Open Access

As noted by Roman poet Virgil already more than 2,000 years ago: “The greatest wealth is health.”. Without health, there is no happiness, no peace, and no success according to the Reflections Recovery Center from Arizona, United States (USA, U.S.). The goal of the Healthy People 2020-project (HP2020), which is led by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP), was to “promote quality life, healthy development, and health behaviors across all life stages” among the U.S. population. HP2020 measures progress by using so-called Leading Health Indicators (LHI), reliable data sources, baseline values as well as targets for LHI-individual improvements for every measurable objective to be achieved by 2020 and each following decade. In the further course, these values were compared to student populations from the U.S., Germany, and Poland. The goal of this master's thesis was to obtain more data on international health, particularly among student populations. For the statistical analysis, data were obtained from an online survey that was distributed to students in at least one university in each of the three countries. In total, data from 380 students were analyzed in terms of HP2020 goal attainment. To determine if statistically significant differences were present, the z-test was used. The biggest differences emerged on the following topics: access to healthcare, environmental quality, obesity as well as reproductive and sexual health.

Methods for standard meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies are well established and understood. For the more complex case in which studies report test accuracy across multiple thresholds, several approaches have recently been proposed. These are based on similar ideas, but make different assumptions. In this article, we apply four different approaches to data from a recent systematic review in the area of nephrology and compare the results. The four approaches use: a linear mixed effects model, a Bayesian multinomial random effects model, a time-to-event model and a nonparametric model, respectively. In the case study data, the accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury was assessed in different scenarios, with sensitivity and specificity estimates available for three thresholds in each primary study. All approaches led to plausible and mostly similar summary results. However, we found considerable differences in results for some scenarios, for example, differences in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of up to 0.13. The Bayesian approach tended to lead to the highest values of the AUC, and the nonparametric approach tended to produce the lowest values across the different scenarios. Though we recommend using these approaches, our findings motivate the need for a simulation study to explore optimal choice of method in various scenarios.

Since child maltreatment has highly negative effects on child adjustment, early identification of at-risk families is important. This study focuses on longitudinal risk factors for child maltreatment and associations between abuse risk and occurrence. It also examines whether abuse risk and involvement in early childhood intervention are associated. The sample comprises 197 German caregivers with children under 3 years of age. Data was collected in two waves. The Brief Child Abuse Potential Inventory assessed abuse risk. Socio-demographic, parent, child and family-related risk factors were measured using screening tools. The analysis revealed that parental characteristics (psychopathology, own maltreatment experiences etc.) were associated with concurrent abuse risk. Longitudinal changes in abuse risk were linked to caregiver education and child-related factors. Cumulative risk did not explain more variance than specific risk factors. Significant associations with caregiverreported abuse were found, and data suggest that some burdened families cannot be reached by early childhood intervention.

Objectives Quality of care largely depends on successful teamwork, which in turn needs effective communication between health professionals. To communicate successfully in a team, health professionals need to strive for the same goals. However, it has been left largely unaddressed which goals professionals consider to be important. In this study, we aim to identify these goals and analyse whether differences between (1) personal and organisational goals, (2) different professions and (3) hierarchical levels exist in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Design Goals were identified based on a literature review and a workshop with health professionals and tested in a pilot study. Subsequently, in the main study, a cross-sectional employee survey was undertaken. Setting and participants 1489 nurses and 537 physicians from 66 German NICUs completed the questionnaire regarding personal and organisational goal importance between May and July 2013. Answers were given based on a 7-point Likert scale varying between none and exceptionally high importance. Results Results show that the goals can be subdivided into three main goal dimensions: patients, parents and staff. Furthermore, our results reveal significant differences between different professions and different hierarchical level: physicians rated patient goals with a mean (95% CI) importance of 6.37 (3.32 to 6.43), which is significantly higher than nurses with a mean (95% CI) importance of 6.15 (6.12 to 6.19) (p<0.01). Otherwise, nurses classified parental goals as more important (p<0.01). Furthermore, professionals in leading positions rate patient goals significantly higher than professionals that are not in leading positions (6.36 (3.28 to 6.44) vs 6.19 (6.15 to 6.22), p<0.01). Conclusions Different employee goals need to be considered in decision-making processes to enhance employee motivation and the effectiveness of teamwork.

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of bacteremia in dairy cows with severe mastitis. Milk samples were collected from affected udder quarters, and corresponding blood samples were collected from dairy cows with severe mastitis at the time of diagnosis before any therapeutic measures were undertaken. The cultural detection of pathogens in blood classified a bacteremia. Further diagnostic tests were performed to provide evidence of bacteremia. This was realized by PCR with regard to S. aureus, E. coli and S. uberis and the Limulus test. Detection of culturable pathogens in the blood of cows with severe clinical mastitis was rare and occurred in only one of 70 (1.4%) cases. Overall, bacterial growth was detected in 53 of 70 (75.7%) milk samples. S. uberis (22/70), E. coli (12/70) and S. aureus (4/70) were the most frequently isolated pathogens from milk of cows with severe mastitis. PCR was performed in 38 of 70 (54.3%) blood samples. PCR was positive in eight of 38 cases. S. uberis was found most frequently in six blood samples (8.6%). E. coli was found on PCR in one blood sample (1.4%). S. aureus was identified in one blood sample (1.4%). When Coliforms were detected in the quarter milk sample, a Limulus test was performed in the corresponding blood sample. In three of 15 cases, the Limulus test was positive (4.3% of samples). Further studies are needed to investigate the occurrence of bacteremia in cows with severe mastitis in a higher population size.

Der Einzug der rechtspopulistischen und teilweise rechtsextremistischen Alternative für Deutschland in den Deutschen Bundestag, hat das politische Klima verändert und stellt auch den Journalismus vor neue Herausforderungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, wie Politikjournalist*innen Fernsehinterviews mit AfD-Politiker*innen führen. Hierfür wurden leitfaden-basierte Experteninterviews mit neun Experten aus den Bereichen der politischen Interviewführung vor und hinter der Kamera sowie Seminaren zur Interviewführung mit Rechtspopulist*innen geführt. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse werden mit Hilfe einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse in Anlehnung an Mayring ermittelt. Zentrale Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind, dass es zwar keiner grundsätzlich ‚spezifischen‘ Interviewführung bei AfD-Politiker*innen bedarf, die Vorbereitung darauf allerdings weitaus umfangreicher sein muss. Politikjournalist*innen müssen sich in Bereichen des Rechtsextremismus, der Rhetorik der Rechten und rechtspopulistischem Framing weiterbilden und auf Anfeindungen und Verleumdung von Fakten von AfD-Politiker*innen vorbereitet sein. Außerdem wird aus der Untersuchung deutlich, dass es beispielsweise einen großen Unterschied macht, ob Politikjournalist*innen AfD-Interviews vor oder hinter der Kamera führen. Die Untersuchungsteilnehmer sind sich darin einig, dass durch die exorbitante, mediale Beobachtung und die gegensätzlichen Erwartungshaltungen der Öffentlichkeit, Politikjournalist*innen unter einem erhöhten Druck bei Interviews mit AfD-Politiker*innen stehen. Dadurch wird einem Fernsehinterview mit AfD-Politiker*innen eine Art Sonderstatus zugeschrieben und es hebt sich somit auch immer von Fernsehinterviews mit Politiker*innen anderer Parteien ab.

The aim of this study was to define the time-related period of intramammary infections and its relation to risk factors for intramammary infections and clinical mastitis at cow and quarter levels. In total, 269 German Holstein Frisian dairy cows on three farms in Northern and Eastern Germany were included in this study. Quarter milk samples were collected at dry-off, 3 ± 1 days after calving and 17 ± 3 days after calving, for cytomicrobiological examination. Risk factors at quarter- and cow-level associated with intramammary infections and clinical mastitis were recorded during the trial period. Data were analyzed using logistic regression procedures and odds ratios were calculated. Calving for the second time increased the odds of clinical mastitis during the first 100 days of lactation compared to cows calving for the third time or more. A high milk yield after calving was a risk factor for new infections, with environmental pathogens 17 ± 3 days postpartum. A body condition score after calving less than 3.5 was associated with a decreased risk of having an intra-mammary infection (IMI) with non-aureus staphylococci and coryneforms 3 ± 1 days postpartum and consistent body condition between dry-off and early lactation decreased the risk of intramammary infections after calving. The absence of a ring of hyperkeratosis at the teat apex shown at dry-off was associated with a lower risk of intramammary infections with environmental pathogens 17 ± 3 days postpartum. This study shows the important influence of the dry period and early lactation on intramammary infections and clinical mastitis postpartum in dairy cows. Udder quarters may have eliminated pathogens during the dry period in 43.6% of cases in this study. Additionally, new infections occurred during early lactation, so 5.1% more quarters were infected 17 ± 3 days compared to 3 ± 1 days postpartum. New infections can be traced to non-aureus staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus from dry-off up until 3 ± 1 days postpartum, and to non-aureus staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis, after calving. In total, 88.7% of the infected quarters showed new infections with another pathogen species 3 ± 1 days postpartum than at dry-off, and 89.2% of the quarters 17 ± 3 days postpartum than 3 ± 1 days postpartum. In conclusion, the early lactation has just as important an influence on intramammary infections postpartum in dairy cows as the dry period. There is the possibility that udder quarters eliminate pathogens during the early lactation, especially during the dry period. However, there is also the danger that new infections manifest, with a large proportion of new infections occurring after calving. Thus, additional control strategies are of great importance to prevent new infections occurring during early lactation as well as during the dry period to reduce negative effects on milk yield and culling hazards in dairy cows by minimizing the associated risk factors

Durch den demographischen Wandel und den damit verbundenen Fachkräftemangel stehen für Unternehmen immer weniger qualifizierte Fachkräfte zur Verfügung. Um in diesem sogenannten "War for Talents" wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben, müssen Arbeitgebende für ihre Zielgruppe als attraktiv wahrgenommen werden. Dafür setzen immer mehr Unternehmen darauf, ihre Werte deutlich zu kommunizieren, um so eine starke, emotionalisierte Marke als Arbeitgebende aufzubauen. Denn: Nach der Theorie des "Person-Organization-Fit" bevorzugen Mitarbeitende Unternehmen als Arbeitgebende, die ähnliche Werteidentitäten aufweisen. Neben diesen Entwicklungen fordern immer mehr Konsument:innen, aber auch Mitarbeitende, dass Unternehmen und Arbeitgebende Haltung zeigen und Verantwortung für Gesellschaft und Umwelt übernehmen, zum Beispiel in Form von Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Insbesondere Angehörige der Generationen Y und Z (zwischen 1980 und 2010 Geborene) wünschen sich eine emotionale Bindung und übereinstimmende Werte zu bzw. mit ihren Arbeitgebenden. Als informierte Generationen erwarten sie mehr als andere eine deutliche Positionierung von Unternehmen zu aktuellen Missständen: Ethisches Verhalten ist wichtiger als Gehalt und Glück schlägt Geld. Ein Lösungsansatz, dem Fachkräftemangel und dieser Forderung zu begegnen, könnte dabei die Anwendung und Integration von Brand Activism sein, indem es der Steigerung der Arbeitgebendenattraktivität dient und Arbeitgebende die Rolle als "Agents of Change" einnehmen. Mit den Unternehmenswerten als Treiber umfasst Brand Activism sowohl die Kommunikation als auch spezifische aktivistische Handlungen, meist in Form von Kampagnen, die die eigene Haltung verdeutlichen. In diesem Zusammenhang untersucht die vorliegende Experimentalstudie, inwiefern Brand Activism die wahrgenommene Arbeitgebendenattraktivität bei den Generationen Y und Z, insbesondere im Vergleich zu CSR, beeinflusst. Zudem wurde der moderierende Einfluss von bestimmten Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und Wertvorstellungen auf den Effekt von Brand Activism auf die Attraktivität von Arbeitgebenden untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der quantitativen Online-Befragung mit drei Experimentalgruppen zeigten, dass Brand Activism einen signifikant positiven Einfluss auf die wahrgenommene Arbeitgebendenattraktivität bei den Generationen Y und Z hat; im Detail auf den Innovations-, Entwicklungs- und Transferwert sowie auf einen Teil des ökonomischen Wertes und die Absichten gegenüber dem Unternehmen. Die untersuchten Persönlichkeitsmerkmale (Ausprägung der prosozialen Persönlichkeit und Communion) sowie Wertevorstellungen (Selbst-Überwindung) verstärken diesen Effekt von Brand Activism dabei nicht. Hierbei wurde lediglich in Zusammenhang mit dem sozialen Wert der Marke eine disordinale Wechselwirkung zwischen der Manipulation von Brand Activism und der Ausprägung der prosozialen Persönlichkeit aufgedeckt, die sich jedoch ausschließlich auf Personen mit geringer prosozialer Persönlichkeit in Verbindung mit der Beurteilung des sozialen Wertes der CSR-Marke bezieht und nicht pauschalisiert werden kann.

Erratum zu: https://doi.org/10.1365/s40896-021-00053-5 In der Originalversion des Beitrags waren leider einige Fehler in der Literatur.

Cora Baltussen unternahm - wie zahlreiche europäische Sozialarbeitende - Anfang der 1950er Jahre eine 18-monatige Studienreise in die USA, um Casework und Supervision zu erlernen. Dieser Beitrag wertet ihren Summerreport von 1953 aus, der als Archivalie erhalten ist. So können ihre Lernerfahrungen in der historisch-kritischen Rekonstruktion kontextualisiert und in den Diskurs eingeordnet werden. Dabei werden erste Differenzierungen der frühen Supervisionsgeschichte ebenso sichtbar wie prägende Begegnungen und entstehende Netzwerke, die die Supervisionsentwicklung in Deutschland maßgeblich beeinflussten.