrates are used in the manufacturing of dairy products such as yogurt and cheese or are processed into milk powder. Processes for the nonthermal separation of water and valuable milk ingredients are becoming increasingly widespread at farm level. The technical barriers to using farm-manufactured milk concentrate in dairies are minimal, hence the suspicion that the practice of on-farm raw milk concentration is still fairly uncommon for economic reasons. This study, therefore, set out to investigate farmers’ potential willingness to adopt a raw milk concentration plant. The empirical analysis was based on discrete choice experiments with 75 German dairy farmers to identify preferences and the possible adoption of on-farm raw milk concentration. The results showed that, in particular, farmers who deemed the current milk price to be insufficient viewed on-farm concentration using membrane technology as an option for diversifying their milk sales. We found no indication that adoption would be impeded by a lack of trustworthy information on milk processing technologies or capital.
Mastitis poses a considerable threat to productivity and to animal welfare on modern dairy farms. However, the common way of antibiotic treatment does not always lead to a cure. Unsuccessful cures can, among other reasons, occur due to biofilm formation of the causative agent. This has attracted interest from researchers to introduce promising alternative therapeutic approaches, such as the use of beneficial lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In fact, using LAB for treating mastitis probably requires the formation of a beneficial biofilm by the probiotic bacteria. The present study investigated the ability of five LAB strains, selected on the basis of results from previous studies, to remove and to replace pathogenic biofilms in vitro. For this purpose, Staphylococcus (S.) aureus ATCC 12,600 and two strains—S. xylosus (35/07) and S. epidermidis (575/08)—belonging to the group of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) were allowed to form biofilms in a 96-well plate. Subsequently, the LAB were added to the well. The biofilm challenge was evaluated by scraping off and suspending the biofilm cells, followed by a plate count of serial dilutions using selective media. All the LAB strains successfully removed the staphylococcal biofilms. However, only Lactobacillus (L.) rhamnosus ATCC 7469 and L. plantarum 2/37 formed biofilms of their own to replace the pathogenic ones.
Mastitis is one of the most important diseases threatening modern dairy herds. The idea of fighting the disease through colonising the udder with lactic acid bacteria (LAB), thereby building a beneficial biofilm, is the base for a probiotic approach towards mastitis control. The purpose of this study was to screen 13 LAB strains (eleven wild strains, two ATCC strains) inhibitory to the growth of mastitis-causing pathogens for their in vitro ability to form a biofilm and to adhere to bovine glandular mammary epithelium in order to assess their probiotic potential. Furthermore, we aimed to gain knowledge about the chemical nature of the adhesins involved by subjecting the bacteria to various chemical and enzymatical pre-treatments. The biofilms were grown on hydrophilic glass and on hydrophobic polypropylene in de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth and afterwards quantified with a crystal violet assay. Biofilm formation was observed in all strains. However, the extent strongly depended on the strain, surface charge and medium. The adhesion assay also revealed a strong strain dependency, but this trait was also present in all of the investigated LAB isolates. Depending on the strain, chemical or enzymatical pre-treatment revealed carbohydrate molecules as well as proteins and lipids to be crucial for the adhesion of LAB to epithelial cells. The seven strains showing the strongest biofilm formation and/or adhesion represent promising candidates for further investigation in order to develop a probiotic remedy for the treatment of mastitis. Still, their safety for consumers and patients as well as their capability to colonise the udder remain to be investigated in in vivo studies.
Against the background of climate change and finite fossil resources, bio-based plastics have been in the focus of research for the last decade and were identified as a promising alternative to fossil-based plastics. Now, with an evolving bio-based plastic market and application range, the environmental advantages of bio-based plastic have come to the fore and identified as crucial by different stakeholders. While the majority of assessments for bio-based plastics are carried out based on attributional life cycle assessment, there have been only few consequential studies done in this area. Also, the application of eco-design strategies has not been in the focus for the bio-based products due to the prevailing misconceptions of renewable materials (as feedstock for bio-based plastics) considered in itself as an ‘eco-design strategy’. In this paper, we discuss the life cycle assessment as well as eco-design strategies of a bio-based product taking attributional as well as consequential approaches into account.
Flatness-based feedforward control is an approach for combining fast motion with low oscillations for nonlinear or flexible drive systems. Its desired trajectories must be continuously differentiable to the degree of the system order. Designing such trajectories, that also reach the dynamic system limits, poses a challenge. Common solutions, like Gevrey functions, usually require lengthy offline calculations. To achieve a quicker and simpler industrial-suited solution, this paper presents a new online trajectory generation scheme. The algorithm utilizes higher order s-curve trajectories created by a cyclic filtering process using moving average filters. An experimental validation proves the capability as well as industrial applicability of the presented approach for flexible structures like stacker cranes.
The antimicrobial activity of a phagemixture and a lactic acid bacteriumagainst Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine origin was investigated in vitro with regard to possible applications in the therapy of udder inflammation (mastitis) caused by bacterial infections. The S. aureus isolates used for inoculation derived from quarter foremilk samples of mastitis cases. For the examination of the antimicrobial activity, the reduction of the S. aureus germ density was determined [log10 cfu/mL]. The phage mixture consisted of the three obligatory lytic and S. aureus-specific phages STA1.ST29, EB1.ST11 and EB1.ST27 (1:1:1). The selected Lactobacillus plantarum strain with proven antimicrobial properties and the phage mixture were tested against S. aureus in milk, both alone and in combination. The application of the lactic acid bacterium showed only a low reduction ability for a 24 h incubation period. The bacteriophage mixture as well as its combination with the lactic acid bacterium showed high antimicrobial activity against S. aureus for a 24 h incubation period at 37 C, with only the phage mixture showing significance.
The objective of this study was to investigate the association between teat skin colonization and intramammary infection (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus agalactiae at the quarter level in herds with automatic milking systems. Milk and teat skin samples from 1,142 quarters were collected from 300 cows with somatic cell count >200,000 cells/mL from 8 herds positive for Strep. agalactiae. All milk and teat skin samples were cultured on calf blood agar and selective media. A subset of samples from 287 quarters was further analyzed using a PCR assay (Mastit4 PCR; DNA Diagnostic A/S, Risskov, Denmark). Bacterial culture detected Staph. aureus in 93 (8.1%) of the milk samples and 75 (6.6%) of the teat skin samples. Of these, 15 (1.3%) quarters were positive in both the teat skin and milk samples. Streptococcus agalactiae was cultured in 84 (7.4%) of the milk samples and 4 (0.35%) of the teat skin samples. Of these, 3 (0.26%) quarters were positive in both the teat skin and milk samples. The PCR detected Staph. aureus in 29 (10%) of the milk samples and 45 (16%) of the teat skin samples. Of these, 2 (0.7%) quarters were positive in both the teat skin and milk samples. Streptococcus agalactiae was detected in 40 (14%) of the milk samples and 51 (18%) of the teat skin samples. Of these, 16 (5.6%) quarters were positive in both the teat skin and milk samples. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between teat skin colonization and IMI at the quarter level. Based on bacterial culture results, teat skin colonization with Staph. aureus resulted in 7.8 (95% confidence interval: 2.9; 20.6) times higher odds of Staph. aureus IMI, whereas herd was observed as a major confounder. However, results from the PCR analyses did not support this association. Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated from the teat skin with both PCR and bacterial culture, but the number of positive teat skin samples detected by culture was too low to proceed with further analysis. Based on the PCR results, Strep. agalactiae on teat skin resulted in 3.8 (1.4; 10.1) times higher odds of Strep. agalactiae IMI. Our results suggest that Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae on teat skin may be a risk factor for IMI with the same pathogens. Focus on proper teat skin hygiene is therefore recommended also in AMS.
This paper presents a cascaded methodology for enhancing the path accuracy of industrial robots by using advanced control schemes. It includes kinematic calibration as well as dynamic modeling and identification. This is followed by a centralized model-based compensation of robot dynamics. The implemented feed-forward torque control shows the expected improvements of control accuracy. However, external measurements show the influence of joint elasticities as systematic path errors. To further increase the accuracy an iterative learning controller (ILC) based on external camera measurements is designed. The implementation yields to significant improvements of path accuracy. By means of a kind of automated ”Teach-In”, an overall effective concept for the automated calibration and optimization of the accuracy of industrial robots in high-dynamic path-applications is realized.
The bio-based plastic market is forecast to grow in the next years. With a growing market share and product range, the implementation of circular thinking is becoming more and more important also for bio-based plastics to enable a sound circular economy for these group of plastics. Therefore, it is important to assess the environmental performance for different end-of-life options of bio-based plastics from an early stage on. This review presents a comprehensive overview on the current status quo of different end-of-life options for bio-based plastics from an environmental perspective. Based on the status quo and the corresponding impact assessment results, the global plastic demand as well as the technical substitution potential of bio-based plastics, the environmental saving potential in case of the different end-of-life options was calculated. The review shows that there is a focus on polylactic acid (PLA) regarding end-of-life assessment, with studies covering all end-of-life options. The focus of the impact assessment has been set on global warming potential (GWP). With respect to GWP, the analysis of a future global potential of PLA showed, for mechanical recycling, the highest saving potential with 94.1 Mio. t CO2-eq. per year in comparison to virgin material.
The technical, environmental and economic potential of hemp fines as a natural filler in bioplastics to produce biocomposites is the subject of this study – giving a holistic overview. Hemp fines are an agricultural by-product of the hemp fibres and shives production. Shives and fibres are for example used in the paper, animal bedding or composite area. About 15 to 20 wt.-% per kg hemp straw results in hemp fines after processing. In 2010 about 11,439 metric tons of hemp fines were produced in Europe. Hemp fines are an inhomogeneous material which includes hemp dust, shives and fibre. For these examinations the hemp fines are sieved in a further step with a tumbler sieving machine to obtain more specified fractions. The untreated hemp fines (ex work) as well as the sieved fractions are combined with a polylactide polymer (PLA) using a co-rotating twin screw extruder to produce biocomposites with different hemp fine content. By using an injection moulding machine standard test bars are produced to conduct several material tests. The Young’s modulus is increased and the impact strength reduced by hemp fines. With a content of above 15 wt.-% hemp fines are also improving the environmental (global warming potential) and economic performance in comparison to pure PLA.
A novel method has been implemented to prepare metal oxide nanopowders covered with known quantities of adsorbed water; we subsequently studied the γ-radiolysis of ZrO2 nanopowders covered with H2O layers. H2 yields from the adsorbed water radiolysis are of importance in multiple industrial contexts – the nuclear industry being a prime example. Measured H2 yields at water coverages of just below and above one monolayer are around 350 times greater than for neat water, but these yields decrease rapidly with increasing water loading of the ZrO2 nanoparticles, approaching the yield of bulk water at coverages of tens of water layers. The observed plateau of the yields at 0.5 to 2.0 monolayers coverage can be explained by the ease with which electronic excitations in the ZrO2 can be transferred across the interface to the first one or two adsorbed water layers. However, with increasing water loading, energy transfer to water layers further away from the interface becomes less efficient, and above ~30 water layers, most of the water is not affected by any exciton formation in the ZrO2.
The ability to functionalize graphene with several methods, such as radical reactions, cycloadditions, hydrogenation, and oxidations, allows this material to be used in a large range of applications. In this framework, it is essential to be able to control the efficiency and stability of the functionalization process—this requires understanding how the graphene reactivity is affected by the environment, including the substrate. In this work we provide an insight on the substrate dependence of graphene reactivity towards hydrogenation by comparing three different substrates: silicon, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Although MoS2 and h-BN have flatter surfaces than silicon, we found that the H coverage of graphene on h-BN is about half of the H coverage on graphene on both silicon and MoS2. Therefore, graphene shows strongly reduced reactivity towards hydrogenation when placed on h-BN. The difference in hydrogenation reactivity between h-BN and MoS2 may indicate a stronger van der Waals force between graphene and h-BN, compared to MoS2, or may be related to the chemical properties of MoS2, which is a well-known catalyst for hydrogen evolution reactions.
This feasibility study investigates the flexural properties of biocomposites containing woven flax textiles (plain, twill, satin) and woven twill patterned hybrid textiles containing flax-/glass or flax-/carbon mixture for lightweight applications. Synthetic fibers are integrated as weft and flax fibers are integrated as warp yarns using a double-rapier weaving machine with a Jacquard attachment. The corresponding biocomposites are manufactured via vacuum infusion process using a biobased epoxy resin as a matrix. The manufactured biocomposites are analyzed with regard to their density and flexural properties. The results show that the use of hybrid textiles offers a promising solution for the manufacture of biocomposites with a higher biobased content and significantly improved flexural properties. Furthermore, the introduction of high-performance synthetic fibers in textiles enables the manufacture of biocomposites with an isotropic mechanical performance.