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- Übung (1)
Correction to: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3862-7
In the original publication of this article, the authors missed that reverse coding was necessary for the item “Do you work separate from your colleagues?” before calculating the scale ‘social relations’. So they corrected the analysis accordingly. The results with the revised scale show that there are no longer any significant differences between nurses and physicians with regard to this scale.
In this species differentiation study of Corynebacterium spp. (C. spp.), quarter foremilk samples from 48 farms were included. These were obtained from both clinically healthy cows and those with clinical mastitis. First, all samples were examined cyto-microbiologically and all catalase-positive rods were differentiated using the direct transfer method in MALDI-TOF MS. C. bovis, C. amycolatum, C. xerosis, and five other species were identified with proportions of 90.1%, 7.7%, and 0.8% for the named species, respectively, and 1.4% for the remaining unnamed species. In addition, somatic cell count (SCC) was determined by flow cytometry. Based on this, the isolates were classified into four udder health groups: “latent infection”, “subclinical mastitis”, “clinical mastitis” and “others”. Approximately 90% of isolates of C. bovis and C. amycolatum were from latently and subclinically infected quarters. Of the C. bovis isolates, 5.8% were obtained from milk samples from clinical mastitis, whereas C. amycolatum was not present in clinical mastitis. The distribution of groups in these two species differed significantly. The geometric mean SCC of all species combined was 76,000 SCC/mL, almost the same as the SCC of C. bovis. With 50,000 SCC/mL, the SCC of C. amycolatum was slightly below the SCC of C. bovis. Through the species-level detection and consideration of SCC performed here, it is apparent that individual species differ in terms of their pathogenicity. Overall, their classification as minor pathogens with an SCC increase is confirmed.
Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India, with >62 million individuals currently diagnosed with the disease.1 India currently faces an uncertain future in relation to the potential burden that diabetes may impose on the country. An estimated US$ 2.2 billion would be needed to sufficiently treat all cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in India.2 Many interventions can reduce the burden of this disease. However, health care resources are limited; thus, interventions for diabetes treatment should be prioritized.
Background: Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India, with >62 million individuals currently diagnosed with the disease. India currently faces an uncertain future in relation to the potential burden that diabetes may impose on the country. An estimated US$ 2.2 billion would be needed to sufficiently treat all cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in India. Many interventions can reduce the burden of this disease. However, health care resources are limited; thus, interventions for diabetes treatment should be prioritized. The present study assesses the cost-effectiveness of antidiabetic drugs in patients with T2DM from Mumbai, India.
Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was performed to assess the cost-effectiveness of antidiabetic drugs in patients with T2DM. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by using a validated questionnaire in a total of 152 (76 males, 76 females) patients with T2DM from F-North Ward, Mumbai, India. Cost-effectiveness was determined on the basis of cost of antidiabetic drug/s, efficacy, adverse drug reactions, safety of administration, frequency of administration, and bioavailability.
Results: For treatment of T2DM in non-obese participants, Glimepiride+Pioglitazone costed least (`3.7) per unit of effectiveness followed by Glimepiride (`6.6), Gliclazide (`8.1), Repaglinide (`24.5), and Vildagliptin (`45.2). For treatment of T2DM in obese participants, Metformin cost least (` 6.7) per unit of effectiveness followed by Glimepiride + Metformin (`5.9) and Repaglinide (`24.5).
Conclusions: In case of non-obese participants, cost effectiveness and prescribed treatments did not show a match, while for obese participants prescribed treatments were in line with cost effectiveness.
Hypertension is a serious global public health problem. It accounts for 10% of all deaths in India and is the leading noncommunicable disease.1 Recent studies have shown that the prevalence of hypertension is 25% in urban and 10% in rural people in India.2 It exerts a substantial public health burden on cardiovascular health status and health care systems in India.3 Antihypertensive treatment effectively reduces hypertension-related morbidity and mortality.1 The cost of medications has always been a barrier to effective treatment.
This paper presents the implementation of a GMVC-based WAPSS to damp the interarea modes of power systems. The choise for the GMVC to tackle this problem lies on the fact that it can be used to compensate the time delay due to the latency of the transmission system in a more natural way than other controllers. The paper shows that it is possible to improve system’s closed-loop stability since its behavior is the same as if the time delay is not regarded. Simulation results with Kundur’s System prove that a latency of 1 second at a conventional WAPSS might lead system’s power to oscillate for 50 seconds for a short-circuit at the transmission line, whereas the oscillation decreases to only 5 seconds if the GMVC-based WAPSS is implemented.
Das Gesundheitsdatennutzungsgesetz – Potenzial für eine bessere Forschung und Gesundheitsversorgung
(2023)
Im Koalitionsvertrag der Ampel-Koalition wird für die laufende Legislaturperiode ein Gesundheitsdatennutzungsgesetz (GDNG) angekündigt. Dieses Gesetz soll „zu einer besseren wissenschaftlichen Nutzung in Einklang mit der DSGVO“ führen. Bekanntermaßen steht unser Gesundheitssystem vor großen Herausforderungen (Demografie, Digitalisierung, Fachkräftemangel, Klimakrise, regionale Unterschiede, etc.) und ist jetzt schon das teuerste in Europa bei mittelmäßiger Leistung. Diese Herausforderungen können effizienter und evidenzgeleitet bewältigt werden, wenn wie im geplanten GDNG angedacht, die Datenressourcen für die Evaluierung und Weiterentwicklung des Gesundheitssystems und der Gesundheitsversorgung optimal genutzt werden. In den folgenden Ausführungen werden aus Sicht von Versorgungsforscher*innen Voraussetzungen und Desiderata für eine optimale Ausgestaltung des Gesetzes formuliert. Das Papier wurde durch das Deutsche Netzwerk Versorgungsforschung (DNVF) und die Arbeitsgruppe Erhebung und Nutzung von Sekundärdaten (AGENS) der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Sozialmedizin und Prävention (DGSMP) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Epidemiologie (DGEpi) erstellt und wird von den unterzeichnenden Fachgesellschaften getragen. Das vorliegende Positionspapier und die hier aufgestellten Forderungen sind vor der Veröffentlichung und damit in Unkenntnis des Referentenentwurfs zum GDNG formuliert worden.
Wie die Pädagogische Idee der Produktionsschule anlässlich des Symposiums zum Gedenken an Arnulf Bojanowski debattiert wurde:
Produktionsschulen als pädagogische Idee und Ort von Erfahrungen haben im wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten von Arnulf Bojanowski eine herausragende Rolle gespielt. Er sah und nutzte sie einerseits als pädagogisch-utopisches Experimentierfeld. Damit standen sie seiner insgesamt pessimistischen Sicht auf die Entwicklung der Beruflichen Förderpädagogik im Zeichen sozialer Kälte und Ungleichheit gegenüber, die seine analytische Weltsicht bis in den Stil seiner Texte hinein konterkarierte. Andererseits waren sie für ihn Ort und Anlass kommunikativer Zusammenkünfte, die er immer wieder initiierte und an denen sich Ideen und pädagogische Praktiken jenseits – und doch auch immer in kritischer Auseinandersetzung – mit gegebenen Sachzwängen produktiv entwickeln konnten.
Dass im Rahmen des Symposiums zu seinem Gedenken am 26.11.2014 ein Workshop zum Thema „Pädagogische Idee der Produktionsschule“ stattfand, lag darum auf der Hand. Schwerlich konnte hierin die Komplexität all der Gedanken und Ideen abgebildet und weiter gedacht werden, die mit und um Arnulf Bojanowski in die Welt kamen. Zu kurz war die Zeit und zu begrenzt das Spektrum der Teilnehmer_innen. Es konnte jedoch noch einmal nachvollzogen werden, welche Form von lebhaften Diskursen mit ihm entstanden und damit zum Ausdruck gebracht werden, dass diese Dialog- und Debattenkultur über seinen Tod hinaus fortbesteht.
Der folgende Text gibt die Ergebnisse einer offenen Diskussion wieder. Er basiert auf protokollarischen Aufzeichnungen und Ausarbeitungen, die einzelne Teilnehmer_innen im Anschluss an diesen Disput vorgelegt haben. Entfaltet hat sich dabei ein fragmentarisches Tableau diskursiver Produkte. Ein Tableau, das wir zunächst sichteten, um dann im Nachgang zu versuchen, die einzelnen Gedankenstränge nachzubilden. Vor dem Hintergrund dieses Entstehens erhebt der Text weder einen Ansspruch auf Wissenschaftlichkeit noch ist er eine detaillierte Wiedergabe des damaligen Austausches. Er behauptet auch nicht, Neuartiges hervorzubringen: Er ist vielmehr eine exemplarische Spiegelung davon, wie sich das, was Arnulf Bojanowski inhaltlich und kulturell in und zwischen Menschen hinterlassen hat, fortsetzt.
Delphi is a frequently used research method in the information systems (IS) field. The last fifteen years have seen many variants of the Delphi Method proposed and used in IS research. However, these variants do not seem to be properly derived; while all variants share certain characteristics, their reasoning for differentiation inconsistently varies. It seems that researchers tend to create “new” Delphi Method variants, although the underlying modification of the Delphi Method is, in fact, minor. This leads to a heterogeneity of Delphi Method variants and undermines scientific rigor when using Delphi. The study addresses this deficit and (1) identifies different variants of Delphi and determines their characteristics, (2) critically reflects to what extent a clear distinction between these variants exists, (3) shows the clearly distinguishable Delphi Method variants and their characteristics, (4) develops a proposed taxonomy of Delphi Method variants, and (5) evaluates and applies this taxonomy. The proposed taxonomy helps clearly differentiate Delphi Method variants and enhances methodological rigor when using the Delphi Method.
Die Kostenanalyse zur Bestimmung des Einflusses der Kapazitätsgröße und -auslastung auf den Kostenverlauf von Hilfskostenstellen (Hilfsabteilungen) erfolgt mit Hilfe von Modellkalkulationen. Eine spezielle Form der Teilkostenrechnung ermöglicht die Zurechnung der Kosten nach Kostenkategorien (jahresfix, tagesfix, ggf. chargenfix und mengenproportional) auf die entsprechenden Kostenträger (z. B. Kälte, Dampf) der jeweiligen Hilfskostenstelle. Durch computergestützte Simulationen können die Auswirkungen der verschiedenen Kosteneinflußfaktoren im einzelnen quantifiziert werden.
Im Rahmen seiner Forschungsaufgaben hat das Institut für Betriebswirtschaft und Marktforschung den Einfluss der Kapazitätsgröße und -auslastung auf den Kostenverlauf von 8 ausgewählten Molkereiproduktionsabteilungen untersucht und die Ergebnisse 1975/76 in "Milchwissenschaft", "Deutsche Molkereizeitung" und "Nordeuropäische Molkerei-Zeitschrift" veröffentlicht. Inzwischen sind die Modellkalkulationen überarbeitet und die Kosten auf den Preisstand von Januar 1976 umgewertet worden. Diese Kalkulationen bilden die Basis für die Ermittlung des Personalkosteneinflusses auf die Kapazitätsgröße von Molkereiabteilungen.
Klebverbindungen werden häufig dem Zugscherversuch nach DIN 53 238, dem wohl wichtigsten Versuch der Klebtechnik, unterzogen. Die Belastung jedoch entspricht nicht den in der Praxis verkommenden Bedingungen. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob die im Zugscherversuch ermittelten Kenndaten zur Dimensionierung von Klebverbindungen überhaupt geeignet sind.
There are many aspects of code quality, some of which are difficult to capture or to measure. Despite the importance of software quality, there is a lack of commonly accepted measures or indicators for code quality that can be linked to quality attributes. We investigate software developers’ perceptions of source code quality and the practices they recommend to achieve these qualities. We analyze data from semi-structured interviews with 34 professional software developers, programming teachers and students from Europe and the U.S. For the interviews, participants were asked to bring code examples to exemplify what they consider good and bad code, respectively. Readability and structure were used most commonly as defining properties for quality code. Together with documentation, they were also suggested as the most common target properties for quality improvement. When discussing actual code, developers focused on structure, comprehensibility and readability as quality properties. When analyzing relationships between properties, the most commonly talked about target property was comprehensibility. Documentation, structure and readability were named most frequently as source properties to achieve good comprehensibility. Some of the most important source code properties contributing to code quality as perceived by developers lack clear definitions and are difficult to capture. More research is therefore necessary to measure the structure, comprehensibility and readability of code in ways that matter for developers and to relate these measures of code structure, comprehensibility and readability to common software quality attributes.
The medical devices sector helps save lives by providing innovative health care solutions regarding diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment, and alleviation. Medical devices are classified into 1 of 3 categories in the order of increasing risk: Class I, Class II, and Class III.1 Medical devices are distinguished from drugs for regulatory purposes based on mechanism of action. Unlike drugs, medical devices operate via physical or mechanical means and are not dependent on metabolism to accomplish their primary intended effect.
Der noch relativ junge Begriff Gemeinwesendiakonie signalisiert das notwendige Nachdenken über ein neues Verhältnisses zwischen Kirchengemeinde, Diakonie und weiteren Akteuren im Gemeinwesen. Es geht um die Entwicklung eines neuen Zusammenwirkens von diakonischer Gemeinde und gemeinwesenorientierter Diakonie, in Kooperation mit anderen gesellschaftlichen Akteuren.
Diakonie bildet Gemeinde, dies gilt dabei in zweierlei Hinsicht: Zum einen kann gemeinwesendiakonisches Engagement eine Bildungswirkung für die in Projekten und Initiativen Beteiligten entfalten wie auch den Prozess der Gemeindebildung befördern. Zum anderen bilden die in gemeinwesendiakonischen Projekten und Initiativen Beteiligten selbst Gemeinde.
Die binäre Putzfrau
(1993)
In diesem Beitrag werden Spezifika der Hochschulen und Ausbildungseinrichtungen, die in der KIBA organisiert sind, mit ihren Studiengängen, Weiterbildungsprogrammen, Forschungsschwerpunkten und didaktischen Konzepten vorgestellt. Es wird gezeigt, wie diese Einrichtungen mit ihrer Berufungs- und Einstellungspolitik, strategischen Allianzen und übergeordneten fachlichen und politischen Zusammenschlüssen sowie mit der Profilierung ihrer Studiengänge auf neue Anforderungen des Marktes und der Berufspraxis reagieren. Berücksichtigt werden dabei Positionen und Strategien zur Digitalisierung aus der Politik sowie ihren Beratungsgremien, in der sich die Inhalte bibliotheks- und informationswissenschaftlicher Ausbildung und Forschung verorten lassen. Insgesamt wird deutlich, wie schwierig es heute ist zu definieren, was die Bibliotheks- und die Informationswissenschaft im Kern ausmacht, um im Spannungsfeld der Herausforderungen an wissenschaftliche und öffentliche Bibliotheken, den Anforderungen der Wirtschaft im Bereich Informations- und Wissensmanagement, der Digitalisierung und Langzeitarchivierung von Kulturerbe, um nur einige Felder zu nennen, Ausbildungsprogramme bedarfsgerecht zu profilieren und die bibliotheks- und informationswissenschaftlichen Institute, Fachbereiche und Ausbildungseinrichtungen politisch abzusichern und ausreichend mit Ressourcen auszustatten.
Durch die Covid-19-Pandemie und die damit einhergehenden Effekte auf die Arbeitswelt ist die Belastung der Mitarbeitenden in einen stärkeren Fokus gerückt worden. Dieser Umstand trifft unter anderem durch den umfassenden Wechsel in die Remote Work auch auf agile Software-Entwicklungsteams in vielen Unternehmen zu. Eine zu hohe Arbeitsbelastung kann zu diversen negativen Effekten, wie einem erhöhten Krankenstand, mangelndem Wohlbefinden der Mitarbeitenden oder reduzierter Produktivität führen. Es ist zudem bekannt, dass sich die Arbeitsbelastung in der Wissensarbeit auf die Qualität der Arbeitsergebnisse auswirkt. Dieser Forschungsbeitrag identifiziert potenzielle Faktoren der Arbeitsbelastung der Mitglieder eines agilen Software-Entwicklungsteams bei der Otto GmbH & Co KG. Auf der Grundlage der Faktoren präsentieren wir Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung von Arbeitsbelastung und erläutern unsere Erkenntnisse, die wir im Rahmen eines Experiments validiert haben. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bereits kleinteilige Maßnahmen, wie das Einführen von Ruhearbeitsphasen während des Arbeitstages, zu positiven Effekten bspw. hinsichtlich einer gesteigerten Konzentrationsfähigkeit führen und wie sich diese auf die Qualität der Arbeitsergebnisse auswirken.
Eine Unternehmensgründung ist ein komplexes Vorhaben, dessen Risiken soweit wie möglich vermieden bzw. minimiert werden sollten. Dabei hilft eine sorgfältige Planung und Vorbereitung. Der Gründungsprozess lässt sich — von der Prüfung der Grundvoraussetzungen über den Business Plan, die Vorbereitung der Gründung sowie deren Realisierung bis zur Stabilisierung des Unternehmens — in fünf Phasen einteilen.
Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die im Jahr 1975 durchgeführte Modellkalkulation in der H-Milch-Abteilung aktualisiert, indem die Funktionsinhalte der Abteilung erweitert werden und der neueste Stand der Technik entsprechend bestehender Produktionsstrukturen zur Anwendung kommt. Darüber hinaus werden die generell für alle Modellabteilungen geltenden methodischen Weiterentwicklungen In den Kalkulationen berücksichtigt. Unterteilt in drei Unterabteilungen - Ultrahocherhitzung, Aseptische Abpackung und Lager - wird der Produktionsprozeß zur Herstellung der ausgewählten Produkte H-Vollmilch und teilentrahmte H-Milch hinsichtlich ihrer Kostenverursachung untersucht. Die Bestimmung der Abteilungs- und Stückkosten für H-Milch erfolgt in vier Modellen, deren Kapazitäten entsprechend der Abfülleistung zwischen 5.700 Packungen/Stunde und 34.200 Packungen/Stunde liegen. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 15 und 100 % simuliert wird, können so die Kosten für Produktionsmengen zwischen 4,6 und 183,4 Mio. Packungen/Jahr ermittelt werden. Die zu tätigenden Investitionen für die Grundversion betragen im Modeln 5,1 Mio. DM, die sich im Modell 4 auf 18,0 Mio. DM erhöhen. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge, die sich zu 40 % aus H-Vollmilch und zu 60 % aus teilentrahmter H-Milch zusammensetzt, ergeben sich aus den Investitionssummen spezifische Investitionen, die sich mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 168 auf 98 DM/1.000 Packungen erheblich senken. Die modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten der Abteilung „H-Milch“, die sich aus den Einzelkosten der Produkte und den Einzelkosten der Abteilung zusammensetzen, betragen im größten Modell bei 100%iger Beschäftigung 75,7 Pf/Packung, die sich im kleinsten Modell auf 78,4 Pf/Packung erhöhen. Die outputbezogenen Einzelkosten der Produkte differieren infolge des unterschiedlichen Fettgehaltes nur in den Rohstoffkosten; in den übrigen Kostenarten wird von den gleichen Produktionsverbräuchen ausgegangen, da für die Herstellung beider Produkte dieselbe Technologie verwendet wird. Bei einem Beschäftigungsgrad von 63 % entfallen von den Gesamtkosten der Abteilung je nach Modellgröße 58-61 % auf die Rohstoffkosten, 3 - 5 % auf die Anlagekosten und 30 % auf die Verpackungskosten. Die übrigen Kostenarten wie Energiekosten mit 3 - 4 % und Personalkosten mit 0,8 -1,5 % sind von geringerer Bedeutung. Den Ergebnissen der Modellkalkulationen ist zu entnehmen, daß mit zunehmender Kapazitätsgröße und ansteigendem Beschäftigungsgrad erhebliche Stückkostendegressionen zu erreichen sind. So empfehlen sich beispielsweise bei verminderten Produktionsmengen Anpassungen in der Ausstattung der Abteilung, die zu sprunghaften Kostensenkungen führen können. Kostendegressionseffekte ergeben sich auch bei der Verringerung der Produktionstage in Beschäftigungssituationen eines 2- und 1-Schichtbetriebes. Wird z.B. in einer Abteilung mit zwei Abfüllanlagen (Modell 2) die Produktion eines 2-Schichtbetriebes von 250 Produktionstagen auf 200 Produktionstage/Jahr konzentriert, lassen sich die Abteilungskosten um 70.000 DM/Jahr verringern
Mit der Analyse des Kostenverlaufes in der Abteilung "Pasteurisierte Konsummilch" wird die Aktualisierung der Modellabteilungsrechnung fortgeführt. Gegenüber dem 1975 durchgeführten Kostenvergleich verschiedener Trinkmilchverfahren (1) basiert diese Abteilungskalkulation auf der modellhaften Kostenermittlung einer Einproduktsimulation anhand eines Abpackverfahrens im Tetra-Rex-System. Unter Berücksichtigung des methodisch weiterentwickelten Kostenrechnungsprinzips (2) wird der Produktionsprozeß zur Herstellung pasteurisierter Vollmilch mit 3,5 % Fett in 1-l-Kartonverpackung hinsichtlich der Kostenverursachung untersucht. Drei Modellvarianten mit Abfülleistungen von 5.400 bis 22.800 Packungen/Stunde, die einer maximalen Produktion von 30,3 bis 128,0 Packungen/Jahr entsprechen, bilden den Ausgangspunkt für die Analyse der Produktionskosten der Abteilung. In Abhängigkeit von der täglichen Abfüllmenge und dem Produktionsprogramm werden spezifische Modellausrüstungen bestimmt, von denen sich unmittelbar die variablen und fixen Einsatzmengen der Produktionsfaktoren ableiten. Der Einfluß unterschiedlicher Kapazitätsgrößen und -auslastungen auf die Herstellungskosten wird mit simulierten Beschäftigungssituationen zwischen 15 und 100 % verdeutlicht, die eine Bestimmung der Kosten für Milchmengen zwischen 4,5 und 128,0 Mio. Packungen im Jahr ermöglichen. Gemäß der Kapazitätsgröße und der technischen Auslegung der Modelle betragen die Investitionen 1,7 Mio. DM im Modell 1 und 4,7 Mio. DM im Modell 3. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge der Abteilung ergeben sich spezifische Investitionen, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 56 auf 37 DM je 1.000 Packungen sinken. Die Gesamtkosten der Abteilung “Pasteurisierte Konsummilch”, die sich aus den Produkt- und Abteilungseinzelkosten zusammensetzen, betragen im größten Modell bei 100 % Beschäftigung 73,8 Pf/Pckg. Abteilungs-Output und steigen mit abnehmender Modellgröße und sinkendem Beschäftigungsgrad (15 %) auf 83,1 Pf/Pckg.. In der beschäftigungsabhängigen Gesamtkostenentwicklung tritt zwischen dem 3- und 1-Schichtbetrieb eine Kostensenkung im Modell 1 von 3,0 Pf/Pckg. ein, die im Modell 3 2,0 Pf/Pckg. ausmacht. Der kapazltsgrößenbedingte Degressionseffekt Ist vom größten zum kleinsten Modell mit 1,7 Pf/Pckg. im 3-Schichtbetrieb und mit 2,7 Pf/Pckg. im 1-Schichtbetrieb markiert. Aus der prozentualen Zusammensetzung der Gesamtkosten bei einem Beschäftigungsgrad von 64 % dominieren die Rohstoffkosten mit modellspezifischen Anteilen von 72 - 73 %, die Betriebskosten beanspruchen 25 - 26 %, und die Anlagekosten sind anteilig mit 2 - 3 % vertreten. Mit der Darstellung der prozentualen Verteilung der Gesamtkosten ohne Rohstoffkosten treten die Kostenarten der Betriebskosten in den Vordergrund. Bei gleicher Ausgangssituation entfallen 83 - 89 % auf die Verpackungsmaterialkosten, 3 - 6 % auf die Personalkosten sowie 1 - 2 % auf die Energie- und Betriebsstoffkosten; 7 - 9 % ergeben sich hier für die Anlagekosten. Den Ergebnissen der Modellkalkulationen ist zu entnehmen, daß mit zunehmender Kapazitätsgröße und ansteigendem Beschäftigungsgrad nennenswerte Kosteneinsparungen zu erreichen sind. Dagegen zeichnen sich Kostendegressionen in Abhängigkeit von der Zahl der Produktionstage aufgrund des geringen Anteils der tagesfixen Kosten an den Gesamtkosten nur im minimalen Umfang ab.
Mit der Analyse des Kostenverlaufes in der Abteilung "Speisequark" wird die Aktualisierung der Modellabteilungsrechnungen fortgeführt. In drei Unterabteilungen - Reifungslager, Produktion und Abpackung - werden aus der Produktgruppe Speisequark die drei Produkte Speisequark mager, 500-g-Becher (P1), Speisequark mager, 250-g-Becher (P2) und Speisequark 40 % Fett i. Tr., 250-g-Becher (P3) hergestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Produktionskosten untersucht. Die Bestimmung der Abteilungs- und Stückkosten erfolgt in drei Modellgrößen, deren Kapazitäten entsprechend der Leistung des Quarkseparators für Quarkmengen zwischen 1.100 und 4.400 kg Quark/Stunde ausgelegt sind. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 28 und 100 % simuliert wird, werden Kosten für Produktionsmengen zwischen 1.600 und 33.100 t Quark/Jahr ermittelt. Die in Ansatz gebrachten Investitionen betragen im Modell 1 4,8 Mio. DM, die sich im Modell 3 auf 7,9 Mio. DM erhöhen. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge ergeben sich aus den Investitionssummen spezifische Investitionen, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 768 DM auf 323 DM/t Quark abfallen.
Kostenanalysen für einen 2-Schicht-Betrieb an 250 Produktionstagen im Jahr zeigen, daß die modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten z. B. für P1 zu 67 % (Modell 1) bis 78 % (Modell 3) von den Rohstoffkosten bestimmt werden. 14-6 % entfallen auf die Anlagekosten, 11-12 % auf die Verpackungskosten, und mit 6-2 % sind die Personalkosten an den modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten beteiligt. Die Kosten für Energie sowie Hilfs- und Betriebsstoffe werden in allen Modellen nur mit einem Anteil von 1 % an den Gesamtkosten ausgewiesen. Unter dem Einfluß von Kapazitätsauslastung und Kapazitätsgröße lassen sich Kostendegressionseffekte erzielen, die durch Simulationsrechnungen für verschiedene Variationen von Beschäftigungen belegt werden. Die Kostenanalyse macht deutlich, daß mit zunehmender Modellgröße und steigender Produktionsmenge erhebliche Stückkostendegressionen zu erzielen sind, wobei der Einfluß der Modellgröße auf die Kostendegression höher ist als derjenige des Beschäftigungsgrades.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit, deren erster Teil in Heft 2 dieser Zeitschrift veröffentlicht wurde, werden die Kosten der “Schnittkäserei” am Beispiel der Herstellung von Gouda-Käse modellhaft bestimmt, wobei die vor 17 Jahren durchgeführten Modellkalkulationen für Edamerkäse hinsichtlich der Funktionsinhalte der Abteilung ausgedehnt und dem neuesten Stand der Technik sowie heutigen Schnittkäsereiproduktionsstrukturen angepaßt wurden. Zudem sind die generell für alle Modellabteilungen geltenden methodischen Weiterentwicklungen in den Kalkulationen berücksichtigt worden. In den sechs Unterabteilungen Vorstapelung, Bruchbereitung und Pressen, Salzbad, Käsebehandlung und Reifungslager, Abpackung sowie Versandkühlraum und Expedition wird ein rindengereifter Gouda-Käse (12-kg-Laib) hergestellt und hinsichtlich seiner Kostenverursachung untersucht. Zur Bestimmung der Modellkosten wurden vier Modelle gebildet, deren Kapazitäten in der Kesselmilchverarbeitung zwischen 8.000 und 48.000 l/h liegen. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 21 und 100% simuliert wurde, können so die Kosten für Käsemengen zwischen rd. 5.100 und 30.8001 Käse/Jahr bestimmt werden. Gemäß den vorgegebenen Kapazitäten müssen die technischen Voraussetzungen für die Ausgestaltung der einzelnen Unterabteilungen modellspezifisch festgelegt werden, wobei eine Anpassung der technischen Auslegung an eine verringerte Auslastung bei 33%iger Beschäftigung erfolgt. Die zu tätigenden Investitionen für die Grundversion betragen 10,6 Mio. DM in Modell 1 und 40,3 Mio. DM in Modell 4. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Rohstoffeinsatzmenge ergeben sich hieraus spezifische Investitionen, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße erheblich sinken: Machen sie im Modell 1 noch 215,6 Tsd. DM/1 Mio. kg jährlicher Rohstoffeinsatzmenge aus, so verringern sie sich im Modell 4 auf 135,3 Tsd. DM/1 Mio. kg.
Produktspezifische Investitionen und Faktormengenverbräuche führen zu den Einzelkosten des Produktes Gouda, die je nach Modellgröße und Beschäftigungsgrad zwischen 510,8 und 538,5 Pf/kg Käse liegen. Die Gesamtkosten der “Schnittkäserei”, die sich aus den Einzelkosten des Produktes Gouda und den Einzelkosten der Abteilung zusammensetzen, betragen 530,9 bis 654,3 Pf/kg Käse. Den größten Anteil an den Gesamtkosten haben die Rohstoffkosten (73 bis 90%). Der Anteil der Anlagekosten schwankt je nach Beschäftigung zwischen 4 und 18%, während die Personal- und sonstige Betriebskosten im Vergleich zu den beiden vorgenannten Kostenartengruppen in allen Modellen nur eine geringere Bedeutung haben. Betrachtet man die Gesamtkosten (ohne Rohstoffkosten) hinsichtlich ihrer Entstehung in den Unterabteilungen, so ist festzustellen, daß die höchsten Kosten in der Unterabteilung Bruchbereitung und Pressen anfallen: Bei einer 100%igen Beschäftigung betragen sie z.B. in Modell 3 42% der Gesamtkosten (ohne Rohstoff). Die geringsten Kosten (2%) fallen dagegen in der Unterabteilung Versandkühlraum und Expedition an. Die Kostenanalyse zeigt deutlich, daß mit zunehmender Modellgröße und steigender Produktionsmenge erhebliche Stückkostendegressionen zu erzielen sind, wobei der Einfluß des Beschäftigungsgrades auf die Kostendegression deutlich höher ist als derjenige der Modellgröße.
Die Kosten der Modellabteilung „Joghurt“ am Beispiel der Herstellung von Rührjoghurt mit Früchten
(2000)
Mit der Analyse des Kostenverlaufs in der Abteilung "Joghurt" wird die Aktualisierung der Modellabteilungsrechnung fortgeführt. In drei Unterabteilungen - Joghurtbereitung, Abfüllung, Lager - wird untersucht, welche Kosten bei der Herstellung von Rührjoghurt mit Früchten, abgefüllt in 150-g-Kunststoffbechern, nach ihrer Verursachung auf Abteilungsebene entstehen. Die Bestimmung der Abteilungs- und Stückkosten erfolgt in drei Modellgrößen, deren Kapazitäten entsprechend der Leistung der Abfülllinie 27.900 und 167.400 Becher/Stunde ausgelegt sind. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 20 und 100% simuliert wird, lassen sich Kosten für 138,2 Mio. bis 829,3 Mio. Becher/Jahr ermitteln, die Produktionsmengen von rd. 20.800 t bis 124.700 t Joghurt entsprechen. Die in Ansatz gebrachten Investitionen betragen im Modell 1 12 Mio. DM und erhöhen sich im Modell 3 auf 43,4 Mio. DM. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge ergeben sich aus den Investitionssummen spezifische Investitionen, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 87 DM auf 52 DM/1000 Becher abfallen. Bei einer Beschäftigung von 100% mit 250 Produktionstagen im Jahr errechnen sich modellspezifische Gesamtkosten in Höhe von 27,57 Pf im ModelH, 25,66 Pf im Modell 2 und 24,78 Pf im Modell 3 je Becher Fruchtjoghurt. Kostenanalysen bei einem Beschäftigungsgrad von 60% mit 250 Produktionstagen im Jahr zeigen, dass die modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten zu 45% von den Kosten für Hilfs-und Zusatzstoffe bestimmt werden. 22-24% entfallen auf die Verpackungsmaterialkosten, 20-23% auf die Rohstoffkosten, und mit 5-8% sind die Anlagekosten an den modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten beteiligt. Die Kosten für Energie und Betriebsstoffe sowie Personal werden je nach Modellgröße mit einem Anteil von 1-3% an den Gesamtkosten ausgewiesen. Der Kostenanalyse ist zu entnehmen, dass mit zunehmender Modellgröße und steigender Produktionsmenge Stückkostendegressionen zu erzielen sind, wobei der Einfluss des Beschäftigungsgrades auf die Kostendegression höher ist als derjenige der Modellgröße. Unter dem Einfluss von Kapazitätsauslastung und Kapazitätsgröße lassen sich nur im Bereich bis zu 100 Mio. Becher/Jahr starke Kostendegressionseffekte erzielen, die durch Simulationsrechnungen für verschiedene Variationen von Beschäftigungen belegt werden.
Mit der Analyse des Kostenverlaufes in der Abteilung „Milchtrocknung“ wird die Aktualisierung der Modellabteilungsrechnung fortgeführt. In fünf Unterabteilungen - Vorstapelung, Eindampfung, Trocknung, Absackung und Lager - wird verursachungsgerecht untersucht, welche Kosten bei der Herstellung von Sprühmagermilchpulver, abgefüllt in 25-kg-Säcken, auf Abteilungsebene entstehen. Die Bestimmung der Abteilungs- und Stückkosten erfolgt in drei Modellgrößen, deren Kapazitäten entsprechend der Leistung des Verdampfers für Verarbeitungsmengen zwischen 10.800 und 55.000 kg Magermilch/Stunde ausgelegt sind. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 15 und 100 % simuliert wird, lassen sich Kosten für Produktionsmengen zwischen 1.000 und 35.300 t Magermilchpulver/Jahr ermitteln. Die in Ansatz gebrachten Investitionen betragen im Modell 1 8,1 Mio. DM, die sich im Modell 3 auf 20,3 Mio. DM erhöhen. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge ergeben sich aus den Investitionssummen spezifische Investitionen, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 1.177 DM auf 576 DM/t Magermilchpulver abfallen. Bei einer Beschäftigung von 100 % mit 340 Produktionstagen im Jahr errechnen sich in den Modellkalkulationen modellspezifische Gesamtkosten in Höhe von 371,28 Pf im Modell 1,358,74 Pf im Modell 2 und 351,06 Pf im Modell 3 je kg Magermilchpulver. Kostenanalysen bei einem Beschäftigungsgrad von 80 % mit 280 Produktionstagen im Jahr zeigen, daß die modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten zu 86 % (Modell 1) bis 92 % (Modell 3) von den Rohstoffkosten bestimmt werden. 3 - 6 % entfallen auf die Anlagekosten, 1 - 3 % auf die Personalkosten, und mit 4 % sind die Kosten für Energie und Betriebsstoffe an den modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten beteiligt. Die Verpackungskosten werden in allen Modellen mit einem Anteil von 1 % an den Gesamtkosten ausgewiesen. Unter dem Einfluß von Kapazitätsauslastung und Kapazitätsgröße lassen sich auffallende Kostendegressionseffekte erzielen, die durch Simulationsrechnungen für verschiedene Variationen von Beschäftigungen, Produktionstagen und -Zeiten belegt werden. Die Kostenanalyse zeigt deutlich, daß mit zunehmender Modellgröße und steigender Produktionsmenge erhebliche Stückkostendegressionen zu erzielen sind, wobei der Einfluß des Beschäftigungsgrades auf die Kostendesgression merklich höher ist als derjenige der Modellgröße.
In dem vorliegenden 1. Teil der Arbeit werden die Grundlagen und der spezifische Faktoreinsatz der Modellabteilung „Schnittkäserei” dargestellt.
In den sechs Unterabteilungen Vorstapelung, Bruchbereitung und Pressen, Salzbad, Käsebehandlung und Reifungslager, Abpackung sowie Versandkühlraum und Expedition wird ein rindengereifter Gouda-Käse (12-kg-Laib) hergestellt und hin sichtlich seiner Kostenverursachung untersucht. Zur Bestimmung der Modellkosten wurden vier Modelle gebildet, deren Kapazitäten in der Kesselmilchverarbeitung zwischen 8.000 und 48.000 l/h liegen. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 21 und 100% simuliert wurde, können so die Kosten für Käsemengen zwischen rd. 5.100 und 30.800 l Käse/Jahr bestimmt werden.
Gemäß den vorgegebenen Kapazitäten müssen die technischen Voraussetzungen für die Ausgestaltung der einzelnen Unterabteilungen modellspezifisch festgelegt werden, wobei eine Anpassung der technischen Auslegung an eine verringerte Auslastung bei 33%iger Beschäftigung erfolgt.
Diese Arbeit wird fortgesetzt mit dem Teil 2 „Ergebnisse und Interpretation der Modellkalkulationen” in Heft 3 (1993) dieser Zeitschrift.
In dem vorliegenden Teil 1 der Arbeit werden die Grundlagen und die Rohstoffmengenrechnung zur Ermittlung der Modellkosten in der Abteilung Weichkäserei dargestellt. In sechs Unterabteilungen - Vorstapelung, Bruchbereitung und Portionierung, Umhorden/Salzen, Reifung, Abpackung, Fertiglager - werden aus der Produktgruppe Weichkäse die Sorten Camembert 30 und 60 % F.i.Tr. sowie Brie 45 % F.i.Tr. mit unterschiedlichen Stückgewichten hergestellt und diese hinsichtlich ihrer Kostenverursachung untersucht. Zur Kalkulation der Modellkosten werden 4 Modelle gebildet, deren Verarbeitungskapazität an Kesselmilch zwischen 8.000 und 30.000 l/h liegen. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 15 % und 100 % simuliert wurde, können so Kosten für Käsemengen zwischen rd. 700 und 17.0001 Käse/Jahr bestimmt werden. Da der Rohstoff Milch im kostenrechnerischen Ansatz als der wichtigste Kostenfaktor gilt, wird der verursachungsgerechten Rohstoffverbrauchsbestimmung in diesem Teil ein gesondertes Kapitel gewidmet. Die Arbeit wird mit dem Teil 2 ''Modellspezifischer Faktoreinsatz'' fortgesetzt, dem abschließend der Teil 3 "Ergebnisse und Interpretation der Modellkalkulation" folgt.
Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit bilden gemäß den allgemeinen technischen Prozeßbedingungen die maschinellen und baulichen Ausrüstungen der vier Modelle, deren Investitionsbeträge, Nutzungsdauer und Instandhaltungsquote unterabteilungsweise dargestellt sind, den Ausgangspunkt dieses Themenbereiches. Eine Anpassung der technischen Auslegung an eine verringerte Auslastung erfolgte bei einer 65%igen und 33%igen Beschäftigung. Die zu tätigenden Investitionen für die Grundversion (100 % Beschäftigung) betragen im Modell 1 25,0 Mio. DM und im Modell 4 54,5 Mio. DM. Die Mengenverbräuche der Produktionsfaktoren Rohstoff, Personal, Energie, Betriebs- und Hilfsstoffe sowie Reparaturen sind von den spezifischen Modellausstattungen abgeleitet. Es ergeben sich Faktoreinsatzmengen, die mengenproportional auftreten und den Produkten zugeordnet sind, sowie periodenabhängige fixe Verbrauche, die der Abteilung angelastet werden. Anhand einer ausgewählten Beschäftigungssituation, die einem 2-Schichtbetrieb bei 250 Produktionstagen entspricht, wird aufgezeigt, wie sich die auf Abteilungsebene aggregierten Faktoreinsatzmengen in Abhängigkeit von der Modellgröße gestalten. So ergibt sich z.B. im Bereich des Produktionsfaktors Personal, daß für das Modell 1 eine Beschäftigungszahl an Arbeitskräften von 25 und im Modell 4 von 40 vorgesehen ist.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit, deren erster und zweiter Teil in den vorangegangenen Heften dieser Zeitschrift veröffentlicht wurden, werden die Kosten der “Weichkäserei” am Beispiel der Herstellung von Camembert- und Brie-Käse modellhaft bestimmt. Damit werden die im Jahr 1970 in gleicher Zeitschrift (Heft 5, Band 22) veröffentlichten Analysen der Produktionskosten in Camembertkäsereien hinsichtlich der Funktionsinhalte ausgedehnt und dem neuesten Stand der Technik sowie heutigen Produktionsstrukturen im Weichkäsesektor angepaßt. Gleichzeitig sind die generell für alle Modellabteilungen geltenden methodischen Weiterentwicklungen (2) in den Kalkulationen berücksichtigt worden. In den sechs Unterabteilungen Vorstapelung, Bruchbereitung/Portionierung, Umhorden/Salzen, Reifung, Abpackung und Fertiglager werden aus der Produktgruppe Weichkäse die Sorten Camembert mit 30 und 60 % F.i.Tr. sowie Brie mit 45 % F.i.Tr. in unterschiedlichen Stückgrößen hergestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Kostenverursachung untersucht. Zur Bestimmung der Modellkosten wurden vier Modelle gebildet, deren Kapazitäten in der Kesselmilchverarbeitung zwischen 8.000 und 30.000 l/h liegen. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 15 und 100 % simuliert wurde, können so die Kosten für Käsemengen zwischen rd. 700-17.0001 Käse/Jahr bestimmt werden.Nach den vorgegebenen Kapazitäten sind die technischen Voraussetzungen der einzelnen Unterabteilungen modellspezifisch festgelegt worden, wobei die technische Auslegung an eine verringerte Auslastung bei 65 und 33%iger Beschäftigung angepaßt wurde. Die zu tätigenden Investitionen für die Grundversion betragen 25,0 Mio DM im Modell 1 und 54,5 Mio DM im Modell 4. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge an Käse ergeben sich hieraus spezifische Investitionen, die sich mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 5.125 auf 3.205 DM/t jährliche Käsemenge erheblich senken. Produktspezifische Investitionen und Faktormengenverbräuche führen zu den Einzelkosten der ausgewählten Weichkäseprodukte, die z.B. für den Camembert mit 60 % F.i.Tr. je nach Modellgrößeund Beschäftigungsgrad zwischen 500,7 Pf/kg und 620,2 Pf/kg Käse liegen. Die Gesamtkosten der Abteilung “Weichkäserei”, die sich aus den Einzelkosten der Produkte und den Einzelkosten der Abteilung zusammensetzen, betragen im größten Modell bei 100%iger Beschäftigung 522,1 Pf/kg Käse, die sich im kleinsten Modell bei nur 15%iger Beschäftigung auf 1.027,6 Pf/kg Käse erhöhen. Bei einem Beschäftigungsgrad von 65 %, dem die Produktionsmenge eines 2-Schichtbetriebes zugeordnet ist, entfallen von den Gesamtkosten der Abteilung je nach Modellgröße 62-72 % auf die Rohstoffkosten, 14-20 % auf die Anlagekosten und 4-7 % auf die Personalkosten, während die übrigen Kostenartengruppen nur von geringerer Bedeutung sind. Betrachtet man die Gesamtkosten (ohne Rohstoffkosten) hinsichtlich ihrer Entstehung in den Unterabteilungen, so ist festzustellen, daß die Unterabteilungen Bruchbereitung/Portionierung sowie Abpackung die höchsten Kosten verursachen. Für einen Beschäftigungsgrad von 65 % betragen die Kosten in den Unterabteilungen Bruchbereitung/Portionierung im Modell 1 85,8 Pf/kg, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße auf 45,9 Pf/kg im Modell 4 zurückgehen. Die Kosten für die Abpackung liegen im Modell 1 bei 76,2 Pf/kg, während sie im Modell 4 nur noch 58,3 Pf/kg betragen. Die geringsten Kosten verursacht die Unterabteilung Fertiglager mit 2,6 Pf/kg im kleinsten und 1,5 Pf/kg im größten Modell bei 65%iger Beschäftigung. Die Ergebnisse der Modellabteilungsrechnung lassen erkennen, daß mit zunehmender Kapazitätsgröße und ansteigendem Beschäftigungsgrad erhebliche Stückkostendegressionen zu erreichen sind, die bei betriebsindividuellen oder branchenbedingten Entscheidungen genutzt werden sollten. So empfiehlt es sich, daß auf eine dem Markt angepaßte Produktion auch eine auf die geplante Tagesproduktionsmenge angepaßte Ausstattung der Abteilung folgt, da sich, wie in den Modellkostenkurven bei 65 und 33 % Beschäftigung dargestellt, die Kosten sprunghaft senken können. Kostendegressionseffekte werden auch erreicht, wenn durch Spezialisierung der Stückkäse-Produktion die Vielfalt der Formatgrößen eingeschränkt werden kann. Das höchste Kosteneinsparungspotential ist aber durch Strukturveränderungen im Weichkäsesektor zu erwarten, die, wie an zwei Beispielen erläutert, der Branche langfristige Kosteneinsparungen von rd.25 bzw. 95 Mio DM/Jahr ermöglichen können.
Dienstleisters Vollzugmelder
(1989)
Für Produktionslogistiker ist der Leitstand bereits ein Selbstverständnis. Er verschafft Übersicht, ermöglicht gezieltes Eingreifen und hilft Termine halten. Das Steuern komplexer Abläufe ist in der Produktion ohne Leitstand kaum mehr denkbar. Im folgenden Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, was Dienstleister vom Leitstand erhoffen können.
As part of the European Network for Optimization of Veterinary Antimicrobial Treatment (ENOVAT), a webinar on the topic “Mastitis Treatment in Lactation” was held, in which eight mastitis experts from different European countries (Spain, The Netherlands, Estonia, Ireland, Poland, Finland, Germany, and Italy) presented their treatment approaches for clinical mastitis in lactation. The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic approaches to identify commonalities and differences. In all eight participating countries, the decision to start treatment is usually made by the veterinarians, while the farm personnel are responsible for treatment administration. Antibiotic treatment is then typically administered intramammarily. The treatment duration often depends on the label instructions and is frequently extended if Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus uberis is involved. Administering supportive therapy, especially non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is an established practice in all countries. Penicillin is the first-choice drug for the treatment of mastitis in an increasing number of countries. The use of critically important antimicrobials (CIAs) such as quinolones and third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins is at a low level in Finland and The Netherlands. In Estonia, Germany, Italy, and Spain, the use of CIAs is declining and is only allowed if milk samples are analyzed in advance following the legal framework. Systems for monitoring antibiotic use are being introduced in more and more countries. This exchange of different views will help the European countries to move towards a common high standard of antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary medicine.
Die Flexibilitätsanforderungen des Marktes werden zu einer Dezentralisierung von Unternehmensbereichen führen. Eigenständigen, teilautonomen Einheiten gehört die Zukunft. Diese Entwicklung hat für die PPS eine erhöhte Informationsdichte zur Folge, auf die mit individuellen Feinsteuerungskonzepten und zusätzlichen Steuerungsparametern reagiert werden muss. Die Art und Weise der Datenverarbeitung ist dementsprechend zu modifizieren.
This study is concerned with the early stages of hydrogen embrittlement on an atomistic scale. We employed density functional theory to investigate hydrogen diffusion through the (100), (110) and (111) surfaces of γ-Fe. The preferred adsorption sites and respective energies for hydrogen adsorption were established for each plane, as well as a minimum energy pathway for diffusion. The H atoms adsorb on the (100), (110) and (111) surfaces with energies of ∼4.06 eV, ∼3.92 eV and ∼4.05 eV, respectively. The barriers for bulk-like diffusion for the (100), (110) and (111) surfaces are ∼0.6 eV, ∼0.5 eV and ∼0.7 eV, respectively. We compared these calculated barriers with previously obtained experimental data in an Arrhenius plot, which indicates good agreement between experimentally measured and theoretically predicted activation energies. Texturing austenitic steels such that the (111) surfaces of grains are preferentially exposed at the cleavage planes may be a possibility to reduce hydrogen embrittlement.
»Digital(isiert)e« Beratung verspricht neben Innovation auch Flexibilität, Ubiquität, Globalität, Geschwindigkeit und Legitimität durch evidenzbasierte Wirksamkeit. Für eine sozialwissenschaftlich fundierte arbeitsweltliche Beratung wie Coaching und Supervision ist danach zu fragen, welches Menschen- und Weltbild sich hinter der Digitalisierung verbirgt und welche Anliegen sie transportiert. Dazu wird mit den Theorien Michel Foucaults der gegenwärtige Diskurs auf Steuerungslogiken und Machtverhältnisse hin kritisch analysiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Digitalisierung das »Zeitalter der Gouvernementalität« (Foucault) festigt: Humanistisch geprägte Werte und Ziele wie Reflexion, Anerkennung und Selbsterkenntnis treten in den Hintergrund, während die Nutzbarmachung und Optimierung des Selbst sowie des Beratungsprozesses wichtiger werden: Beratung will und muss effizienzgetrieben ihre Wirksamkeit evidenzbasiert legitimieren, und Digitalisierung erleichtert dies.
Powder bed-based additive manufacturing processes offer an extended freedom in design and enable the processing of metals, ceramics, and polymers with a high level of relative density. The latter is a prevalent measure of process and component quality, which depends on various input variables. A key point in this context is the condition of powder beds. To enhance comprehension of their particle-level formation and facilitate process optimization, simulations based on the Discrete Element Method are increasingly employed in research. To generate qualitatively as well as quantitatively reliable simulation results, an adaptation of the contact model parameterization is necessary. However, current adaptation methods often require the implementation of models that significantly increase computational effort, therefore limiting their applicability. To counteract this obstacle, a sophisticated formula-based adaptation and evaluation method is presented in this research. Additionally, the developed method enables accelerated parameter determination with limited experimental effort. Thus, it represents an integrative component, which supports further research efforts based on the Discrete Element Method by significantly reducing the parameterization effort. The universal nature of deducting this method also allows its adaptation to similar parameterization problems and its implementation in other fields of research.
Coaxial Laser wire Direct Energy Deposition (L-DED) promises a direction-independent buildup due to a centric supply of the welding material. To fabricate Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), a processing head was designed that is capable of supplying two wire materials into the processing zone. This study investigates the direction dependency of welding seams produced by two 1.4718 metal wires with a diameter of 0.8 mm in a coaxial laser setup using three separately controllable single laser beams with a maximum combined laser power of 660 W. The welding wires are supplied simultaneously to the laser spot under an incidence angle of 3.5° to the middle axis of the processing head. The seam geometry is investigated using a confocal laserscanning-microscope. A comparison of the height, width and macroscopic seam geometry reveals the influence of the welding direction on the seam geometry and quality in Laser Double wire Direct Energy Deposition (LD-DED).
Objective: To determine the distribution of symptoms of post-stroke depression (PSD) in relation to some predisposing factors in an African population.
Relevance: Environment is a key determinant of behavior, and varied socio-cultural contexts must have implications for modifiable characteristics (age, duration of the stroke, marital status, type of employment, gender, the location of cerebral lesion and complications) of individuals vulnerable to PSD, which may be targeted to enhance recovery.
Method: This was a cross-sectional observational study of 50 (22 females and 28 males) stroke survivors (mean age=54.76±8.79 years), at the physiotherapy department, the University of Nigeria teaching hospital, Enugu, selected using convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using Becks Depression Inventory and analyzed using Z-score, Chi-square test and univariate logistic regression, at p<0.05.
Results: PSD was more prevalent in females (45.45%); young(100%); middle-age(60%) adults(27-36/47-56 years respectively); living with spouse (45%); left cerebral lesions (40.74%); complications(45%); cold case >3 years(47.05%); self-employed and unemployed (66.67%), respectively. Age was significantly associated with depression (χ2 =4.92,df=1,p=0.03), and was related to the risk of PSD (3.7[1.1-12.0], p=0.03, φ = +0.31, φ2=0.1).
Conclusion: Age could be a risk factor for PSD, which was more prevalent in the elderly than young/middle-age adults, female gender, left cerebral lesion, complications, cold case; those living with a spouse, self-employed and unemployed.
Diversity wird vielerorts als Querschnittsaufgabe erfolgreich in die Organisationsentwicklung von Hochschulen integriert. Aus der Perspektive einer mittelgroßen Hochschule sollen die Hürden dabei näher betrachtet werden. Implementierte Maßnahmen einer diversity-reflexiven und habitussensiblen Lehre für die heterogenen Studierenden eines ingenieurswissenschaftlichen Studiengangs werden analysiert und Reaktionen auf den Versuch eines Kulturwandels eingefangen. Dabei wird hinterfragt, wie nachhaltig ein solches Vorgehen sein kann. Mit qualitativem Material wird dabei die Perspektive der bisher in den Hochschulen unterrepräsentierten Studierenden eingeholt.
Background: Physician-rating websites have become a popular tool to create more transparency about the quality of health care providers. So far, it remains unknown whether online-based rating websites have the potential to contribute to a better standard of care. Objective: Our goal was to examine which health care providers use online rating websites and for what purposes, and whether health care providers use online patient ratings to improve patient care. Methods: We conducted an online-based cross-sectional study by surveying 2360 physicians and other health care providers (September 2015). In addition to descriptive statistics, we performed multilevel logistic regression models to ascertain the effects of providers' demographics as well as report card-related variables on the likelihood that providers implement measures to improve patient care. Results: Overall, more than half of the responding providers surveyed (54.66%, 1290/2360) used online ratings to derive measures to improve patient care (implemented measures: mean 3.06, SD 2.29). Ophthalmologists (68%, 40/59) and gynecologists (65.4%, 123/188) were most likely to implement any measures. The most widely implemented quality measures were related to communication with patients (28.77%, 679/2360), the appointment scheduling process (23.60%, 557/2360), and office workflow (21.23%, 501/2360). Scaled-survey results had a greater impact on deriving measures than narrative comments. Multilevel logistic regression models revealed medical specialty, the frequency of report card use, and the appraisal of the trustworthiness of scaled-survey ratings to be significantly associated predictors for implementing measures to improve patient care because of online ratings. Conclusions: Our results suggest that online ratings displayed on physician-rating websites have an impact on patient care. Despite the limitations of our study and unintended consequences of physician-rating websites, they still may have the potential to improve patient care.
Background:
The increase in food intolerances poses a burgeoning problem in our society. Food intolerances not only lead to physical impairment of the individual patient but also result in a high socio-economic burden due to factors such as the treatment required as well as absenteeism. The present study aimed to explore whether lactose intolerant (LI) patients exhibit more frequent comorbidities than non-LI patients.
Methods:
The study was conducted on a case-control basis and the results were determined using routine data analysis. Routine data from the IMS Disease Analyzer database were used for this purpose. A total of 6,758 data records were processed and analyzed.
Results:
There were significant correlations between LI and the incidence of osteoporosis, changes in mental status, and the presence of additional food intolerances. Comparing 3,379 LI vs. 3,379 non-LI patients, 34.5% vs. 17.7% (P<0.0001) suffered from abdominal pain; 30.6% vs. 17.2% (P<0.0001) from gastrointestinal infections; and 20.9% vs. 16.0% (P=0.0053) from depression. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were the highest for fructose intolerance (n=229 LI vs. n=7 non-LI; OR 31.06; P<0.0001), irritable bowel syndrome (n=247 LI vs. n=44 non-LI; OR 5.23; P<0.0001), and bloating (n=351 LI vs. n=68 non-LI; OR 4.94; P<0.0001).
Conclusion:
The study confirms that LI should not be regarded as an isolated illness but considered a possible trigger for further diseases. Additional research is necessary to assert more precise statements.
Background: Physician-rating websites (PRWs) may lead to quality improvements in case they enable and establish a peer-to-peer communication between patients and physicians. Yet, we know little about whether and how physicians respond on the Web to patient ratings.
Objective: The objective of this study was to describe trends in physicians’ Web-based responses to patient ratings over time, to identify what physician characteristics influence Web-based responses, and to examine the topics physicians are likely to respond to.
Methods: We analyzed physician responses to more than 1 million patient ratings displayed on the German PRW, jameda, from 2010 to 2015. Quantitative analysis contained chi-square analyses and the Mann-Whitney U test. Quantitative content techniques were applied to determine the topics physicians respond to based on a randomly selected sample of 600 Web-based ratings and corresponding physician responses.
Results: Overall, physicians responded to 1.58% (16,640/1,052,347) of all Web-based ratings, with an increasing trend over time from 0.70% (157/22,355) in 2010 to 1.88% (6377/339,919) in 2015. Web-based ratings that were responded to had significantly worse rating results than ratings that were not responded to (2.15 vs 1.74, P<.001). Physicians who respond on the Web to patient ratings differ significantly from nonresponders regarding several characteristics such as gender and patient recommendation results (P<.001 each). Regarding scaled-survey rating elements, physicians were most likely to respond to the waiting time within the practice (19.4%, 99/509) and the time spent with the patient (18.3%, 110/600). Almost one-third of topics in narrative comments were answered by the physicians (30.66%, 382/1246).
Conclusions: So far, only a minority of physicians have taken the chance to respond on the Web to patient ratings. This is likely because of (1) the low awareness of PRWs among physicians, (2) the fact that only a few PRWs enable physicians to respond on the Web to patient ratings, and (3) the lack of an active moderator to establish peer-to-peer communication. PRW providers should foster more frequent communication between the patient and the physician and encourage physicians to respond on the Web to patient ratings. Further research is needed to learn more about the motivation of physicians to respond or not respond to Web-based patient ratings.
The aim of this study was to define the time-related period of intramammary infections and its relation to risk factors for intramammary infections and clinical mastitis at cow and quarter levels. In total, 269 German Holstein Frisian dairy cows on three farms in Northern and Eastern Germany were included in this study. Quarter milk samples were collected at dry-off, 3 ± 1 days after calving and 17 ± 3 days after calving, for cytomicrobiological examination. Risk factors at quarter- and cow-level associated with intramammary infections and clinical mastitis were recorded during the trial period. Data were analyzed using logistic regression procedures and odds ratios were calculated. Calving for the second time increased the odds of clinical mastitis during the first 100 days of lactation compared to cows calving for the third time or more. A high milk yield after calving was a risk factor for new infections, with environmental pathogens 17 ± 3 days postpartum. A body condition score after calving less than 3.5 was associated with a decreased risk of having an intra-mammary infection (IMI) with non-aureus staphylococci and coryneforms 3 ± 1 days postpartum and consistent body condition between dry-off and early lactation decreased the risk of intramammary infections after calving. The absence of a ring of hyperkeratosis at the teat apex shown at dry-off was associated with a lower risk of intramammary infections with environmental pathogens 17 ± 3 days postpartum. This study shows the important influence of the dry period and early lactation on intramammary infections and clinical mastitis postpartum in dairy cows. Udder quarters may have eliminated pathogens during the dry period in 43.6% of cases in this study. Additionally, new infections occurred during early lactation, so 5.1% more quarters were infected 17 ± 3 days compared to 3 ± 1 days postpartum. New infections can be traced to non-aureus staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus from dry-off up until 3 ± 1 days postpartum, and to non-aureus staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis, after calving. In total, 88.7% of the infected quarters showed new infections with another pathogen species 3 ± 1 days postpartum than at dry-off, and 89.2% of the quarters 17 ± 3 days postpartum than 3 ± 1 days postpartum. In conclusion, the early lactation has just as important an influence on intramammary infections postpartum in dairy cows as the dry period. There is the possibility that udder quarters eliminate pathogens during the early lactation, especially during the dry period. However, there is also the danger that new infections manifest, with a large proportion of new infections occurring after calving. Thus, additional control strategies are of great importance to prevent new infections occurring during early lactation as well as during the dry period to reduce negative effects on milk yield and culling hazards in dairy cows by minimizing the associated risk factors
Objective
Cyberknife robotic radiosurgery (RRS) provides single-session high-dose radiotherapy of brain tumors with a steep dose gradient and precise real-time image-guided motion correction. Although RRS appears to cause more radiation necrosis (RN), the radiometabolic changes after RRS have not been fully clarified. 18F-FET-PET/CT is used to differentiate recurrent tumor (RT) from RN after radiosurgery when MRI findings are indecisive. We explored the usefulness of dynamic parameters derived from 18F-FET PET in differentiating RT from RN after Cyberknife treatment in a single-center study population.
Methods
We retrospectively identified brain tumor patients with static and dynamic 18F-FET-PET/CT for suspected RN after Cyberknife. Static (tumor-to-background ratio) and dynamic PET parameters (time-activity curve, time-to-peak) were quantified. Analyses were performed for all lesions taken together (TOTAL) and for brain metastases only (METS). Diagnostic accuracy of PET parameters (using mean tumor-to-background ratio >1.95 and time-to-peak of 20 min for RT as cut-offs) and their respective improvement of diagnostic probability were analyzed.
Results
Fourteen patients with 28 brain tumors were included in quantitative analysis. Time-activity curves alone provided the highest sensitivities (TOTAL: 95%, METS: 100%) at the cost of specificity (TOTAL: 50%, METS: 57%). Combined mean tumor-to-background ratio and time-activity curve had the highest specificities (TOTAL: 63%, METS: 71%) and led to the highest increase in diagnosis probability of up to 16% p. – versus 5% p. when only static parameters were used.
Conclusions
This preliminary study shows that combined dynamic and static 18F-FET PET/CT parameters can be used in differentiating RT from RN after RRS.
The optimization of lubricated sealing systems with respect to the stick-slip effect requires a friction model that describes the complex friction behavior in the lubricated contact area. This paper presents an efficient dynamic friction model based on the Stribeck curve, which allows to investigate the influencing parameters through finite element (FE) simulations. The simulation of a tribometer test using this friction model proofs that the model correlates well with the tribometer test results. It is shown that the system stiffness has a significant influence on the stick-slip tendency of the system.
Recent progress that has been made towards understanding the dynamics of collisions at the gas–liquid interface is summarized briefly. We describe in this context a promising new approach to the experimental study of gas–liquid interfacial reactions that we have introduced. This is based on laser-photolytic production of reactive gas-phase atoms above the liquid surface and laser-spectroscopic probing of the resulting nascent products. This technique is illustrated for reaction of O(³P) atoms at the surface of the long-chain liquid hydrocarbon squalane (2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane). Laser-induced fluorescence detection of the nascent OH has revealed mechanistically diagnostic correlations between its internal and translational energy distributions. Vibrationally excited OH molecules are able to escape the surface. At least two contributions to the product rotational distributions are identified, confirming and extending previous hypotheses of the participation of both direct and trapping-desorption mechanisms. We speculate briefly on future experimental and theoretical developments that might be necessary to address the many currently unanswered mechanistic questions for this, and other, classes of gas–liquid interfacial reaction.
We describe an experimental approach to the determination of the nascent internal state distribution of gas-phase products of a gas–liquid interfacial reaction. The system chosen for study is O(³P) atoms with the surface of liquid deuterated squalane, a partially branched long-chain saturated hydrocarbon, C₃₀D₆₂. The nascent OD products are detected by laser-induced fluorescence. Both OD (v′=0) and (v′=1) were observed in significant yield. The rotational distributions in both vibrational levels are essentially the same, and are characteristic of a Boltzmann distribution at a temperature close to that of the liquid surface. This contrasts with the distributions in the corresponding homogeneous gas-phase reactions. We propose a preliminary interpretation in terms of a dominant trapping-desorption mechanism, in which the OD molecules are retained at the surface sufficiently long to cause rotational equilibration but not complete vibrational relaxation. The significant yield of vibrationally excited OD also suggests that the surface is not composed entirely of –CD₃ endgroups, but that secondary and/or tertiary units along the backbone are exposed.
Am 26.11.2014, fast auf den Tag genau ein Jahr nach seinem Tod, fand in Hannover, in den Räumen der Werk-statt-Schule e.V. Hannover ein Symposium zum Gedenken an Arnulf Bojanowski statt. Dieses Editorial der bwp@-Spezialausgabe umreißt Bojanowskis Wirken und fasst die in dieser Ausgabe enthaltenen Beiträge zusammen.
Antimicrobials are widely used to cure intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy cows during the dry period (DP). Nevertheless, the IMI cure is influenced by many factors and not all quarters benefit from antimicrobial dry cow treatment (DCT). To evaluate the true effect of antibiotic DCT compared to self-cure and the role of causative pathogens on the IMI cure, a retrospective cross-sectional study was performed. The analysis included 2987 quarters infected at dry-off (DO). Information on DCT, causative pathogens, somatic cell count, milk yield, amount of lactation, Body Condition Score, and season and year of DO were combined into categorical variables. A generalized linear mixed model with a random cow, farm and year effect and the binary outcome of bacteriological cure of IMI during the DP was conducted. In the final model, a significant effect (p < 0.05) on DP cure was seen for the DO season and the category of causative pathogens (categories being: Staphylococcus aureus, non-aureus staphylococci, streptococci, coliforms, ‘other Gram-negative bacteria’, ‘other Gram positive bacteria’, non-bacterial infections and mixed infections), while antibiotic DCT (vs. non-antibiotic DCT) only showed a significant effect in combination with the pathogen categories streptococci and ‘other Gram-positive bacteria’.
Lack of knowledge regarding antibiotics use has been widely identified as a main reason for inappropriate antibiotics use which leads to antibiotic resistance phenomenon. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pharmacist-initiated educational intervention on promoting appropriate use of antibiotics and reducing self-medication with antibiotics. A pre and post intervention study using two validated self-administered questionnaires was performed in Yogyakarta province. A-two hour session of course and case discussion was delivered as method of intervention. Pharmacy customers attended Gema Cermat program were invited conveniently to complete both of pre- and post-educational questionnaires. Descriptive presentation was conducted to show scores on questions. Knowledge scores were categorized as poor, adequate and high. Of 268 respondents, 34.22% respondents had poor level of knowledge before receiving educational intervention, but this number decreased into 12.21% after post-interventional phase. Another 28.23% respondents had adequate level of knowledge before and then elevated into 38.28% after receiving education about appropriate use of antibiotics. Pre-education, 37.43% participants had a high level of knowledge about antibiotics use and resistance, whereas after education the number became slightly higher (49.25%). A vast majority of respondents (75.24%) became more aware about appropriate antibiotics practice after receiving educational inter- vention. Overall, didactic educational intervention imposed higher knowledge and better practice regarding antibiotics use (p < 0.05). This study showed that using didactical education intervention towards antibiotics use and resistance can be an initial strategy that led to substantial improvement of appropriate antibiotics use. Further systemic interventions to educate people should be performed and evaluated in order to promote the appropriate use of antibiotics.
Background: Mobile text reminder (SMS) system is considered a viable strategy for targeting/facilitating healthy behavioural change including adherence to prescribed physical exercises (PE) and medication (antiretroviral therapy-ART) which should improve the quality of life (Qol) in people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA). Thus, the literature was appraised for evidence of SMS effectiveness in improving ART and PE adherence behaviours and QoL in PLWHA.
Methods: Eight databases–AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, EMCARE, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PubMed-were searched up to December 2020, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol.This review included only randomised control trials (RCTs) investigating the effectiveness of SMS in improving QoL or PE or ART adherence behaviour or a combination of these variables in PLWHA >18 years.
Two independent reviewers determined the eligibility of the studies. Data were extracted and the quality of the study was assessed with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) tool. The primary outcomes were ART and PE adherence behaviours while the secondary outcome was QoL.
Result: A pooled estimate of effect was not calculated due to the heterogeneity of methods and outcome measures.
Therefore, a narrative synthesis of ten studies that met the inclusion criteria (n = 1621 participants at study completion) comprising males/females, aged ≥ 18 years, was done. There was a significant improvement in ART adherence behaviour except in three underpowered studies. Only the SMS interventions that were developed using the Starks 3-steps Adherence model was associated with positive outcome. The only study that evaluated QoL was underpowered and reported no significant change while there were no RCTs on PE.
Conclusion: Effects of SMS intervention trends towards a significant improvement in ART adherence behaviour in PLWHA. It is plausible that SMS reminders developed using the broader framework of the interpersonal health behaviour theory(ies) may have positive outcome. Nevertheless, the observed heterogeneity in the methods/outcome measures warrants a cautious interpretation of the findings. There is a lack/paucity of RCTs and therefore no evidence in support of the effectiveness of SMS intervention in improving PE adherence and QoL.
Introduction:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains prevalent co-morbidity, and among fracture patients. Few studies have investigated the role of exercise interventions in preventing bone demineralization in people who have fractures and HIV. If exercise exposed, HIV-infected individuals may experience improved bone health outcomes (BMD), function, quality of life (QoL). The study will aim to assess the impact of home based exercises on bone mineral density, functional capacity, QoL, and some serological markers of health in HIV infection among Nigerians and South Africans.
Methods and design:
The study is an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. Patients managed with internal and external fixation for femoral shaft fracture at the study sites will be recruited to participate in the study. The participants will be recruited 2 weeks post-discharge at the follow-up clinic with the orthopaedic surgeon. The study population will consist of all persons with femoral fracture and HIV-positive and negative (HIV-positive medically confirmed) aged 18 to 60 years attending the above-named health facilities. For the HIV-positive participants, a documented positive HIV result, as well as a history of being followed-up at the HIV treatment and care center. A developed home based exercise programme will be implemented in the experimental group while the control group continues with the usual rehabilitation programme. The primary outcome measures will be function, gait, bone mineral density, physical activity, and QoL.
Discussion:
The proposed trial will compare the effect of a home-based physical exercise-training programme in the management of femoral fracture to the usual physiotherapy management programmes with specific outcomes of bone mineral density, function, and inflammatory markers.
Growing up in high-risk environments is detrimental to children’s development of attachment security. Parenting behavior is hypothesized to be the mechanism through which risks exert their influence. However, risk influences can vary between individuals by gender. Aim of this study was to explore specific pathways of family risk on early attachment security and additionally examine the transmission via parenting behavior. The sample consisted of 197 children and their primary caregivers. Children’s age ranged between 10 and 21 months (M = 15.25, SD = 3.59). Data assessment included 21 distal and proximal family risk factors, children’s attachment security, and parental responsivity and supportive presence. Whereas distal risk factors had an adverse effect only on girls’ attachment security, proximal risks negatively affected only boys’ attachment security. Additionally, patterns of risk factors occurring in our sample were analyzed using an exploratory principal component analysis. Regardless of the child’s gender, a low socio-economic status was negatively related to attachment security of all children. Migration and crowding and a high emotional load of the primary caregiver both negatively predicted girls’ but not boys’ attachment security. However, the attachment security of boys was affected by a negative family climate. Most of the adverse risk effects on attachment security were mediated by parental responsivity and supportive presence so that the transmission of risk occurs through parenting behavior. Results revealed a different susceptibility of family risks for girls and boys. The consideration of a gender-sensitive approach in developmental psychopathology and interventions of developmental child welfare services is recommended.
Background
In Germany, up to 50% of nursing home residents are admitted to a hospital at least once a year. It is often unclear whether this is beneficial or even harmful. Successful interprofessional collaboration and communication involving general practitioners (GPs) and nurses may improve medical care of nursing home residents. In the previous interprof study, the six-component intervention package interprof ACT was developed to facilitate collaboration of GPs and nurses in nursing homes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the interprof ACT intervention.
Methods
This multicentre, cluster randomised controlled trial compares nursing homes receiving the interprof ACT intervention package for a duration of 12 months (e.g. comprising appointment of mutual contact persons, shared goal setting, standardised GPs’ home visits) with a control group (care as usual). A total of 34 nursing homes are randomised, and overall 680 residents recruited. The intervention package is presented in a kick-off meeting to GPs, nurses, residents/relatives or their representatives. Nursing home nurses act as change agents to support local adaption and implementation of the intervention measures. Primary outcome is the cumulative incidence of hospitalisation within 12 months. Secondary outcomes include admissions to hospital, days admitted to hospital, use of other medical services, prevalence of potentially inappropriate medication and quality of life. Additionally, health economic and a mixed methods process evaluation will be performed.
Discussion
This study investigates a complex intervention tailored to local needs of nursing homes. Outcomes reflect the healthcare and health of nursing home residents, as well as the feasibility of the intervention package and its impact on interprofessional communication and collaboration. Because of its systematic development and its flexible nature, interprof ACT is expected to be viable for large-scale implementation in routine care services regardless of local organisational conditions and resources available for medical care for nursing home residents on a regular basis. Recommendations will be made for an improved organisation of primary care for nursing home residents. In addition, the results may provide important knowledge and data for the development and evaluation of further strategies to improve outpatient care for elderly care-receivers.
Background: Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) might aggravate the allergic inflammation of the lung in asthmatics.
Methods: We exposed 12 allergic asthmatics in two subgroups in a double-blinded randomized cross-over design, first to freshly generated ultrafine carbon particles (64 μg/m3; 6.1 ± 0.4 × 105 particles/cm3 for 2 h) and then to filtered air or vice versa with a 28-day recovery period in-between. Eighteen hours after each exposure, grass pollen was instilled into a lung lobe via bronchoscopy. Another 24 hours later, inflammatory cells were collected by means of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). (Trial registration: NCT00527462)
Results: For the entire study group, inhalation of UFP by itself had no significant effect on the allergen induced
inflammatory response measured with total cell count as compared to exposure with filtered air (p = 0.188). However, the subgroup of subjects, which inhaled UFP during the first exposure, exhibited a significant increase in total BAL cells (p = 0.021), eosinophils (p = 0.031) and monocytes (p = 0.013) after filtered air exposure and subsequent allergen challenge 28 days later. Additionally, the potential of BAL cells to generate oxidant radicals was
significantly elevated at that time point. The subgroup that was exposed first to filtered air and 28 days later to UFP did not reveal differences between sessions.
Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that pre-allergen exposure to UFP had no acute effect on the allergic inflammation. However, the subgroup analysis lead to the speculation that inhaled UFP particles might have a long-term effect on the inflammatory course in asthmatic patients. This should be reconfirmed in further studies with an appropriate study design and sufficient number of subjects.
The lytic efficacy of bacteriophages against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine milk was investigated in vitro, regarding possible applications in the therapy of udder inflammation caused by bacterial infections (mastitis). The host range of sequenced, lytic bacteriophages was determined against a collection of 92 Staphylococcus (S.) aureus isolates. The isolates originated from quarter foremilk samples of clinical and subclinical mastitis cases. A spot test and a subsequent plaque assay were used to determine the phage host range. According to their host range, propagation and storage properties, three phages, STA1.ST29, EB1.ST11, and EB1.ST27, were selected for preparing a bacteriophage mixture (1:1:1), which was examined for its lytic activity against S. aureus in pasteurized and raw milk. It was found that almost two thirds of the isolates could be lysed by at least one of the tested phages. The bacteriophage mixture was able to reduce the S. aureus germ density in pasteurized milk and its reduction ability was maintained in raw milk, with only a moderate decrease compared to the results in pasteurized milk. The significant reduction ability of the phage mixture in raw milk promotes further in vivo investigation.
Background: Physician-rating websites are currently gaining in popularity because they increase transparency in the health care system. However, research on the characteristics and content of these portals remains limited.
Objective: To identify and synthesize published evidence in peer-reviewed journals regarding frequently discussed issues about physician-rating websites.
Methods: Peer-reviewed English and German language literature was searched in seven databases (Medline (via PubMed), the Cochrane Library, Business Source Complete, ABI/Inform Complete, PsycInfo, Scopus, and ISI web of knowledge) without any time constraints. Additionally, reference lists of included studies were screened to assure completeness. The following eight previously defined questions were addressed: 1) What percentage of physicians has been rated? 2) What is the average number of ratings on physician-rating websites? 3) Are there any differences among rated physicians related to socioeconomic status? 4) Are ratings more likely to be positive or negative? 5) What significance do patient narratives have? 6) How should physicians deal with physician-rating websites? 7) What major shortcomings do physician-rating websites have? 8) What recommendations can be made for further improvement of physician-rating websites?
Results: Twenty-four articles published in peer-reviewed journals met our inclusion criteria. Most studies were published by US (n=13) and German (n=8) researchers; however, the focus differed considerably. The current usage of physician-rating websites is still low but is increasing. International data show that 1 out of 6 physicians has been rated, and approximately 90% of all ratings on physician-rating websites were positive. Although often a concern, we could not find any evidence of "doctor-bashing". Physicians should not ignore these websites, but rather, monitor the information available and use it for internal and ex-ternal purpose. Several shortcomings limit the significance of the results published on physician-rating websites; some recommendations to address these limitations are presented.
Conclusions: Although the number of publications is still low, physician-rating websites are gaining more attention in research. But the current condition of physician-rating websites is lacking. This is the case both in the United States and in Germany. Further research is necessary to increase the quality of the websites, especially from the patients’ perspective.
Es wird der Fall des reinen Internverkehrs zwischen endlich vielen Teilnehmern bei voller Erreichbarkeit der Verbindungswege an einem einfachen Modell behandelt. Die Verkehrsgrößen werden berechnet. Der Verlust wird nach seinen verschiedenen möglichen Entstehungsursachen spezifiziert. Die entsprechenden Verlustwahrscheinlichkeiten werden exakt berechnet. Für die numerische Berechnung werden Rekursionsformeln abgeleitet. Unter den genannten Voraussetzungen sind die angegebenen Beziehungen auch für kleinste Teilnehmeranzahlen gültig. Ein aktueller Anwendungsfall liegt bei der Bemessung der Sprechkreisanzahl in einem Nachrichtensystem mit dezentraler Vermittlungstechnik und Vielfachzugriff zu den vorhandenen Sprechkreisen vor.
Als im Frühjahr 2020 der Lockdown verkündet wurde, mussten in den Hochschulen schnell Onlinekonzepte entwickelt werden – und dies nicht für eine, sondern gleich für alle Lehrveranstaltungen des Semesters. Eines dieser Konzepte und die Erfahrungen damit stelle ich im Folgenden dar. Es handelt sich um eine Lehrveranstaltung, die jeweils etwa zur Hälfte aus theoretischem Input und aus Übungen bestand. Das Thema der Lehrveranstaltung – Inhaltserschließung – spielt dabei eine untergeordnete Rolle. Im Zentrum der Ausführungen stehen die Präsentation und Erörterung der mehrheitlich asynchronen Elemente, aus denen sich das Onlinekonzept zusammensetzte, und die studentische Resonanz darauf. Abschließend ziehe ich eine persönliche Bilanz. Der Bericht soll demonstrieren, wie ein Onlinekonzept für eine Lehrveranstaltung mit einfachen technischen Mitteln und hohem Zeitaufwand umgesetzt wurde, und rückblickend reflektieren, was dabei die Erfolgsfaktoren waren. Der Artikel ist die verschriftlichte Version eines Impulsvortrags, den ich im Rahmen eines gemeinsam vom Hochschulverband Informationswissenschaft (HI) und der Konferenz der informations- und bibliothekswissenschaftlichen Ausbildungs- und Studiengänge (KIBA) durchgeführten Workshops zum Thema Digitale Lehre in der Informationswissenschaft gehalten habe
Einbände und Sammler - Joseph von Laßberg und das Lindauer Evangeliar (Pierpont Morgan Library Ms 1)
(2002)
Der Aufsatz schildert einen Teil der Besitzgeschichte des berühmten karolingischen Lindauer Evangeliars, das sich heute als wertvollstes Stück in der Pierpont Morgan Library in New York befindet. Von 1816 bis 1846 befand sich der Codex in Besitz des schwäbischen Handschriftensammlers Joseph von Laßberg, dem Schwager der Annette von Droste-Hülshoff.
Innerhalb digitaler Nebenstellenanlagen können kurzfristig die verbesserten Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten eines „Integrated Services Digital Network" unabhängig von der Existenz eines nur langfristig realisierbaren, durchgehend digitalen öffentlichen Netzes angeboten werden. Beim Anschluß an die bestehenden öffentlichen Netze ergeben sich jedoch einige Probleme: Z. B. müssen die Bedingungen des bestehenden Dämpfungsplans eingehalten werden, auch im ungünstigsten Fall sind ausreichend hohe Signal-Quantisierungsgeräusch-Abstände sicherzustellen, für die Text- und Datenkommunikation mit den derzeit bestehenden öffentlichen Netzen sind u. U. zusätzliche Einrichtungen in der Nebenstellenanlage erforderlich. Diese Einführungsprobleme werden diskutiert und Lösungsmöglichkeiten hierzu vorgeschlagen.
The properties of these carbon nanostructures are determined by the structure and orientation of the graphitic domains during pyrolysis of carbon precursors. In this work, we investigated systematically the impact of creep stress during the stabilization process on the cyclization and molecular orientation of polyacrylonitrile as well as the graphitized structure after high temperature carbonization. Therefore, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is electrospun and then stabilized with and without application of creep stress at different temperatures. The effect of creep stress on cyclization was monitored via Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) and it was found that the degree of cyclization varies with the application of creep stress during the initial stages of cyclization at low temperatures (190°C and 210°C) in contrast to cyclization done at higher temperature (230°C). Herman molecular orientation factor was evaluated by polarized FTIR for PAN nanofibers cyclized with and without creep stress at 230°C-10 h. Subsequently, carbonization was performed at 1000°C and 1200°C for nanofibers cyclized at 230°C-10 h. Our results from XRD and Raman spectroscopy shows that the degree of graphitization and ordering of graphitic domains was enhanced for PAN nanofibers that were creep stressed during the cyclization process, even though both PAN nanofibers cyclized with creep stress and without creep stress showed the same amount of cyclized material. This increased degree of graphitization can be tracked to application of creep stress during the stabilization process which obviously favors the formation of sp2-hybridized carbon planes in the carbonization process. This finding highlights the impact of mechanical stress linking the cyclization of PAN nanofibers to graphitization.
Our results will pave the way for a deeper understanding of mechano-chemical processes to fabricate well-aligned graphitic domains which improves the mechanical and electrical properties of CNFs.
The topic of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) remains an important aspect during the planning, installation and operation of automation systems. Communication networks, such as PROFIBUS and PROFINET, are known to be robust and reliable transmission systems. Nevertheless, it is important that a number of fundamental principles needs to be observed to ensure fault-free operation over a long plant lifetime. This paper first describes a number of principles of EMC. On the basis of these principles, six recommendations for action are then developed which are to be observed during the planning of an automation system for use in the manufacturing industry. Finally, an overview is provided of future work for systems in the process industry.
The bio-based plastic market is forecast to grow in the next years. With a growing market share and product range, the implementation of circular thinking is becoming more and more important also for bio-based plastics to enable a sound circular economy for these group of plastics. Therefore, it is important to assess the environmental performance for different end-of-life options of bio-based plastics from an early stage on. This review presents a comprehensive overview on the current status quo of different end-of-life options for bio-based plastics from an environmental perspective. Based on the status quo and the corresponding impact assessment results, the global plastic demand as well as the technical substitution potential of bio-based plastics, the environmental saving potential in case of the different end-of-life options was calculated. The review shows that there is a focus on polylactic acid (PLA) regarding end-of-life assessment, with studies covering all end-of-life options. The focus of the impact assessment has been set on global warming potential (GWP). With respect to GWP, the analysis of a future global potential of PLA showed, for mechanical recycling, the highest saving potential with 94.1 Mio. t CO2-eq. per year in comparison to virgin material.
Research question: Rivalries in team sports are commonly conceptualized as a threat to the fans’ identity. Therefore, past research has mainly focused on the negative consequences. However, theoretical arguments and empirical evidence suggest that rivalry has both negative and positive effects on fans’ self-concept. This research develops and empirically tests a model which captures and integrates these dual effects of rivalry.
Research methods: Data were collected via an on-site survey at home games of eight German Bundesliga football teams (N = 571). Structural equation modeling provides strong support for the proposed model.
Results and findings: In line with previous research, the results show that rivalry threatens fans’ identity as reflected in lower public collective self-esteem in relation to supporters of the rival team. However, the results also show that there are crucial positive consequences, such as higher perceptions of public collective self-esteem in relation to supporters of non-rival opponents, perceived ingroup distinctiveness and ingroup cohesion. These positive effects are mediated through increases in disidentification with the rival and perceived reciprocity of rivalry.
Implications: We contribute to the literature by providing a more balanced view of one of team sports’ key phenomena. Our results indicate that the prevalent conceptualization of rivalry as an identity threat should be amended by the positive consequences. Our research also offers guidance for the promotion of rivalries, where the managerial focus should be on creating a perception that a rivalry is reciprocal.
In this study, we calculated the energetics of hydrogen atoms adsorbing on and diffusing into the first few layers of γ-Fe for the (100), (110) and (111) surfaces and for the non-magnetic (NM), ferromagnetic (FM), and antiferromagnetic single (AFM1) and double layer (AFMD) structures. These studies are relevant as they atomistically simulate the early stages of hydrogen embrittlement in steels. We employed density functional theory to establish adsorption sites and energies for each plane and the minimum energy pathways for diffusion through the first few layers with associated activation barriers. Adsorption energies for all cases vary between ∼3.7 and 4.4 eV, and the energy barriers to diffusion in the bulk region vary between ∼0.2 and 1.2 eV for the twelve cases, with the highest and lowest bulk diffusion barriers occurring in the NM(111) and the FM(100) case, respectively. We conclude that the texturing of steels in order to expose certain cleavage planes or magnetic structures can decrease the likelihood of hydrogen embrittlement.
Die empfindliche Verteuerung des Rohöls im Laufe der letzten Jahre und die in ihrem Sog erfolgten Preissteigerungen auch für die anderen Energieträger haben Energie zu einem besonders kostbaren Wirtschaftsgut werden lassen. Es ist ganz deutlich geworden, dass Energie in allen Lebens- und Produktionsbereichen äußerst sparsam verwendet und optimal genutzt werden muss. Mittel- und langfristig gesehen sind daher gezielt Anstrengungen zu unternehmen, nicht einen Brennstoff durch einen anderen zu ersetzen, sondern - wo immer auch möglich - die natürlcihen Energiequellen zu nutzem.
End users urgently request using mobile devices at their workplace. They know these devices from their private life and appreciate functionality and usability, and want to benefit from these advantages at work as well. Limitations and restrictions would not be accepted by them. On the contrary, companies are obliged to employ substantial organizational and technical measures to ensure data security and compliance when allowing to use mobile devices at the workplace. So far, only individual arrangements have been presented addressing single issues in ensuring data security and compliance. However, companies need to follow a comprehensive set of measures addressing all relevant aspects of data security and compliance in order to play it safe. Thus, in this paper at first technical architectures for using mobile devices in enterprise IT are reviewed. Thereafter a set of compliance rules is presented and, as major contribution, technical measures are explained that enable a company to integrate mobile devices into enterprise IT while still complying with these rules comprehensively. Depending on the company context, one or more of the technical architectures have to be chosen impacting the specific technical measures for compliance as elaborated in this paper. Altogether this paper, for the first time, correlates technical architectures for using mobile devices at the workplace with technical measures to assure data security and compliance according to a comprehensive set of rules.
Background:
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare, genetic, neurodegenerative and ultimately fatal disease with no cure or progression-delaying treatment currently available. HD is characterized by a triad of cognitive, behavioural and motor symptoms. Evidence on epidemiology and management of HD is limited, especially for Germany. This study aims to estimate the incidence and prevalence of HD and analyze the current routine care based on German claims data.
Methods:
The source of data was a sample of the Institute for Applied Health Research Berlin (InGef) Research Database, comprising data of approximately four million insured persons from approximately 70 German statutory health insurances. The study was conducted in a retrospective cross-sectional design using 2015 and 2016 as a two-year observation period. At least two outpatient or inpatient ICD-10 codes for HD (ICD-10: G10) during the study period were required for case identification. Patients were considered incident if no HD diagnoses in the 4 years prior to the year of case identification were documented. Information on outpatient drug dispensations, medical aids and remedies were considered to describe the current treatment situation of HD patients.
Results:
A 2-year incidence of 1.8 per 100,000 persons (95%-Confidence interval (CI): 1.4–2.4) and a 2-year period prevalence of 9.3 per 100,000 persons (95%-CI: 8.3–10.4) was observed. The prevalence of HD increased with advancing age, peaking at 60–69 years (16.8 per 100,000 persons; 95%-CI: 13.4–21.0) and decreasing afterwards.
The most frequently observed comorbidities and disease-associated symptoms in HD patients were depression (42.9%), dementia (37.7%), urinary incontinence (32.5%), extrapyramidal and movement disorders (30.5%), dysphagia (28.6%) and disorders of the lipoprotein metabolism (28.2%).
The most common medications in HD patients were antipsychotics (66.9%), followed by antidepressants (45.1%). Anticonvulsants (16.6%), opioids (14.6%) and hypnotics (9.7%) were observed less frequently.
Physical therapy was the most often used medical aid in HD patients (46.4%). Nursing services and speech therapy were used by 27.9 and 22.7% of HD patients, respectively, whereas use of psychotherapy was rare (3.2%).
Conclusions:
Based on a representative sample, this study provides new insights into the epidemiology and routine care of HD patients in Germany, and thus, may serve as a starting point for further research.
Aim
Musculoskeletal disorders are a major public health problem in most developed countries. As a main cause of chronic pain, they have resulted in an increasing prescription of opioids worldwide. With regard to the situation in Germany, this study aimed at estimating the prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases such as chronic low back pain (CLBP) and hip/knee osteoarthritis (OA) and at depicting the applied treatment patterns.
Subject and methods
German claims data from the InGef Research Database were analyzed over a 6-year period (2011–2016). The dataset contains over 4 million people, enrolled in German statutory health insurances. Inpatient and outpatient diagnoses were considered for case identification of hip/knee OA and CLBP. The World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder was applied to categorize patients according to their pain management interventions. Information on demographics, comorbidities, and adjuvant medication was collected.
Results
In 2016, n = 2,693,481 individuals (50.5% female, 49.5% male) were assigned to the study population; 62.5% of them were aged 18–60 years. In 2016, n = 146,443 patients (5.4%) with CLBP and n = 307,256 patients (11.4%) with hip/knee OA were identified. Of those with pre-specified pain management interventions (CLBP: 66.3%; hip/knee OA: 65.1%), most patients received WHO I class drugs (CLBP: 73.6%; hip/knee OA: 68.7%) as the highest level.
Conclusion
This study provides indications that CLBP and hip/knee OA are common chronic pain conditions in Germany, which are often subjected to pharmacological pain management. Compared to non-opioid analgesic prescriptions of the WHO I class, the dispensation of WHO class II and III opioids was markedly lower, though present to a considerable extent.
Background:
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, immune mediated disease of the central nervous system, with Relapsing Remitting MS (RRMS) being the most common type. Within the last years, the status of high disease activity (HDA) has become increasingly important for clinical decisions. Nevertheless, little is known about the incidence, the characteristics, and the current treatment of patients with RRMS and HDA in Germany. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the incidence of HDA in a German RRMS patient population, to characterize this population and to describe current drug treatment routines and further healthcare utilization of these patients.
Methods:
A claims data analyses has been conducted, using a sample of the InGef Research Database that comprises data of approximately four million insured persons from around 70 German statutory health insurances (SHI). The study was conducted in a retrospective cohort design, including the years 2012–2016. Identification of RRMS population based on ICD-10 code (ICD-10-GM: G35.1). For identification of HDA, criteria from other studies as well as expert opinions have been used. Information on incidence, characteristics and current treatment of patients with RRMS and HDA was considered.
Results:
The overall HDA incidence within the RRMS population was 8.5% for 2016. It was highest for the age group of 0–19 years (29.4% women, 33.3% men) and lowest for the age group of ≥ 50 years (4.3% women, 5.6% men). Mean age of patients with RRMS and incident HDA was 38.4 years (SD: 11.8) and women accounted for 67.8%.
Analyses of drug utilization showed that 82.4% received at least one disease-modifying drug (DMD) in 2016. A percentage of 49.8% of patients received drugs for relapse therapy. A share of 55% of RRMS patients with HDA had at least one hospitalization with a mean length of stay of 13.9 days (SD: 18.3 days) in 2016. The average number of outpatient physician contacts was 28.1 (SD: 14.0).
Conclusions:
This study based on representative Germany-wide claims data from the SHI showed a high incidence of HDA especially within the young RRMS population. Future research should consider HDA as an important criterion for the quality of care for MS patients.
Im März 2021 fand erneut der langjährig etablierte „Erfahrungsaustausch: Fachreferate der Geisteswissenschaften“ statt, organisiert von Dorothee Graf (UB Duisburg-Essen), Alice Rabeler (ULB Bonn), Rosemarie Kosche (UB Duisburg-Essen) sowie Björn Gebert (ULB Münster). Ausgangspunkt der diesjährigen Veranstaltung war die Frage: „Was hat Corona im Fachreferat verändert? “ Die Veranstaltung, an der 80 Interessierte aus Deutschland und der Schweiz teilnahmen, gliederte sich in sechs inhaltliche Blöcke. Der Aufsatz fasst die Beiträge inhaltlich zusammen.
Erfolgsfaktoren im Griff
(1993)
Das Forschungsinformationssystem VIVO bietet als Linked-Data-basiertes System die Möglichkeit, Daten aus anderen Quellen wiederzuverwenden. In der Praxis kann man dabei auf Konvertierungsprobleme stoßen. Oft liegen Daten nur in tabellarischem Format vor, z.B. als CSV-Datei. Zur Konvertierung dieser Daten existieren verschiedene Werkzeuge, viele dieser Werkzeuge erfordern jedoch entweder spezielle technische Umgebungen (oft Linux-Systeme) oder sie sind in der Bedienung sehr anspruchsvoll. Im Artikel wird ein Workflow für die Konvertierung von Daten aus GeoNames für VIVO mit Google Refine beschrieben.
In service-oriented architectures the management of services is a crucial task during all stages of IT operations. Based on a case study performed for a group of finance companies the different aspects of service management are presented. First, the paper discusses how services must be described for management purposes. In particular, a special emphasis is placed on the integration of legacy/non web services. Secondly, the service lifecycle that underlies service management is presented. Especially, the relation to SOA governance and an appropriate tool support by registry repositories is outlined.
Der Heilberuf Pflege mit seinem am Zentralwert Gesundheit ausgerichteten gesellschaftlichen Mandat ist mit definierten Vorbehaltsaufgaben betraut und gesetzlich legitimiert. Pflegefachpersonen als Vertreter*innen der Berufsgruppe obliegt eine spezifische professionelle Verantwortung. Um ihrem gesetzlich definierten Auftrag in beruflicher Autonomie und Eigenverantwortung verlässlich zu entsprechen, verpflichten sich Pflegefachpersonen einem gemeinsam konsentierten und verbindlichen Berufsethos, das über Landesgrenzen hinaus weltweit akzeptiert ist: Der ICN-Ethikkodex ist international für 20 Mio. Pflegefachpersonen gültig und von den nationalen Kammern oder berufsständischen Vertretungen in 130 Ländern ratifiziert. Gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen und daran gebundene Innovations- und Transformationsbedarfe in der Pflege machen auch in Deutschland die dauerhafte Etablierung von Pflegekammern unausweichlich. Das Fehlen einer berufsständischen Vertretung der Pflege im Bereich der sozialrechtlichen Selbstverwaltung des Gesundheitswesens stellt ein Risiko für die Versorgungssicherheit und Versorgungsqualität der Bevölkerung dar. Die Aufgaben von Pflegekammern werden hinsichtlich ihrer gesellschaftlichen Relevanz und ihres professionsethischen Auftrags in Anlehnung an den Ethikkodex des International Council of Nurses (ICN) erläutert.
Die Vision „Industrial Ethernet bis zu den Sensoren und Aktoren“ wurde Realität. Auf der Achema im Juni 2021 wurde Ethernet-APL in den Markt eingeführt. Basis dieser Technologie ist ein 2-Draht-Ethernet (engl. 2-wire-Ethernet), das sowohl Informationen als auch Energie zu den Sensoren und Aktoren des Automatisierungssystems überträgt. Ethernet-APL basiert auf dem Ethernet-Standard IEEE 802.3cg und arbeitet mit einer Datenrate von 10 Mbit/s. Eine zusätzliche Spezifikation, die Ethernet-APL Port Profile Specification, definiert zusätzliche Parameter für den Einsatz in der Prozessindustrie, insbesondere in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen. In einem nächsten Schritt müssen sich potenzielle Anwender mit dem Engineering-Prozess von Ethernet-APL-Netzwerken vertraut machen. Zu diesem Zweck stellt das Ethernet-APL-Projekt die Ethernet-APL-Engineering-Richtlinie zur Verfügung, welche die wichtigsten Bereiche der Planung, Installation und Abnahmeprüfung abdeckt. Dieser Artikel soll einen Überblick über den Ethernet-APL-Engineering-Prozess geben und die relevanten Planungsschritte aufzeigen.
Deutsche Übersetzung des englischen Beitrags, abrufbar unter https://doi.org/10.25968/opus-2087
Of late, decrease in mineral oil supplies has stimulated research on use of biomass as an alternative energy source. Climate change has brought problems such as increased drought and erratic rains. This, together with a rise in land degeneration problems with concomitant loss in soil fertility has inspired the scientific world to look for alternative bio-energy species. Euphorbia tirucalli L., a tree with C3/CAM metabolism in leaves/stem, can be cultivated on marginal, arid land and could be a good alternative source of biofuel.
We analyzed a broad variety of E. tirucalli plants collected from different countries for their genetic diversity using AFLP. Physiological responses to induced drought stress were determined in a number of genotypes by monitoring growth parameters and influence on photosynthesis. For future breeding of economically interesting genotypes, rubber content and biogas production were quantified.
Cluster analysis shows that the studied genotypes are divided into two groups, African and mostly non-African genotypes. Different genotypes respond significantly different to various levels of water. Malate measurement indicates that there is induction of CAM in leaves following drought stress. Rubber content varies strongly between genotypes. An investigation of the biogas production capacities of six E. tirucalli genotypes reveals biogas yields higher than from rapeseed but lower than maize silage.
Mobile crowdsourcing refers to systems where the completion of tasks necessarily requires physical movement of crowdworkers in an on-demand workforce. Evidence suggests that in such systems, tasks often get assigned to crowdworkers who struggle to complete those tasks successfully, resulting in high failure rates and low service quality. A promising solution to ensure higher quality of service is to continuously adapt the assignment and respond to failure-causing events by transferring tasks to better-suited workers who use different routes or vehicles. However, implementing task transfers in mobile crowdsourcing is difficult because workers are autonomous and may reject transfer requests. Moreover, task outcomes are uncertain and need to be predicted. In this paper, we propose different mechanisms to achieve outcome prediction and task coordination in mobile crowdsourcing. First, we analyze different data stream learning approaches for the prediction of task outcomes. Second, based on the suggested prediction model, we propose and evaluate two different approaches for task coordination with different degrees of autonomy: an opportunistic approach for crowdshipping with collaborative, but non-autonomous workers, and a market-based model with autonomous workers for crowdsensing.
Background
Systematic reviews demonstrated that gait variables are the most reliable predictors of future falls, yet are rarely included in fall screening tools. Thus, most tools have higher specificity than sensitivity, hence may be misleading/detrimental to care. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the validity, and reliability of the velocity field diagram (VFD -a gait analytical tool), and the Timed-up-and-go test (TUG)-commonly used in Nigeria as fall screening tools, compared to a gold standard (known fallers) among community-dwelling older adults.
Method
This is a cross-sectional observational study of 500 older adults (280 fallers and 220 non-fallers), recruited by convenience sampling technique at community health fora on fall prevention. Participants completed a 7-m distance with the number of steps and time it took determined and used to compute the stride length, stride frequency, and velocity, which regression lines formed the VFD. TUG test was simultaneously conducted to discriminate fallers from non-fallers. The cut-off points for falls were: TUG times ≥ 13.5 s; VFD’s intersection point of the stride frequency, and velocity regression lines (E1) ≥ 3.5velots. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curves (AUC) was used to explore the ability of the E1 ≥ 3.5velots to discriminate between fallers and non-fallers. The VFD’s and TUG’s sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were determined. Alpha was set at p < 0.05.
Results
The VFD versus TUG sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 71%, 27%, 55%, and 42%, versus 39%, 59%, 55%, and 43%, respectively. The ROC’s AUC were 0.74(95%CI:0.597,0.882, p = 0.001) for the VFD. The optimal categorizations for discrimination between fallers/non-fallers were ≥ 3.78 versus ≤ 3.78 for VFD (fallers versus non-fallers prevalence is 60.71% versus 95.45%, respectively), with a classification accuracy or prediction rate of 0.76 unlike TUG with AUC = 0.53 (95% CI:0.353,0.700, p = 0.762), and a classification accuracy of 0.68, and optimal characterization of ≥ 12.81 s versus ≤ 12.81 (fallers and non-fallers prevalence = 92.86% versus 36.36%, respectively).
Conclusion
The VFD demonstrated a fair discriminatory power and greater reliability in identifying fallers than the TUG, and therefore, could replace the TUG as a primary tool in screening those at risk of falls.
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social communication, limited repetitive behaviors, impaired language development, and interest or activity patterns, which include a group complex neurodevelopmental syndrome with diverse phenotypes that reveal considerable etiological and clinical heterogeneity and are also considered one of the most heritable disorders (over 90%). Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors play a role in the development of ASD.
Aim: This study was designed to investigate the extent of DNA damage in parents of autistic children by treating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with bleomycin and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by the Ficoll method and treated with a specific concentration of bleomycin and H2O2 for 30 min and 5 min, respectively. Then, the degree of DNA damage was analyzed by the alkaline comet assay or single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), an effective way to measure DNA fragmentation in eukaryotic cells.
Results: Our findings revealed that there is a significant difference in the increase of DNA damage in parents with affected children compared to the control group, which can indicate the inability of the DNA molecule repair system. Furthermore, our study showed a significant association between fathers’ occupational difficulties (exposed to the influence of environmental factors), as well as family marriage, and suffering from ASD in offspring.
Conclusion: Our results suggested that the influence of environmental factors on parents of autistic children may affect the development of autistic disorder in their offspring. Subsequently, based on our results, investigating the effect of environmental factors on the amount of DNA damage in parents with affected children requires more studies.
This article discusses event monitoring options for heterogeneous event sources as they are given in nowadays heterogeneous distributed information systems. It follows the central assumption, that a fully generic event monitoring solution cannot provide complete support for event monitoring; instead, event source specific semantics such as certain event types or support for certain event monitoring techniques have to be taken into account. Following from this, the core result of the work presented here is the extension of a configurable event monitoring (Web) service for a variety of event sources. A service approach allows us to trade genericity for the exploitation of source specific characteristics. It thus delivers results for the areas of SOA, Web services, CEP and EDA.
Heterogeneity has to be taken into account when integrating a set of existing information sources into a distributed information system that are nowadays often based on Service- Oriented Architectures (SOA). This is also particularly applicable to distributed services such as event monitoring, which are useful in the context of Event Driven Architectures (EDA) and Complex Event Processing (CEP). Web services deal with this heterogeneity at a technical level, also providing little support for event processing. Our central thesis is that such a fully generic solution cannot provide complete support for event monitoring; instead, source specific semantics such as certain event types or support for certain event monitoring techniques have to be taken into account. Our core result is the design of a configurable event monitoring (Web) service that allows us to trade genericity for the exploitation of source specific characteristics. It thus delivers results for the areas of SOA, Web services, CEP and EDA.
Decision support systems for traffic management systems have to cope with a high volume of events continuously generated by sensors. Conventional software architectures do not explicitly target the efficient processing of continuous event streams. Recently, event-driven architectures (EDA) have been proposed as a new paradigm for event-based applications. In this paper we propose a reference architecture for event-driven traffic management systems, which enables the analysis and processing of complex event streams in real-time and is therefore well-suited for decision support in sensor-based traffic control sys- tems. We will illustrate our approach in the domain of road traffic management. In particular, we will report on the redesign of an intelligent transportation management system (ITMS) prototype for the high-capacity road network in Bilbao, Spain.
Background: Foodstuff traders operating from warehouses (FTFW) are potentially exposed to dangerous rodenticides/pesticides that may have adverse effects on cardiopulmonary function. Methods: 50 consenting male foodstuff traders, comprising 15 traders (21–63 years) operating outside warehouses and 35 FTFW (20–64 years), were randomly recruited at Ogbete Market, Enugu, in a cross-sectional observational study of spirometric and electrocardiographic parameters. 17 FTFW (21–57 years) participated in focus group discussions. Qualitative and quantitative data were analysed thematically and with independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient at p < 0.05, respectively. Results: Most FTFW experienced respiratory symptoms, especially dry cough (97,1%) and wheezing (31.4%) with significant reductions in forced vital capacity (FVC) (t = -2.654; p = 0.011), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (t = -2.240; p = 0.030), maximum expiratory flow rate (FEF200-1200) (t = -1.148; p = -0.047), and forced end-expiratory flow (FEF25-75) (t = -1.11; p = 0.007). The maximum mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75) was marginally decreased (p > 0.05) with a significantly prolonged (p < 0.05) QTc interval. Conclusion: Allergic response was evident in the FTFW. Significant decrease in FVC may negatively impact lung flow rates and explains the marginal decrease in FEF25-75, which implies a relative limitation in airflow of peripheral/distal airways and elastic recoil of the lungs. This is consistent with obstructive pulmonary disease; a significant decrease in FEF75-85/FEV1 supports this conclusion. Significant decrease in FEF200-1200 indicates abnormalities in the large airways/larynx just as significantly prolonged ventricular repolarization suggests cardiac arrhythmias.
Background: Upsurge in cardiopulmonary dysfunctions in Enugu, Nigeria, involved mainly cement workers, automobile spray painters, woodworkers, and Cleaners and was worsened in the dry season, suggesting the need for an occupation-specific characterization of the disease features and seasonal evaluation of air quality for prevention and management.
Methods: We conducted a randomized cross-sectional study of eighty consenting participants (in Achara Layout, Enugu), comprising 20 cement workers (39.50 ± 14.95 years), 20 automobile spray painters (40.75 ± 9.85 years), 20 woodworkers (52.20 ± 9.77 years), and 20 cleaners (42.30 ± 9.06 years). The air quality, some haematological (fibrinogen-Fc, and C-reactive protein-CRP), and cardiopulmonary parameters were measured and analyzed using ANCOVA, at p < 0.05.
Results: The dry season particulate matter (PM) in ambient air exceeded the WHO standards in the New layout [PM10 = 541.17 ± 258.72 µg/m3; PM2.5 = 72.92 ± 25.81 µg/m3] and the University campus [PM10 = 244 ± 74.79 µg/m3; PM2.5 = 30.33 ± 16.10 µg/m3], but the former was twice higher. The PM differed significantly (p < 0.05) across the sites. Forced expiratory volume at the first second (FEV1) (F = 6.128; p = 0.001), and Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (F = 5.523; p = 0.002), differed significantly across the groups. FEV1/FVC% was < 70% in cement workers (55.33%) and woodworkers (61.79%), unlike, automobile spray painters (72.22%) and cleaners (70.66%). FEV1 and work duration were significantly and negatively related in cement workers (r = -0.46; r2 = 0.2116; p = 0.041 one-tailed). CRP (normal range ≤ 3.0 mg/L) and Fc (normal range—1.5–3.0 g/L) varied in cement workers (3.32 ± 0.93 mg/L versus 3.01 ± 0.85 g/L), automobile spray painters (2.90 ± 1.19 mg/L versus 2.54 ± 0.99 mg/L), woodworkers (2.79 ± 1.10 mg/L versus 2.37 ± 0.92 g/L) and cleaners (3.06 ± 0.82 mg/L versus 2.54 ± 0.70 g/L).
Conclusion(s): Poor air quality was evident at the study sites, especially in the dry season. Cement workers and automobile spray painters showed significant risks of obstructive pulmonary diseases while woodworkers had restrictive lung diseases. Cement workers and cleaners recorded the highest risk of coronary heart disease (CRP ≥ 3.0 mg/L). The similarity in Fc and CRP trends suggests a role for the inflammation-sensitive proteins in the determination of cardiovascular risk in cement workers and cleaners. Therefore, there are occupation-specific disease endpoints of public health concern that likewise warrant specific preventive and management approaches among the workers.
Objective
The study’s objective was to assess factors contributing to the use of smart devices by general practitioners (GPs) and patients in the health domain, while specifically addressing the situation in Germany, and to determine whether, and if so, how both groups differ in their perceptions of these technologies.
Methods
GPs and patients of resident practices in the Hannover region, Germany, were surveyed between April and June 2014. A total of 412 GPs in this region were invited by email to participate via an electronic survey, with 50 GPs actually doing so (response rate 12.1%). For surveying the patients, eight regional resident practices were visited by study personnel (once each). Every second patient arriving there (inclusion criteria: of age, fluent in German) was asked to take part (paper-based questionnaire). One hundred and seventy patients participated; 15 patients who did not give consent were excluded.
Results
The majority of the participating patients (68.2%, 116/170) and GPs (76%, 38/50) owned mobile devices. Of the patients, 49.9% (57/116) already made health-related use of mobile devices; 95% (36/38) of the participating GPs used them in a professional context. For patients, age (P < 0.001) and education (P < 0.001) were significant factors, but not gender (P > 0.99). For doctors, neither age (P = 0.73), professional experience (P > 0.99) nor gender (P = 0.19) influenced usage rates. For patients, the primary use case was obtaining health (service)-related information. For GPs, interprofessional communication and retrieving information were in the foreground. There was little app-related interaction between both groups.
Conclusions
GPs and patients use smart mobile devices to serve their specific interests. However, the full potentials of mobile technologies for health purposes are not yet being taken advantage of. Doctors as well as other care providers and the patients should work together on exploring and realising the potential benefits of the technology.
Objective: The study’s objective was to assess factors contributing to the use of smart devices by general practitioners (GPs) and patients in the health domain, while specifically addressing the situation in Germany, and to determine whether, and if so, how both groups differ in their perceptions of these technologies.
Methods: GPs and patients of resident practices in the Hannover region, Germany, were surveyed between April and June 2014. A total of 412 GPs in this region were invited by email to participate via an electronic survey, with 50 GPs actually doing so (response rate 12.1%). For surveying the patients, eight regional resident practices were visited by study personnel (once each). Every second patient arriving there (inclusion criteria: of age, fluent in German) was asked to take part (paper-based questionnaire). One hundred and seventy patients participated; 15 patients who did not give consent were excluded.
Results: The majority of the participating patients (68.2%, 116/170) and GPs (76%, 38/50) owned mobile devices. Of the patients, 49.9% (57/116) already made health-related use of mobile devices; 95% (36/38) of the participating GPs used them in a professional context. For patients, age (P<0.001) and education (P<0.001) were significant factors, but not gender (P>0.99). For doctors, neither age (P¼0.73), professional experience (P>0.99) nor gender (P¼0.19) influenced usage rates. For patients, the primary use case was obtaining health (service)-related information. For GPs, interprofessional communication and retrieving information were in the foreground. There was little app-related interaction between both groups.
Conclusions: GPs and patients use smart mobile devices to serve their specific interests. However, the full potentials of mobile technologies for health purposes are not yet being taken advantage of. Doctors as well as other care providers and the patients should work together on exploring and realising the potential benefits of the technology.
Recent research efforts have highlighted the potential of hybrid composites in the context of additive manufacturing. The use of hybrid composites can lead to an enhanced adaptability of the mechanical properties to the specific loading case. Furthermore, the hybridization of multiple fiber materials can result in positive hybrid effects such as increased stiffness or strength. In contrast to the literature, where only the interply and intrayarn approach has been experimentally validated, this study presents a new intraply approach, which is experimentally and numerically investigated. Three different types of tensile specimens were tested. The non-hybrid tensile specimens were reinforced with contour-based fiber strands of carbon and glass. In addition, hybrid tensile specimens were manufactured using an intraply approach with alternating carbon and glass fiber strands in a layer plane. In addition to experimental testing, a finite element model was developed to better understand the failure modes of the hybrid and non-hybrid specimens. The failure was estimated using the Hashin and Tsai–Wu failure criteria. The specimens showed similar strengths but greatly different stiffnesses based on the experimental results. The hybrid specimens demonstrated a significant positive hybrid effect in terms of stiffness. Using FEA, the failure load and fracture locations of the specimens were determined with good accuracy. Microstructural investigations of the fracture surfaces showed notable evidence of delamination between the different fiber strands of the hybrid specimens. In addition to delamination, strong debonding was particularly evident in all specimen types.