Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (525) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (525)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (525)
Keywords
- Milchwirtschaft (36)
- Molkerei (27)
- Euterentzündung (23)
- Logistik (20)
- Student (11)
- Supervision (11)
- Knowledge (10)
- Mumbai (10)
- Wissen (10)
- Bibliothek (9)
- India (9)
- Germany (8)
- Kostenschätzung (8)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (8)
- Software (8)
- Computersicherheit (7)
- PPS (7)
- bovine mastitis (7)
- Adsorption (6)
- Antibiotikum (6)
- Beratung (6)
- Betriebsdatenerfassung (6)
- Epidemiologie (6)
- Graphen (6)
- HIV (6)
- Indien (6)
- Informations- und Dokumentationswissenschaft (6)
- Informationsmanagement (6)
- Klinisches Experiment (6)
- Management (6)
- Signaltechnik (6)
- Steuerung (6)
- University students (6)
- clinical research (6)
- mastitis (6)
- Deutschland (5)
- Dichtefunktionalformalismus (5)
- E-Learning (5)
- Einstellung (5)
- Ethernet (5)
- Ethernet-APL (5)
- Forschungsdaten (5)
- Informationskompetenz (5)
- Kind (5)
- Klebeverbindung (5)
- Krankenhaus (5)
- Käserei (5)
- Milchkuh (5)
- Milchvieh (5)
- Pflege (5)
- Produktion (5)
- Therapie (5)
- Unternehmen (5)
- Adhäsion (4)
- Antibiotic resistance (4)
- Attitude (4)
- Ausbildung (4)
- Bibliothekswissenschaft (4)
- Coaching (4)
- Computer (4)
- Digitalisierung (4)
- Extrudieren (4)
- Führung (4)
- Gemeinwesenarbeit (4)
- Kommunikation (4)
- Konferenz (4)
- Kostenverlauf (4)
- Krankenpflege (4)
- Medizinische Informatik (4)
- Nigeria (4)
- Nursing homes (4)
- Online-Medien (4)
- Pakistan (4)
- Partizipation (4)
- Patient (4)
- Prävention (4)
- Public reporting (4)
- Risikofaktor (4)
- Sozialarbeit (4)
- Weichkäse (4)
- Zufriedenheit (4)
- clinical trial (4)
- public reporting (4)
- severe mastitis (4)
- staphylococci (4)
- Arzneimittelresistenz (3)
- Betrieb (3)
- C-arm (3)
- CIM (3)
- Claims data (3)
- Community Organizing (3)
- Computerunterstütztes Lernen (3)
- Corynebacterium (3)
- Depression (3)
- Didaktik (3)
- Dritte-Person-Effekt (3)
- Education (3)
- Eltern (3)
- Fertigung (3)
- Färse (3)
- Gemeindepädagogik (3)
- Gesundheitsfürsorge (3)
- Harmonische Analyse (3)
- Harmonische Synthese (3)
- Hochschule Hannover (3)
- IEC 62443 (3)
- Impfstoff (3)
- Incidence (3)
- Intensivstation (3)
- Interne Kommunikation (3)
- Inzidenz <Medizin> (3)
- Karachi (3)
- Kindesmisshandlung (3)
- Kirchengemeinde (3)
- Kirchliche Bildungsarbeit (3)
- Kleben (3)
- Kooperation (3)
- Leadership (3)
- Lieferung (3)
- Milch (3)
- Milchviehbetrieb (3)
- Mitarbeiter (3)
- OSGi (3)
- PROFInet (3)
- Pharmacy (3)
- Pharmazie (3)
- Pharmaziestudent (3)
- Polyacrylnitril (3)
- Poynting-Vektor (3)
- Prevalence (3)
- Qualität (3)
- Richtlinie (3)
- Rind (3)
- Rivalität (3)
- SOA (3)
- Self-medication (3)
- Simulation (3)
- Strategie (3)
- Streptococcus uberis (3)
- Stress (3)
- Third-Person-Effekt (3)
- USA (3)
- Wasserstoff (3)
- Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek (3)
- Wissenschaftskommunikation (3)
- Zugscherversuch (3)
- complex event processing (3)
- dairy cow (3)
- density functional theory (3)
- e-learning (3)
- lactic acid bacteria (3)
- mHealth (3)
- meta-analysis (3)
- mobile health (3)
- risk factor (3)
- risk factors (3)
- sensitivity (3)
- streptococci (3)
- African socio-cultural context (2)
- Afrika (2)
- Aids (2)
- Akzeptanz (2)
- Alinsky, Saul David (2)
- Allgemeinarzt (2)
- Anisotropie (2)
- Antibiotic (2)
- Antibiotics (2)
- App <Programm> (2)
- Arbeitsbedingungen (2)
- Arbeitsqualität (2)
- Architecture (2)
- Automatische Klassifikation (2)
- Automatisierungsystem (2)
- Awareness (2)
- BASIC (2)
- Bachelorstudium (2)
- Bakteriophagen (2)
- Bakteriämie (2)
- Befragung (2)
- Berichterstattung (2)
- Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft (2)
- Bildgebendes Verfahren (2)
- Bindungsfähigkeit (2)
- Biokunststoff (2)
- Biometrie (2)
- Bojanowski, Arnulf (2)
- C-Bogen (2)
- CEP (2)
- Change Management (2)
- Child abuse potential (2)
- Claims data analysis (2)
- Continuous fiber (2)
- Data-Warehouse-Konzept (2)
- Datenmodell (2)
- Design for additive manufacturing (2)
- Diabetes mellitus (2)
- Diffusion (2)
- Digitale Radiographie (2)
- Digitale Steuerung (2)
- ECA (2)
- Eisen <gamma-> (2)
- Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit (2)
- Empfehlungssystem (2)
- Energieeffizienz (2)
- Energiefluss (2)
- Energiemanagement (2)
- Entwicklungsländer (2)
- Epidemiology (2)
- Ereignisgesteuerte Programmierung (2)
- Ethik (2)
- Europa (2)
- Evaluation (2)
- Expertensystem (2)
- Fachangestellter für Medien- und Informationsdienste (2)
- Fachinformationsdienst (2)
- Fachreferent (2)
- Fachreferentin (2)
- Familie (2)
- Feldgeräte (2)
- Fernsprechverkehr (2)
- Fiber reinforced additive manufacturing (2)
- Flexibilität (2)
- Flugzeitspektrometrie (2)
- Fragebogen (2)
- Frühlaktation (2)
- Funktionalisierung <Chemie> (2)
- Funktionsgenerator (2)
- Gas-Flüssigkeit-System (2)
- Gefahr (2)
- General practitioners (2)
- Geschichte (2)
- Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung (2)
- Gesundheitsinformationssystem (2)
- Gesundheitswesen (2)
- Gouda <Käse> (2)
- Gruppenidentität (2)
- H-Milch (2)
- HIV-Infektion (2)
- Hannover (2)
- Hausarzt (2)
- Health promotion (2)
- Hochschule (2)
- Hospital (2)
- Hospital report cards (2)
- Hygiene (2)
- ISDN (2)
- IT Security (2)
- IT-Sicherheit (2)
- Informationsvermittlung (2)
- Inhaltserschließung (2)
- Insurance (2)
- Interdisciplinary communication (2)
- Jobcenter (2)
- Joghurtherstellung (2)
- Karatschi (2)
- Kinderschutz (2)
- Kleinkind (2)
- Knochenbruch (2)
- Koaxialkabel (2)
- Kohlenstofffaser (2)
- Kommerzialisierung (2)
- Konflikt (2)
- Konstruktion (2)
- Kostenrechnung (2)
- Krankheitsübertragung (2)
- Laserphotolyse (2)
- Lean Production (2)
- Lebensqualität (2)
- Lernen (2)
- Material extrusion (2)
- Medical Informatics (2)
- Medizin (2)
- Metaanalyse (2)
- Methode (2)
- Mikrocomputer (2)
- Milchsäurebakterien (2)
- Mobile Telekommunikation (2)
- Molekulardynamik (2)
- Mumbai, India (2)
- Mundhöhlenkrebs (2)
- Mutter (2)
- OT Security (2)
- OT-Security (2)
- Occupational safety climate (2)
- Open Access (2)
- Open Science (2)
- Oral cancer (2)
- Osteoporose (2)
- Otto (GmbH & Co KG) (2)
- PROFIBUS (2)
- PROFINET Security (2)
- Patient safety climate (2)
- Patient satisfaction (2)
- Personalentwicklung (2)
- Personalkosten (2)
- Pflegepersonal (2)
- Photodesorption (2)
- Physician-nurse relations (2)
- Polymere (2)
- Postmenopause (2)
- Potentialausgleich (2)
- Primary health care (2)
- Produktionskosten (2)
- Produktionsprozess (2)
- Professionalisierung (2)
- Psychische Gesundheit (2)
- Qualifikation (2)
- Qualitative research (2)
- Quality of health care (2)
- Qualitätsmanagement (2)
- Quark (2)
- Rauchen (2)
- Reformpädagogik (2)
- Research Data Management (2)
- Schadensersatzanspruch (2)
- Schlaganfall (2)
- Security (2)
- Selbstmedikation (2)
- Sensibilität (2)
- Sensor (2)
- Serviceorientierte Architektur (2)
- Sicherheitsklima (2)
- Smart Device (2)
- Smoking (2)
- Social Media (2)
- Spektroskopie (2)
- Sportfan (2)
- Squalan (2)
- Staphylococcus (2)
- Staphylococcus aureus (2)
- Sterblichkeit (2)
- Stickstoffmonoxid (2)
- Strahlenschutz (2)
- Streptococcus (2)
- Streustrahlung (2)
- Students (2)
- Sturz (2)
- Tabakkonsum (2)
- Tagungsbericht (2)
- Teilstudium (2)
- Telearbeit (2)
- Tiergesundheit (2)
- Tobacco (2)
- Transformational leadership (2)
- USFDA (2)
- Verarbeitung komplexer Ereignisse (2)
- Vermittlungstechnik (2)
- Versicherung (2)
- Vielfalt (2)
- Virtuelle Realität (2)
- Wasserstoffversprödung (2)
- Weiblicher Flüchtling (2)
- Weiterbildung (2)
- Wirtschaft (2)
- Working conditions (2)
- Workload (2)
- Ziel (2)
- acceptance (2)
- antimicrobials (2)
- bacteremia (2)
- bacteriophage mixture (2)
- biofilm (2)
- clinical mastitis (2)
- clinical trials (2)
- computer based training (2)
- continuous fiber (2)
- cost-effectiveness (2)
- dairy (2)
- dairy cows (2)
- data protection (2)
- developing countries (2)
- developing country (2)
- digital divide (2)
- direct benefit (2)
- early lactation (2)
- education (2)
- electromagnetic compatibility (2)
- epidemiology (2)
- equipotential bonding (2)
- evaluation (2)
- event-driven architecture (2)
- fiber-reinforced additive manufacturing (2)
- gamma iron (2)
- general practitioners (2)
- heifer (2)
- higher education (2)
- hybrid composites (2)
- hybrid fiber-reinforced polymers (2)
- identity threat (2)
- information dissemination (2)
- information literacy (2)
- library (2)
- lytic phage (2)
- mastitis prevention (2)
- material extrusion (2)
- modifiable characteristics of the vulnerable patients (2)
- molecular dynamics (2)
- online media (2)
- patient benefit (2)
- phage therapy (2)
- polyacrylonitrile (2)
- prevention (2)
- probiotic potential (2)
- questionnaire (2)
- radiation protection (2)
- risk (2)
- scattered radiation (2)
- severity score (2)
- social benefit (2)
- subclinical mastitis (2)
- surface relaxation (2)
- survey (2)
- tablet (2)
- transparency (2)
- udder health (2)
- virtual radiography (2)
- (coaxial)-electrospinning (1)
- 18F-FET-PET/CT (1)
- 2-Draht-Ethernet (1)
- 2-wire Ethernet (1)
- 3D printing (1)
- 3D-Druck (1)
- AI (1)
- AIDS (1)
- APL-Engineering-Richtlinie (1)
- ASD (1)
- ASW (1)
- Abdichtung (1)
- Ablaufplanung (1)
- Abschlussarbeit (1)
- Absolvent (1)
- Absolvent*innenbefragung (1)
- Absolventenbefragung (1)
- Activation (1)
- Acute stroke care (1)
- Ad-hoc-Netz (1)
- Adaptives Verfahren (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (1)
- Additive manufacturing (1)
- Administrative data (1)
- Adult Vaccines (1)
- Adverse drug event (1)
- Adverse drug reaction (1)
- Aerobes Training (1)
- Aerobic exercise (1)
- African countries (1)
- Agent <Informatik> (1)
- Aggressivität (1)
- Agile Softwareentwicklung (1)
- Agile software development (1)
- Akademisches Poster (1)
- Aktionsforschung (1)
- Aktivierung (1)
- Akute myeloische Leukämie (1)
- Allergie (1)
- Altenheim (1)
- Alternative Medicine (1)
- Alternative Medizin (1)
- Altersgruppe (1)
- Ambulatory Monitoring (1)
- Amino acid PET (1)
- Amorphes Eis (1)
- Analgesics (1)
- Analgetikum (1)
- Android (1)
- Anerkennung (1)
- Anforderung (1)
- Anforderungsprofil (1)
- Angst (1)
- Anmerkung (1)
- Anschlussheilbehandlung (1)
- Antibiotic prescription (1)
- Antidiabetic (1)
- Antidiabetikum (1)
- Antimikrobieller Wirkstoff (1)
- Antiretroviral therapy (1)
- Anwendung (1)
- Aphasia (1)
- Aphasie (1)
- Approval (1)
- Approvals (1)
- Arbeitsbelastung (1)
- Arbeitsklima (1)
- Arbeitsmedizin (1)
- Arbeitsweise (1)
- Arbeitswelt (1)
- Arbeitszufriedenheit (1)
- Arbutin (1)
- Architektur (1)
- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (1)
- Arcuate fasciculus (1)
- Art History (1)
- Arzneimittel (1)
- Arzneimittelnebenwirkung (1)
- Arzneimittelüberwachung (1)
- Aspekt (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Assistance planning (1)
- At risk (1)
- Atomic force microscopy (1)
- Atopic (1)
- Atopie (1)
- Autism (1)
- Autism spectrum disorder (1)
- Autismus (1)
- Autoethnografie (1)
- Automatendiagramm (1)
- Automatic Classification (1)
- Automation (1)
- Automatische Identifikation (1)
- Automatische Sprachanalyse (1)
- Automobile spray painters (1)
- Autorität (1)
- B-streptococci (1)
- BASIC programming (1)
- BASIC-Programmierung (1)
- BDE (1)
- BLAST algorithm (1)
- BOBCATSSS (1)
- Bachelor (1)
- Bachelor's programme "library and information management" (1)
- Bachelorstudiengang (1)
- Bachelor’s degree program (1)
- Bacterial genomics (1)
- Balanced Scorecard (1)
- Bankruptcy costs (1)
- Barcamp (1)
- Bat algorithm (1)
- Bauphysik (1)
- Baustatik (1)
- Bauökologie (1)
- Bedarfsplanung (1)
- Bedarfszeitpunkt (1)
- Bedienungstheorie (1)
- Beeinflussung (1)
- Befund (1)
- Benetzung (1)
- Benutzerfreundlichkeit (1)
- Beratungsstelle (1)
- Beruf (1)
- Berufliche Qualifikation (1)
- Berufsaussicht (1)
- Berufsbild (1)
- Berufsethik (1)
- Berufsfeld (1)
- Berufskrankheit (1)
- Berufsleben (1)
- Berufspädagogik (1)
- Berufsunfähigkeit (1)
- Berufsziel (1)
- Berufszufriedenheit (1)
- Beschäftigungsstruktur (1)
- Bestandsaufbau (1)
- Betriebliches Gesundheitsmanagement (1)
- Betriebsorganisation (1)
- Bewegungstherapie (1)
- Bewertung (1)
- Bewertungsportale (1)
- Bibliotheksausbildung (1)
- Bibliotheksorganisation (1)
- Bibliothekswebseite (1)
- Bildanalyse (1)
- Bilderzeugung (1)
- Bildkommunikation (1)
- Bildpublizistik (1)
- Bildredaktion (1)
- Bildredaktionsforschung (1)
- Bildung (1)
- Bildungsprozess (1)
- Bioactive peptides (1)
- Biofilm (1)
- Biogas (1)
- Biologische Landwirtschaft (1)
- Biomedical Informatics (1)
- Biosensor (1)
- Bioverbundwerkstoff (1)
- Blackboard <Expertensystem> (1)
- Blindleistung (1)
- Blindleistungsregelung (1)
- Blutkultur (1)
- Blutspende (1)
- Body composition (1)
- Bone mineral density (1)
- Book Sprint (1)
- Boolesche Funktionstabelle (1)
- Bortedella (1)
- Brain tumor (1)
- Buch (1)
- Building Informatics and Construction Operation (1)
- Building and Construction History (1)
- Building automation (1)
- Business Plan (1)
- Business model (1)
- Butter (1)
- C. W. Müller (1)
- C3 photosynthesis (1)
- CBR Express (1)
- CBT (1)
- CD4+ cell count (1)
- CI/CD (1)
- COBIT (1)
- COPD (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- CRISPR/Cas-Methode (1)
- CRM in Hochschulen (1)
- CVD-Verfahren (1)
- Camembert (1)
- Capacity strengthening (1)
- Carbon fiber (1)
- Carbon nanofibers (1)
- Cardiorespiratory function (1)
- Care (1)
- Care coordination (1)
- Case finding (1)
- Catalysts and Catalysis (1)
- Causal inference (1)
- Cell phone (1)
- Cellobiose (1)
- Cement workers (1)
- Censorship (1)
- Centaurea behen (1)
- ChatGPT (1)
- Chatten <Kommunikation> (1)
- Checkliste (1)
- Chemical properties (1)
- Chicago School of Sociology (1)
- Chicago-Schule <Soziologie> (1)
- Child abuse (1)
- Childhood febrile conditions (1)
- Children (1)
- Chloroform (1)
- Choi (1)
- Cholera (1)
- Chronic low back pain (1)
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1)
- Chronic pain (1)
- Chronische Niereninsuffizienz (1)
- Chronischer Schmerz (1)
- Classification (1)
- Cleaners (1)
- Clinical Pathway (1)
- Clinical Trials (1)
- Clinical trial (1)
- Clinical trials (1)
- Code (1)
- Code quality (1)
- Coded Mark Inversion (1)
- Coliforme Bakterien (1)
- Collisions (1)
- Comet Assay (1)
- Communication (1)
- Community-dwelling older adults (1)
- Comparative effectiveness (1)
- Comparative effectiveness design (1)
- Comparative research (1)
- Complementary Medicine (1)
- Complex Event Processing (CEP) (1)
- Complex event processing (1)
- Compliance (1)
- Composite measures (1)
- Construction Research (1)
- Consumerization (1)
- Context-aware recommender systems (1)
- Continuous Delivery (1)
- Continuous process (1)
- Controlling (1)
- Corticosteroide (1)
- Corticosteroids (1)
- Corticosteron (1)
- Corynebacteria (1)
- Cost-effectiveness (1)
- Costs (1)
- Cross-holdings (1)
- Crowdsourcing (1)
- Cryptosporidium (1)
- Cryptosporidium parvum (1)
- Cultural Heritage (1)
- Curriculum (1)
- Curriculumentwicklung (1)
- Curvilinear fiber (1)
- Customer channel (1)
- Cyber Insurance (1)
- Cyber Risks (1)
- Cyber-Knife (1)
- Cyber-Versicherung (1)
- CyberKnife (1)
- Cyberattacke (1)
- Cyberknife (1)
- Cyclization (1)
- DALY (1)
- DED (1)
- DEM (1)
- DIN ISO 27000 (1)
- DNA damage (1)
- DNA repair (1)
- DNS-Reparatur (1)
- DNS-Schädigung (1)
- DTI (1)
- Dach (1)
- Dairy cow (1)
- Damage claims (1)
- Dance Studies (1)
- Darstellendes Spiel (1)
- Data Harmonization (1)
- Data Model (1)
- Data Set (1)
- Data Warehousing (1)
- Data quality control (1)
- Datenerfassung (1)
- Datenpublikation (1)
- Datenqualität (1)
- Datenschutz (1)
- Datenstrom (1)
- Datentransparenzverordnung (1)
- Datenverarbeitung (1)
- Datenübertragung (1)
- Dauermagneterregte Synchronmaschine (1)
- Debatte (1)
- Decision Support (1)
- Decision Support Systems (1)
- Declaration of Helsinki (1)
- Decodierung (1)
- Delphi (1)
- Delphi method characteristics (1)
- Delphi method variants (1)
- Dempster-Shafer theory (1)
- Density functional theory (1)
- Depressive Symptom Scale (1)
- Dermatitis (1)
- Design Thinking (1)
- Desinfektion (1)
- Desktop computer application (1)
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Supervision und Coaching (1)
- Deutschland / Bundesverfassungsgericht (1)
- DevOps (1)
- Developing Countries (1)
- Dezentrale Elektrizitätserzeugung (1)
- Dezentrale Vermittlungstechnik (1)
- Dezentralisation (1)
- DiCoLas (1)
- Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 (1)
- Diabetic wound healing (1)
- Diagnose (1)
- Diagnosis (1)
- Diagnostic delay (1)
- Diagnostik (1)
- Diakonie (1)
- Dienstgüte (1)
- Diffusionsgewichtete Magnetresonanztomografie (1)
- Digital Humanities (1)
- Digital Library (1)
- Digitale Nebenstellenanlage (1)
- Digitales Kommunikationsnetz (1)
- Digitalsignal (1)
- Dimensionless numbers (1)
- Diphosphonate (1)
- Direct Energy Deposition (1)
- Discrete choice experiment (1)
- Discrete element method (1)
- Discriminatory power (1)
- Disease Burden (1)
- Disease burden (1)
- Diskrete Entscheidung (1)
- Diskrete-Elemente-Methode (1)
- Diskriminierung (1)
- Diskriminierungsverbot (1)
- Diskursanalyse (1)
- Distributed file systems (1)
- Diversity-Reflexivität (1)
- Diversität (1)
- Dodekan (1)
- Dokumentarfilm (1)
- Drehstrom (1)
- Drogenmissbrauch (1)
- Durchschalte-Vermittlungsverfahren (1)
- Dyadisches Gitter (1)
- Dynamic 18F-FET-PET/CT (1)
- Dünnes Gitter (1)
- Dürre (1)
- E-Health (1)
- E-cadherin (1)
- E. coli (1)
- ELIZA (1)
- EMA (1)
- EMC (1)
- EMC-compliant installation of automation networks (1)
- EMV (1)
- EN 15534-1 (1)
- ENOVAT (1)
- ESTEEM (1)
- Early child development (1)
- Early childhood (1)
- Early childhood intervention (1)
- Early regulatory problems (1)
- Ebola-Virus (1)
- Echtzeitsimulation (1)
- Economic and political/governmental infrastructural factors (1)
- Edinburgh Postnatal Depression (1)
- Educational intervention (1)
- Effectiveness research (1)
- Effizienz (1)
- Effizienzanalyse (1)
- Effizienzsteigerung (1)
- Eigengruppe (1)
- Eindringerkennung (1)
- Einführung (1)
- Eingebettetes System (1)
- Einkauf (1)
- Einzelfertigung (1)
- Elderly (1)
- Electromotive Force (1)
- Electronic health records (1)
- Elektrische Energie (1)
- Elektrische Leistung (1)
- Elektromagnetisches Feld (1)
- Elektromotorische Kraft (1)
- Elektronenbestrahlung (1)
- Elektronische Bibliothek (1)
- Elektrospinnen (1)
- Empowerment (1)
- Endemic countries (1)
- Endredaktion (1)
- Energieeinsparung (1)
- Energietechnik (1)
- Energieversorgung (1)
- Energieübertragung (1)
- Energy (1)
- Energy management (1)
- Engset formula (1)
- Engset-Formel (1)
- Entrepreneurship (1)
- Entscheidungsfindung (1)
- Entscheidungsunterstützung (1)
- Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem (1)
- Entwicklung (1)
- Enugu (1)
- Epidemiologic methods (1)
- Epilepsie (1)
- Epilepsy (1)
- Erfahrungsberichte (1)
- Erfolg (1)
- Erfolgsfaktor (1)
- Erfordernis (1)
- Erlang formula (1)
- Erlebnisbericht (1)
- Ermutigung (1)
- Erneuerbare Energien (1)
- Erreichbarkeit (1)
- Erwerbung (1)
- Erziehung (1)
- Erzählcafé (1)
- Escherichia coli (1)
- Europe (1)
- European Union (1)
- European debt crisis (1)
- Euter (1)
- Euterinfektion (1)
- Event Admin (EA) (1)
- Event monitoring (1)
- Exciton Migration (1)
- Exercise training (1)
- Experience reports (1)
- Expert consensus (1)
- Experteninterview (1)
- Explainability (1)
- Extended-Kalman-Filter (1)
- Fachkraft (1)
- Fachkräftemangel (1)
- Fachreferat (1)
- Fahrzeuglackierer (1)
- Falls (1)
- Fasciculus arcuatus (1)
- Faser (1)
- Fault tolerance (1)
- Feedback (1)
- Feeding management (1)
- Fehlerverhütung (1)
- Feldkommunikation (1)
- Fenster (1)
- Fernwartung (1)
- Ferrite (1)
- Ferritic steels (1)
- Ferritischer Stahl (1)
- Fertigungsanlage (1)
- Fertigungssteuerung (1)
- Fertigungstechnik (1)
- Fibula Fracture (1)
- Field Devices (1)
- Field devices (1)
- Film (1)
- Filmarchiv (1)
- Filmmuseum (1)
- Financial contagion (1)
- Financial network (1)
- Finanzplanung (1)
- Fire sales (1)
- Flimmerbewegung (1)
- Flüchtlingslager (1)
- Flüssigkeitsstrahl (1)
- Focus groups (1)
- Food protein (1)
- Forschungsdatenzentrum (1)
- Forschungsfreundlicher Datenzugang (1)
- Forschungsinformationen (1)
- Forschungsprojekt (1)
- Forschungssemester (1)
- Fouriersynthese (1)
- Fraktionierung (1)
- Framework (1)
- Frau (1)
- Frauenquote (1)
- Fremdgruppe (1)
- Friction model (1)
- Friction-induced oscillation (1)
- Frühkindliche Regulationsstörung (1)
- Functionally Graded Materials (1)
- Funktioneller Gradientenwerkstoff (1)
- FurB (1)
- Führungskraft (1)
- Führungsstrategie (1)
- Fütterung (1)
- Ga-68 DOTATATE (1)
- Ga-68 DOTATOC (1)
- Gebäude (1)
- Geflüchtete Frauen (1)
- Geflügelzucht (1)
- Gefährdung (1)
- Gehirnkarte (1)
- Gehobener Dienst (1)
- Gehorsam (1)
- Geistesgeschichte (1)
- Gemeinkosten (1)
- Gemeinschaft (1)
- Gemeinwesendiakonie (1)
- Gen (1)
- Genauigkeit (1)
- Gender (1)
- Gender Mainstreaming (1)
- Genehmigung (1)
- General practice (1)
- Generalized Minimum Variance Controller (1)
- Generationsbeziehung (1)
- Generierung (1)
- Genetik (1)
- Genexpression (1)
- Genomic databases (1)
- GeoNames (1)
- Geografische Daten (1)
- Geriatrie (1)
- German data transparency regulation (1)
- Germanistik (1)
- Geräusch (1)
- Geschlecht (1)
- Geschlechtsunterschied (1)
- Geschlossene Unterbringung (1)
- Geschäftsmodell (1)
- Gesellschaft (1)
- Gesichtserkennung (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Gesundheitsberufe (1)
- Gesundheitsdaten (1)
- Gesundheitspolitik (1)
- Gesundheitsschaden (1)
- Gesundheitsschutz (1)
- Gießerei (1)
- Gleichbehandlung (1)
- Gleichberechtigung (1)
- Gliom (1)
- Glioma (1)
- Gouvernementality (1)
- Gouvernementalität (1)
- Graft Rejection (1)
- Grand mean (1)
- Graph embeddings (1)
- Graphene (1)
- Graphentheorie (1)
- Graphitization (1)
- Griechenland (1)
- Grounded theory (1)
- Gruppenarbeit (1)
- Gruppendynamik (1)
- Guideline (1)
- Gute Arbeit (1)
- HAART (1)
- HIV/AIDS (1)
- HOXA9 (1)
- HPV (1)
- Haber-Bosch-Verfahren (1)
- Haber–Bosch process (1)
- Habitus (1)
- Habitussensibilität (1)
- Hackathon (1)
- Haematological parameters (1)
- Halbleiterdrucksensor (1)
- Haltung (1)
- Hamburg (1)
- Handlungsfähigkeit (1)
- Handy (1)
- Hannover / Landesmedienstelle (1)
- Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts (1)
- Harnwegsinfektion (1)
- Haus (1)
- Health Care (1)
- Health Informatics (1)
- Health Information Systems (1)
- Health Information Technology (1)
- Health Professionals (1)
- Health care quality assurance (1)
- Health care utilization (1)
- Health management (1)
- Health services (1)
- Healthcare resource utilization (1)
- Healthy aging (1)
- Hearsay (1)
- Heil- und Hilfsmittel (1)
- Heilberuf (1)
- Heimerziehung (1)
- Herbal remedy (1)
- Herbarium (1)
- Hereditary angioedema (1)
- Hereditäres Angioödem (1)
- Herzmuskelkrankheit (1)
- Heterogenität (1)
- Hilfeleistung (1)
- Hilfeplanung (1)
- Hirntumor (1)
- Hochschulausbildung (1)
- Hochschulbibliothek (1)
- Hochschule Hannover. Fakultät III - Medien, Information und Design (1)
- Hochschule für den Öffentlichen Dienst in Bayern (1)
- Hochschullehre (1)
- Hochschulpolitik (1)
- Holzarbeiter (1)
- Hospital Cost (1)
- Hospital choice (1)
- Hospital quality (1)
- Hospital referrals (1)
- Hostile-Media-Effekt (1)
- Housing (1)
- Humanes Papillomavirus (1)
- Humanisierung der Arbeit (1)
- Huntington's disease (1)
- Huntington-Chorea (1)
- Hybridwerkstoff (1)
- Hydrierung (1)
- Hydrogen Evolution (1)
- Hydrogen embrittlement (1)
- Hydrogenation process (1)
- Hydroxide (1)
- Hydroxyl (1)
- Hämatologie (1)
- Höheres Bildungswesen (1)
- ICD (1)
- ICD code (1)
- ICH-GCP (1)
- IDS (1)
- ISO 27 K (1)
- ISO 27000 (1)
- ISO 27001 (1)
- ISO 27002 (1)
- ISO/IEC 27000 (1)
- IT Risk (1)
- IT Risk Management (1)
- IT Security Risk (1)
- IT security (1)
- Identität (1)
- Identitätsentwicklung (1)
- Idiosyncratic Risk (1)
- Immergrüne Bärentraube (1)
- Immobilization (1)
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors (1)
- Impfung (1)
- Implementation (1)
- Income (1)
- Indicator Measurement (1)
- Indonesia (1)
- Industrial Security (1)
- Infarction (1)
- Infektion (1)
- Infektionskrankheit (1)
- Influence-of-Presumed-Media Influence-Approach (1)
- Influence-of-Presumed-Media-Influence-Ansatz (1)
- Influence-of-Presumed-Media-Influence-Approach (1)
- Information (1)
- Information materials (1)
- Information systems research (1)
- Informationsethik (1)
- Informationssystem (1)
- Informationswissenschaft (1)
- Infrastruktur (1)
- Infrastrukturplanung (1)
- Ingenieurwissenschaften (1)
- Instandhaltung (1)
- Institutioneller Rassismus (1)
- Instrument (1)
- Integriertes Engineering (1)
- Intelligentes Stromnetz (1)
- Interarea Modes (1)
- Intergenerationelle Bildung (1)
- Internationalisierung (1)
- Interne Unternehmenskommunikation (1)
- Internet (1)
- Internverkehr-Formel (1)
- Interprofessional collaboration (1)
- Interprofessional relations (1)
- Inverse probability weighting (1)
- Investitionsbedarf (1)
- Investitionsplanung (1)
- Jesuiten (1)
- Jesuits (1)
- Joseph (1)
- Journalist (1)
- Journalistische Bildkommunikation (1)
- Jugendamt (1)
- Jugendhilfe (1)
- Jugendkulturarbeit (1)
- Jugendsozialarbeit (1)
- Kakuma (1)
- Kalb (1)
- Kaliumbromid (1)
- Kalobeyei (1)
- Kapitalplanung (1)
- Kardiopulmonale Leistungsfähigkeit (1)
- Kardiovaskuläre Krankheit (1)
- Katalog (1)
- Katholische Kirche (1)
- Katholizismus (1)
- Keyword Extraction (1)
- Kidney (1)
- Kind <1-3 Jahre> (1)
- Kind <11-13 Jahre> (1)
- Kinderheilkunde (1)
- Kinderkriminalität (1)
- Klebtechnik (1)
- Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (1)
- Klimt, Gustav (1)
- Klimt: “Trompetender Putto” (1)
- Klinischer Behandlungspfad (1)
- Knochendichte (1)
- Knochenmineraldichte (1)
- Knowledge graphs (1)
- Knöchel (1)
- Knöchelverletzung (1)
- Kohlenwasserstoffe (1)
- Kollisionsverlust (1)
- Kommunikationspolitik (1)
- Komplexe Scheinleistung (1)
- Kongress (1)
- Konstruktionsmerkmal (1)
- Konsultation <Medizin> (1)
- Kontextfaktor (1)
- Kontinuierliche Integration (1)
- Konzentrat (1)
- Konzeption (1)
- Korrektur (1)
- Kostenabschätzung (1)
- Kraftfahrzeugbau (1)
- Krafttraining (1)
- Krampf (1)
- Kraniometrie (1)
- Krankenhausfinanzierungsreformgesetz (1)
- Krankenpflegeausbildung (1)
- Krankheitskosten (1)
- Kreatives Denken (1)
- Kreativität (1)
- Krebsrisiko (1)
- Kreislaufwirtschaft (1)
- Kreuzschmerz (1)
- Kriminalität (1)
- Kulturerbe (1)
- Kundenorientierung (1)
- Kunstgeschichte <Fach> (1)
- Kunststoff (1)
- Kurs (1)
- Kälberaufzucht (1)
- Kältetechnik (1)
- Körperbau (1)
- Körperfett (1)
- Körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit (1)
- Künstliches Seegras (1)
- LCSH (1)
- LIS-Studium (1)
- Lactose intolerance (1)
- Lactoseintoleranz (1)
- Landscape Planning (1)
- Landschaftsplanung (1)
- Language pathways (1)
- Laser (1)
- Laser Double Wire (1)
- Lassa fever vaccines (1)
- Lassa-Fieber (1)
- Latent-Class-Analyse (1)
- Laßberg, Joseph von (1)
- Learning Circle (1)
- Leaves (1)
- Lebanon (1)
- Lebensdauer (1)
- Lebensmittelgroßhandel (1)
- Lebensübergänge (1)
- Leber (1)
- Lehre (1)
- Lehrer (1)
- Lehrorganisation (1)
- Lehrplanentwicklung (1)
- Leistungsübertragung (1)
- Leitfadeninterview (1)
- Leitstand (1)
- Leitungsbahn (1)
- Lernziel (1)
- Lessons Learned (1)
- Library and Information Science study program (1)
- Library of Congress (1)
- LightSabre (1)
- Lindauer Evangeliar (1)
- Linked Open Data (1)
- Liquidität (1)
- Liquiditätsplan (1)
- Liquiditätsplanung (1)
- Literaturauswertung (1)
- Literature Review (1)
- Literaturrecherche (1)
- Location-based systems (1)
- Logiksynthese (1)
- Longitudinal data (1)
- Luftqualität (1)
- Lumineszenzdiode (1)
- Lymphknoten (1)
- Ländlicher Raum (1)
- MALDI-MS (1)
- MALDI-TOF MS (1)
- MANET (1)
- MEIS1 (1)
- MILP (1)
- Machine Learning (1)
- Machine-to-Machine-Kommunikation (1)
- Magermilch (1)
- Magnetismus (1)
- Magnetometer (1)
- Maharashtra (1)
- Malnutrition (1)
- Manchester (1)
- Mannschaftssport (1)
- MapReduce algorithm (1)
- Maps (1)
- Marke (1)
- Marketing (1)
- Maschinelles Lernen (1)
- Maschinenmelken (1)
- Materialcharakterisierung (1)
- Materialfluss (1)
- Maternal Depression (1)
- Maternal Depressive Symptom (1)
- Maternal distress (1)
- Matrix (1)
- Matunga (1)
- Measurement (1)
- Mechanische Eigenschaft (1)
- Mechanism (1)
- Media Studies (1)
- Medical Ethics (1)
- Medical devices (1)
- Medical expertise (1)
- Medication adherence (1)
- Medien (1)
- Medienwissenschaft (1)
- Mediothek (1)
- Medizinische Dokumentation (1)
- Medizinische Radiologie (1)
- Medizinische Versorgung (1)
- Medizinisches Personal (1)
- Meisterfertigung (1)
- Mental health (1)
- Merkmal (1)
- Messtechnik (1)
- Messung (1)
- Metadaten (1)
- Metagenomics (1)
- Metakognitive Therapie (1)
- Metall (1)
- Metalloregulator (1)
- Microorganism (1)
- Mikrowaage (1)
- Misstrauen (1)
- Mitarbeiterbindung (1)
- Mitarbeitermanagement (1)
- Mitarbeiterzufriedenheit (1)
- Mitgliederversammlung (1)
- Mitigation plan (1)
- Mittelstand (1)
- Mixed methods (1)
- Mobile Applications (1)
- Mobile Auskunft (1)
- Mobile Device (1)
- Mobile Kommunikation (1)
- Mobile communication (1)
- Model Predictive Control (1)
- Modellprädiktive Regelung (1)
- Modellvorhaben (1)
- Modifizierung (1)
- Molecules (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monoschicht (1)
- Mortality (1)
- Mother-child-interaction (1)
- Mothers’ perception of recovery (1)
- Mothers’ satisfaction (1)
- Motorisches Gleichgewicht (1)
- Multicenter clinical trials (1)
- Multimedia Retrieval (1)
- Multiple Sklerose (1)
- Muscle strength (1)
- Musculoskeletal disorders (1)
- Music recommender (1)
- Musicology (1)
- Musik (1)
- Musikwissenschaft (1)
- Muskelkraft (1)
- Mycobacteria (1)
- Möglichkeit (1)
- Mössbauer spectroscopy (1)
- NFDI (1)
- NFDI4Culture – Konsortium für Forschungsdaten materieller und immaterieller Kulturgüter (1)
- NSAID (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nachrichtentechnik (1)
- Nanofaser (1)
- Nanomedicine (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanopartikel (1)
- Nanotechnology (1)
- Nanotoxicity (1)
- Natural Language Processing (1)
- Naturfaser (1)
- Neopallium (1)
- Netzstabilität <Elektrische Energietechnik> (1)
- Netzwerk <Graphentheorie> (1)
- Netzübergang (1)
- Neugeborenes (1)
- Neuralgie (1)
- Neuronales Netz (1)
- Neuropathic pain (1)
- Nichtlineare Spektroskopie (1)
- Nichtlineare modellprädiktive Regelung (1)
- Nichtlinerae Spektroskopie (1)
- Nichtsteroidales Antiphlogistikum (1)
- Niederdruckplasma (1)
- Niedersachsen (1)
- Niedrige Energie (1)
- NoSQL databases. (1)
- Norddeutschland (1)
- Nordkorea (1)
- North Korean refugees (1)
- Notfallmedizin (1)
- Nursing Robotic (1)
- Nursing care (1)
- Nutztierhaltung (1)
- Nutzung (1)
- OECD datasets (1)
- OT security (1)
- OT-Sicherheit (1)
- Obdachlosigkeit (1)
- Oberflächenbehandlung (1)
- Oberflächentemperatur (1)
- Obstruktive Ventilationsstörung (1)
- Occupational-specific variations (1)
- Offene Hochschule Niedersachsen (1)
- Offener Unterricht (1)
- Offenes Kommunikationssystem (1)
- Online Learning (1)
- Online services (1)
- Online-Dienst (1)
- Online-Portal (1)
- Ontologies (1)
- Open Data (1)
- Open Education (1)
- Open Source (1)
- Open systems (1)
- Operation (1)
- Optimal control (1)
- Optimale Kontrolle (1)
- Optimalliquidität (1)
- Optische Zeichenerkennung (1)
- Optocoupler application (1)
- Optokoppler-Einsatz (1)
- Orales Arzneimittel (1)
- Organisation (1)
- Organisationsentwicklung (1)
- Organisatorische Aspekte (1)
- Organization and administration (1)
- Organizational development (1)
- Organversagen (1)
- Orthopädische Chirurgie (1)
- Ortsnetz (1)
- Osteoarthritis (1)
- Oszillatorschaltung (1)
- P2P (1)
- PC-gestützt (1)
- PCR (1)
- PEGIDA-Bewegung (1)
- PET/CT (1)
- PFGE (1)
- PICA <Bibliotheksinformationssystem> (1)
- PMMA (1)
- PMSM (1)
- PROFIenergy (1)
- PROFIsafe (1)
- Palliative care (1)
- Palliativmedizin (1)
- Palliativpflege (1)
- Parent-child relationship (1)
- Parental risk factors (1)
- Parenting stress (1)
- Participation (1)
- Pasteurella multocida (1)
- Patent medicine dealers (1)
- Pathogener Mikroorganismus (1)
- Patient care (1)
- Patient counselling (1)
- Patient experience (1)
- Patient identification (1)
- Patient referral (1)
- Patient-reported outcomes (1)
- Patientenzufriedenheit (1)
- Peer Learning (1)
- Peer-to-Peer-Learning (1)
- Pegida (1)
- Peracetic Acid Solution (1)
- Perception (1)
- Persistenz (1)
- Petri-Netz (1)
- Pferd (1)
- Pflanzenkohle (1)
- Pflegeberufereformgesetz (1)
- Pflegedidaktik (1)
- Pflegeheim (1)
- Pflegeinformatik (1)
- Pflegekammer (1)
- Pharmacists (1)
- Pharmacovigilance (1)
- Pharmazeut (1)
- Pharmazeutische Industrie (1)
- Phenylgruppe (1)
- Photodissoziation (1)
- Physical activity level (1)
- Physical exercise adherence (1)
- Physician rating website (1)
- Physician rating websites (1)
- Physician-nurse (1)
- Physician-rating website (1)
- Physikalische Therapie (1)
- Physiotherapeut (1)
- Pi-theorem (1)
- Pierpont Morgan Library (1)
- Pierpont Morgan Library Ms 1 (1)
- Piezoresistive sensors (1)
- Pigment (1)
- Pilot Projects (1)
- Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav (1)
- Pla2g4a (1)
- Plakat (1)
- Plan (1)
- Planung (1)
- Plasma processing (1)
- Plasma-Activated Buffered Solution (1)
- Podcast (1)
- Politik (1)
- Politiker (1)
- Polizei (1)
- Polyacrylonitrile (1)
- Polymer-Metall-Verbund (1)
- Polytetrafluorethylene (1)
- Pool Effect (1)
- Position Sensorless Control (1)
- Postmenopausal women (1)
- Postpartum Depression (1)
- Poststroke depression (1)
- Potenzial (1)
- Powder bed (1)
- Power Systems (1)
- PowerSim (1)
- Praxisbezug (1)
- Praxisforschung (1)
- Predictive Control (1)
- Prevention (1)
- Primary Study (1)
- Principal stress (1)
- Problem (1)
- Problemlösen (1)
- Process evaluation (1)
- Produktionsschule (1)
- Professional practice (1)
- Professionalization (1)
- Profilierung (1)
- Profinet (1)
- Programm (1)
- Programmed-death ligand 1 (1)
- Programmierung (1)
- Prostatakrebs (1)
- Proteases (1)
- Protection concepts (1)
- Protection processes (1)
- Prozessindustrie (1)
- Prozesskette (1)
- Prämenopause (1)
- Prüfungsangst (1)
- Psychisches Trauma (1)
- Psychokardiologie (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Psychometrics (1)
- Psychometrie (1)
- Public child and youth welfare (1)
- Public health (1)
- Pulsfeld-Gelelektrophorese (1)
- Quality measures (1)
- Quality of Life (1)
- Quality of Service (QoS) (1)
- Quality of care (1)
- Quality of life (1)
- Quality perception (1)
- Qualitätssicherung (1)
- Quarz (1)
- Quellcode (1)
- Queuing theory (1)
- Quotierung (1)
- RECIST (1)
- Radiation necrosis (1)
- Radikalisierung (1)
- Radiochirurgie (1)
- Radiolyse (1)
- Radiolysis (1)
- Raigad (1)
- Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Rapid Prototyping <Fertigung> (1)
- Rare disease (1)
- Rational drug use (1)
- Rationalität (1)
- Raumordnung (1)
- Reaktanz <Psychologie> (1)
- Reaktionsdynamik (1)
- Reaktivität (1)
- Real-time simulation (1)
- Rechtsextremismus (1)
- Rechtsradikalismus (1)
- Recommendation (1)
- Recommender systems (1)
- Reduzierter Bandbreitenbedarf (1)
- Regelkreis (1)
- Regenerative Digitalsignalübertragung (1)
- Registrierung (1)
- Registry data (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Regulations (1)
- Rehabilitand (1)
- Rehabilitation (1)
- Reibungsschwingung (1)
- Reliability (1)
- Remote work (1)
- Renal cell carcinoma (1)
- Renaturierung <Ökologie> (1)
- Rendering (1)
- Rendering (computer graphics) (1)
- Repatriierung (1)
- Research Information (1)
- Research Infrastructure (1)
- Research practice (1)
- Research sabbatical (1)
- Residential facilities (1)
- Resilienz (1)
- Resistance (1)
- Resistance exercise (1)
- Resistenz (1)
- Resistive sensors (1)
- Resistiver Sensor (1)
- Ressentiment (1)
- Ressourcen (1)
- Ressourceneinsatz (1)
- Review sites (1)
- Risiko (1)
- Risikoanalyse (1)
- Risk methodology assessment (1)
- Risk stratification (1)
- Risk-based monitoring (1)
- Roboter (1)
- Robotic radiosurgery (1)
- Rohmilch (1)
- Rotaviren (1)
- Routine data (1)
- Routinedaten (1)
- Roving Librarian (1)
- Rubber (1)
- Rufsperrung (1)
- Rule learning (1)
- Rural community (1)
- S. aureus (1)
- SCC (1)
- SEM (1)
- SIEM (1)
- SMS <Telekommunikation> (1)
- SOAP (1)
- SOD1 (1)
- SPION (1)
- SUVmax (1)
- Sauerstoff (1)
- Sauerstoffatom (1)
- Scattering (1)
- Schlaganfallpatient (1)
- Schlagwort (1)
- Schlüsselfaktor (1)
- Schlüsselkompetenzen (1)
- Schnittkäse (1)
- School (1)
- Schuldenkrise (1)
- Schule (1)
- Schulung (1)
- Schutz (1)
- Schutzkonzept (1)
- Schutzprozesse (1)
- Schweißdraht (1)
- Schwindspannung (1)
- Scorecard (1)
- Secondary Data Analysis (1)
- Secondary data (1)
- Secure Development Lifecycle (1)
- Secure development lifecycle (1)
- Seegras (1)
- Seelsorge (1)
- Seelsorger (1)
- Seizures (1)
- Sekundärkrankheit (1)
- Selbstmanagement (1)
- Selektives Laserschmelzen (1)
- Selfsensing (1)
- Seltene Krankheit (1)
- Semantic Web (1)
- Semi-structured interviews (1)
- Semiconductors (1)
- Sensorsystem (1)
- Sentinel-Lymphknoten (1)
- Sepsis (1)
- Sequence alignment (1)
- Service Lifecycle (1)
- Service Management (1)
- Service Monitoring (1)
- Service Registry (1)
- Service Repository (1)
- Service Semantics (1)
- Service-orientation (1)
- Sexual abuse (1)
- Sexual violence (1)
- Sexualisierte Gewalt (1)
- Sexuelle Gewalt (1)
- Sexueller Missbrauch (1)
- Sicherer Produktentwicklungslebenszyklus (1)
- Sicherheit (1)
- Sicherung (1)
- Signalgenerator (1)
- Site assessment (1)
- Site selection (1)
- Skills shortage (1)
- Smartphone (1)
- Social casework (1)
- Social participation (1)
- Soft Skills (1)
- Software Engineering (1)
- Software development (1)
- Soll-Ist-Vergleich (1)
- Somazelle (1)
- Sonnenenergie (1)
- Sonnenfinsternis (1)
- Source code properties (1)
- Soziale Anerkennung (1)
- Soziale Arbeit (1)
- Soziale Gerechtigkeit (1)
- Soziale Gruppenarbeit (1)
- Spanien (1)
- Spannungsregelung (1)
- Spatial Planning (1)
- Specialised Information Service (1)
- Spheres (1)
- Spin Crossover (1)
- Sports rivalry (1)
- Stabilisierung (1)
- Stadt (1)
- Stahl (1)
- Stand der Technik (1)
- Standortbezogener Dienst (1)
- Staphylococcaceae (1)
- Stationäre Jugendhilfe (1)
- Statutory Health (1)
- Sterbeklinik (1)
- Stereotactic radiosurgery (1)
- Steuerungsstruktur (1)
- Steuerungstechnik (1)
- Stick-slip (1)
- Strategic Information Management (1)
- Streaming <Kommunikationstechnik> (1)
- Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1)
- Streuung (1)
- Stribeck curve (1)
- Stroke (1)
- Structural Engineering (1)
- Struktur (1)
- Strukturgleichungsmodell (1)
- Studentenbewegung (1)
- Studienarbeit (1)
- Studiengang Bibliotheks- und Informationsmanagement (1)
- Studiengang Informationsmanagement berufsbegleitend (1)
- Studiengangfinder (1)
- Stuttgart 21 (1)
- Ständige Erreichbarkeit (1)
- Summenfrequenzerzeugung (1)
- Survey (1)
- Sustainable Building Technology (1)
- Swarm algorithm (1)
- Switching systems (1)
- Symposion (1)
- Symptom (1)
- Symptoms of post-stroke depression (1)
- Synononym (1)
- System (1)
- Systematic Risk (1)
- Systematic review (1)
- Systematik (1)
- Systemic risk (1)
- Szenisches Spiel (1)
- Säugen (1)
- TDMA (1)
- TNNI3 (1)
- Tagesklinik (1)
- Tagung (1)
- Tala (1)
- Tanzwissenschaft (1)
- Target groups (1)
- Target trial (1)
- Taxonomy (1)
- Teaching Librarian (1)
- Technische Innovation (1)
- Technology acceptance (1)
- Teilhabe (1)
- Telekommunikation (1)
- Telekommunikationsnetz (1)
- Telephone traffic (1)
- Terminplanung (1)
- Terminsteuerung (1)
- Text Mining (1)
- Text Segmentation (1)
- Text-message (1)
- Textroutinen (1)
- Theaterwissenschaft (1)
- Theatre Studies (1)
- Therapeutisches Team (1)
- Therapietreue (1)
- Thesaurus (1)
- Third-Party-Elemente (1)
- Timed-up-and-go test (1)
- Tischcomputer (1)
- Tischrechner-Einsatz (1)
- Tractography (1)
- Traffic measurement (1)
- Traffic sampling system (1)
- Traffic theory (1)
- Tragfähigkeit (1)
- Transfer of medical tasks (1)
- Transition metal chalcogenides (1)
- Transplant (1)
- Transplantat (1)
- Transplantatabstoßung (1)
- Transportation and Infrastructure Planning (1)
- Trigeminal neuralgia (1)
- Trigeminus (1)
- Trockenmilch (1)
- Trockenstellen (1)
- Truthahn (1)
- Turing-Test (1)
- Two dimensional materials (1)
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus (1)
- USART device (1)
- USART-Baustein (1)
- UTAUT (1)
- Ubiquitous Computing (1)
- Ubiquitous computing (1)
- Umweltbilanz (1)
- Unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkung (1)
- Unfallchirurgie (1)
- Unfallrisiko (1)
- University Students (1)
- University of Mumbai (1)
- Unsicherheit (1)
- Unternehmensberatung (1)
- Unternehmensführung (1)
- Unternehmensgründung (1)
- Unterscheidungskraft (1)
- Urbanism (1)
- Urbanität (1)
- Urinary tract infection (1)
- User Generated Content (1)
- V.24 interface (1)
- V.24-Schnittstelle (1)
- VDB-Kommission für Fachreferatsarbeit (1)
- VIVO (1)
- VSFS (1)
- Vaccine (1)
- Validity (1)
- Van der Waals forces (1)
- Van-der-Waals-Kraft (1)
- Vater (1)
- Velocity field diagram (1)
- Venous tumor thrombi (1)
- Veranstaltung (1)
- Verbesserung (1)
- Verbraucher (1)
- Verbundwerkstoffe (1)
- Verdampfung (1)
- Verfahrensindustrie (1)
- Vergleich (1)
- Verification of Request (1)
- Verkehr (1)
- Verkehrsgrößen-Abtastsystem (1)
- Verkehrsmessung (1)
- Verkehrsplanung (1)
- Verkehrstheorie (1)
- Verkohlung (1)
- Verlustsystem (1)
- Verlustwahrscheinlichkeiten (1)
- Vermittlungssystem (1)
- Versicherungsbetrieb (1)
- Versprödung (1)
- Verteilte Steuerung (1)
- Verteiltes Koppelnetz (1)
- Vertrauen in Medien (1)
- Verwaltung (1)
- Verweildauer (1)
- Veränderungsbereitschaft (1)
- Veränderungsprozess (1)
- Video Segmentation (1)
- Vielfachzugriff (1)
- Virtual reality (1)
- Virtuelles Team (1)
- Visualisierung (1)
- Visuelle Kommunikation (1)
- Voluntary blood donation (1)
- Voraussetzung (1)
- Vorgehensmodell (1)
- WPC (1)
- WS-Security (1)
- WaSH (1)
- Wadenbein (1)
- Walking balance (1)
- Wasserstoffmolekül (1)
- Water resources (1)
- Web log (1)
- Web service (1)
- Web services (1)
- Web-Portal (1)
- Weben (1)
- Weighted Mean Difference (1)
- Weizenbaum (1)
- Werkstoffverbunde (1)
- Wert (1)
- Wertschöpfungskette (1)
- Wertschöpfungsprozess (1)
- Wettbewerbsvorsprung (1)
- Wide-Area Power System Stabilizer (1)
- Windturbine (1)
- Wirkleistung (1)
- Wirksamkeitsforschung (1)
- Wirtschaftlichkeit (1)
- Wirtschaftsinformatik (1)
- Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten (1)
- Wissensgraph (1)
- Wissensmanagement (1)
- Wnt-Proteine (1)
- Wochenbettdepression (1)
- Wohnungsbau (1)
- Wohnungslosigkeit (1)
- Wood-Plastic-Composite (1)
- Woodworkers (1)
- Work quality (1)
- World Wide Web 2.0 (1)
- Wundheilung (1)
- X-ray (1)
- X-ray fluorescence analysis (1)
- XML-Model (1)
- XML-Schema (1)
- Yogyakarta (1)
- Young adult (1)
- ZX 81 (1)
- Zeitfaktor (1)
- Zeitmultiplex (1)
- Zeitmultiplex-Vielfachzugriff (1)
- Zeitmultiplextechnik (1)
- Zeitpunkt (1)
- Zeitwirtschaft (1)
- Zelldifferenzierung (1)
- Zensur (1)
- Zentriertes Interview (1)
- Zerstäubungstrocknung (1)
- Zinc homeostasis (1)
- Zirconia (1)
- Zirkoniumverbindungen (1)
- Zitatenanalyse (1)
- Zitzenversiegler (1)
- ZrO2 (1)
- Zukunftsfelder (1)
- Zur (1)
- Zusammengehörigkeit (1)
- Zwei-Draht-Ethernet (1)
- academic libraries (1)
- academic posters (1)
- accidental falls (1)
- active distribution system (1)
- acute myeloid leukemia (1)
- ad-hoc networks (1)
- adaptive methods (1)
- adhesion (1)
- administrative data (1)
- adult vaccines (1)
- aeroallergen (1)
- aerosol exposure (1)
- age group (1)
- agents (1)
- aggressive behavior (1)
- agile values (1)
- alternative treatment (1)
- amorphous solid water (1)
- anaphylaxis (1)
- anforderungsgerecht (1)
- ankle (1)
- antibiotics (1)
- antidiabetic (1)
- antihypertensive (1)
- antimicrobial susceptibility (1)
- antioxidants (1)
- antiviral therapy (1)
- anxiety (1)
- architecture (1)
- artificial seagrass (1)
- asthma (1)
- asynchronous messaging (1)
- attachment (1)
- author (1)
- authority (1)
- bacterial pathogens (1)
- bacterial shedding (1)
- basidiomycetes (1)
- batch control (1)
- batch processes (1)
- bauphysikalisch (1)
- bedding (1)
- belief (1)
- bio-based plastics (1)
- biochar (1)
- biocomposites (1)
- biodegradable (1)
- bioethics (1)
- biomedicine (1)
- biometry (1)
- bivariate endpoint (1)
- black-box optimisation (1)
- blood (1)
- blood culture (1)
- body fat mass (1)
- bone mineral density (1)
- bovine (1)
- brain cartography (1)
- brand distinctiveness (1)
- brand rivalry (1)
- broth microdilution (1)
- build automation (1)
- build server (1)
- calf rearing (1)
- call congestion (1)
- carbon fibers (1)
- carbonization (1)
- cardiomyopathy (1)
- cardiovascular disease (1)
- caregiver burden (1)
- cashing (1)
- catalogs (1)
- cell viability (1)
- chemisorption (1)
- chief medical officer (1)
- child maltreatment (1)
- child protection (1)
- childhood (1)
- chronic (1)
- chronic kidney disease (1)
- circuit switching (1)
- circular economy (1)
- citation analysis (1)
- citations (1)
- citizens (1)
- clinical bovine mastitis (1)
- clinical documentation (1)
- clinical hematology (1)
- cloud computing (1)
- clustering on countries (1)
- co-leaders (1)
- coliforms (1)
- collaborative coordination (1)
- communication (1)
- communication policy (1)
- comorbidity (1)
- competencies (1)
- complex event processing (CEP) (1)
- compliance (1)
- composites (1)
- computed tomography (1)
- conceptual history (1)
- conferences (1)
- conflict (1)
- consulting (1)
- consumer distinctiveness (1)
- contagious (1)
- contagious mastitis (1)
- cooperative norms (1)
- coordination chemistry (1)
- corrective actions (1)
- corynebacteria (1)
- cranial cavity (1)
- craniometry (1)
- creativity (1)
- creep stress (1)
- culture (1)
- cure (1)
- curricula (1)
- cytomegalovirus (1)
- dairy cattle (1)
- dairy cattle (1)
- dairy farming (1)
- dairy heifers (1)
- data mining (1)
- data model (1)
- data stream learning (1)
- day care services (1)
- day hospital (1)
- decentralized switching technology (1)
- decision support systems (1)
- dentist (1)
- depression (1)
- derivative-free optimisation (1)
- design for additive manufacturing (1)
- diabetes mellitus (1)
- diagnostic accuracy studies (1)
- didactic (1)
- differential cell count (1)
- differenziert (1)
- digital communication network (1)
- digital intervention (1)
- digitalization (1)
- digitization (1)
- discrete choice experiment (1)
- discrete tomography (1)
- disidentification (1)
- disruption (1)
- distributed control (1)
- distributed environments (1)
- distributed evacuation coordination (1)
- distributed generation (1)
- distributed switching network (1)
- doctor-patient communication (1)
- dodecane (1)
- drug-monitoring (1)
- dry period (1)
- durability test (1)
- dyadic grid (1)
- early attachment development (1)
- ecosystem restoration (1)
- editor (1)
- educational virtual realities (1)
- eigenface (1)
- electrical anisotropy (1)
- electron irradiation (1)
- emergency medicine (1)
- encephalometry (1)
- end-of-life options (1)
- engineering guideline (1)
- enseignement à domicile (1)
- enterprise apps (1)
- environmental (1)
- environmental reservoirs (1)
- environmental sources of mastitis pathogens (1)
- ethanolic extract (1)
- ethics (1)
- ethics indirect benefit (1)
- ethnomedicine (1)
- evacuation guidance (1)
- evaporation (1)
- event models (1)
- events (1)
- examination (1)
- expert interview (1)
- experts (1)
- face recognition (1)
- fathers (1)
- fattening turkey (1)
- fear (1)
- feather corticosterone (1)
- feedforward control (1)
- fellow farmers (1)
- ferrite (1)
- field communication (1)
- financial planning (1)
- finite element analysis (FEA) (1)
- flexible Betriebsorganisation (1)
- flicker frequency (1)
- fluorescent genetic barcoding (1)
- focus groups (1)
- forecasting models on countries (1)
- foster cows (1)
- fracture (1)
- fracture risk (1)
- free radicals (1)
- future fields (1)
- gait output (1)
- gasification (1)
- gastrointestinal infection (1)
- gender effects (1)
- genetics (1)
- genotypes (1)
- geriatric assessment (1)
- graphene (1)
- graphene nanoplatelets (1)
- graphitization (1)
- grid ancillary services (1)
- guided interview (1)
- hand grip strength (1)
- head-mounted display (1)
- healing (1)
- health (1)
- health care (1)
- health data (1)
- health information systems (1)
- health services research (1)
- healthcare IT (1)
- healthcare communications (1)
- healthcare management (1)
- healthcare systems (1)
- healthdata (1)
- herd health (1)
- horse (1)
- hospice care (1)
- hospice day care (1)
- hospital management (1)
- hostile media perception (1)
- human resources development (1)
- hurdle model (1)
- hybrid biocomposites (1)
- hybrid textiles (1)
- hydrogen (1)
- hydrogen diffusion (1)
- hydrogen embrittlement (1)
- hypertension (1)
- identity, Catholic Church (1)
- immersive media (1)
- immunomonitoring (1)
- immunosuppression (1)
- improvement (1)
- income (1)
- indirect benefit (1)
- industrial production system (1)
- infancy (1)
- infectious desease (1)
- influence of presumed media influence approach (1)
- influence of presumed influence (1)
- information management (1)
- information presentation (1)
- infra-red-light investigation (1)
- institutional racism (1)
- intellectual history (1)
- intelligent control (1)
- intensive care units (1)
- intergroup processes (1)
- internal traffic formula (1)
- internet (1)
- interprofessional cooperation (1)
- intramammary infection (1)
- intramammary infections (1)
- inverter-based resources (1)
- kidney transplantation (1)
- knowledge organization (1)
- korrigierende Handlungen (1)
- kreativität (1)
- lactational treatment (1)
- lactic acid bacterium (1)
- landmark (1)
- large scale systems (1)
- latent class analysis (1)
- learning objectives (1)
- learning-groups (1)
- lentiviral vector (1)
- leukemic stem cell (1)
- library and information science (1)
- life cycle assessment (1)
- light-emitting diode (1)
- limited angle (1)
- linear regression analysis (1)
- liquid jet (1)
- load balancing (1)
- longitudinal study (1)
- loss probabilities (1)
- loss system (1)
- lymphadenectomy (1)
- machine learning (1)
- machine-to-machine communication (1)
- magnetism (1)
- magnetometer (1)
- maldigestion (1)
- malnutrition (1)
- mammary cure (1)
- management (1)
- market-based coordination (1)
- marktorientiert (1)
- mastitis pathogens (1)
- mastitis treatment (1)
- mastitis-causing pathogen (1)
- mechanical properties (1)
- mediatization of politics (1)
- medical data (1)
- medical day care (1)
- medical devices (1)
- medical informatics (1)
- medicine (1)
- medicine registrations (1)
- menopause (1)
- mental health (1)
- mental health problems (1)
- metacognitive therapy (1)
- microbiological cure (1)
- mikrocomputergesteuerter Generator (1)
- minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (1)
- mixed integer linear programming (1)
- mixed-integer nonlinear model predictive control (1)
- mobile health apps (1)
- model selection (1)
- molecurlar hydrogen (1)
- multi-dimensional data (1)
- multiagent systems (1)
- multiple access (1)
- multiple cut-offs (1)
- multiple thresholds (1)
- multiplexing (1)
- multivariate data (1)
- musculoskeletal disorders, (1)
- nano fibers (1)
- nanofibers (1)
- natural fibers (1)
- neural control (1)
- neural network model (1)
- nitric oxide (1)
- non-prescription (1)
- nonaureus staphylococci (NAS) (1)
- noninferiority (1)
- nonlinear model predictive control (1)
- nursing informatics (1)
- nursing innovation (1)
- nursing technology (1)
- obedience (1)
- occupational disorders (1)
- occupational health (1)
- occupational profile (1)
- on-farm raw milk concentration (1)
- online ratings (1)
- ontology (1)
- openEHR (1)
- operational strategy (1)
- optimal power flow (1)
- optimal scheduling (1)
- oral bisphosphonates (1)
- organ failure (1)
- organic farming (1)
- organizational aspects (1)
- orthopaedic surgery (1)
- osseous landmarks (1)
- osteoporosis (1)
- outbreak (1)
- outcome measurement (1)
- over-immunosuppression (1)
- overdispersion (1)
- oxidation (1)
- p53 (1)
- palliative care (1)
- part-time degree program (1)
- partial density of states (1)
- participation management (1)
- pathogen reservoirs (1)
- pathogen shedding (1)
- patient empowerment (1)
- patient narratives (1)
- patient satisfaction (1)
- patients (1)
- pediatric diagnostic accuracy (1)
- pediatric transplantation (1)
- pediatrics (1)
- peer review (1)
- penetration of RES (1)
- peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) (1)
- perceptions of hostility (1)
- performance of the pharmaceutical industry (1)
- persistence (1)
- personalized immunosuppressive therapy (1)
- petri nets (1)
- pharmacy (1)
- physician choice making (1)
- physician leadership (1)
- physician-rating website (1)
- pigments (1)
- placebo (1)
- poisson regression (1)
- policing urban space (1)
- politicians (1)
- politics (1)
- polymerase chain reaction (1)
- positive feedback mechanisms (1)
- potential energy surface (1)
- power plant engineering (1)
- prediction methods (1)
- presence experience (1)
- presumed media influence (1)
- preventive medicine (1)
- privacy (1)
- procedural model (1)
- prostate cancer (1)
- proteolytic enzymes (1)
- psychocardiology (1)
- publication bias (1)
- pulmonary inflammation (1)
- racial profiling (1)
- racisme institutionnel (1)
- random parameter logit mode (1)
- rationalität (1)
- reactance (1)
- reactive power control (1)
- real-time routing (1)
- rechtsextreme Szene (1)
- reciprocity (1)
- recurrence rate (1)
- recursive calculation (1)
- reduced bandwidth requirement (1)
- reducing ability (1)
- reduction of antibiotic usage (1)
- refugee women (1)
- refugees (1)
- rekursive Berechnung (1)
- reliable message delivery (1)
- remote maintenance (1)
- renewable energy sources (1)
- repatriation (1)
- report cards (1)
- research data center (1)
- research information (1)
- research-friendly data access (1)
- reservoirs of mastitis pathogens (1)
- residential care for young people (1)
- resilience (1)
- respiratory infection (1)
- rivals (1)
- roads to health (1)
- rollierend (1)
- routine data (1)
- safety climate (1)
- sarcomere (1)
- scanning electron microscopy (1)
- scattering (1)
- scholarly communication (1)
- scientific societies (1)
- seagrass sediment light feedback (1)
- season (1)
- security (1)
- selective dry cow treatment (1)
- self-management (1)
- self-medication (1)
- self-prescription (1)
- semantic web application (1)
- semiparametric (1)
- sensor-based mobile gait analysis (1)
- sentinel lymph node dissection (1)
- shRNA (1)
- shopping cart system (1)
- shrinkage stress (1)
- simulation studies in power engineering (1)
- simulation training (1)
- situation aware routing (1)
- smart cities (1)
- smart grids (1)
- smartphone (1)
- social comparison (1)
- social identity (1)
- social justice (1)
- socioeconomic demographic determinants (1)
- solid waste management (1)
- somatic cell count (1)
- sparse grid (1)
- species diagnostics (1)
- specificity (1)
- spin crossover (1)
- sports ability (1)
- stabilization (1)
- standard of care (1)
- standardisierte Befragung (1)
- strategic outgroup help (1)
- stress (1)
- stride ratio (1)
- student project (1)
- suckling (1)
- superordinate identity (1)
- superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (1)
- surface microbial count (1)
- surface scattering (1)
- swine (1)
- switching system (1)
- symptoms of post-stroke depression (1)
- synchronisiert (1)
- systematic review (1)
- target control (1)
- teaching entrepreneurship (1)
- teat end colonization (1)
- teat sealant (1)
- testing (1)
- third-person effect (1)
- time division multiple access (1)
- time division multiplexing (1)
- toddlerhood (1)
- total knee arthroplasty (1)
- training effectiveness (1)
- transmission pathways (1)
- transmission system (1)
- trauma surgery (1)
- traumatic incidents (1)
- treatment approaches (1)
- triazole complexes (1)
- two wire Ethernet (1)
- two-area benchmark system (1)
- ultrafine particles (1)
- underdispersion (1)
- underprivileged adolescents (1)
- university for civil service in Bavaria (1)
- university students (1)
- usability assessment (1)
- user training (1)
- vaccine (1)
- vermeidbare Fehler (1)
- veterinary epidemiology (1)
- vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy (1)
- violence (1)
- viral infections (1)
- virtX (1)
- virtual emergency scenario (1)
- virtual patient simulation (1)
- virtual reality (1)
- virulence genes (1)
- virus-specific T cells (1)
- voltage control (1)
- weaving technique (1)
- web services (1)
- welfare (1)
- wet-dry swab technique (1)
- wet–dry swab technique (1)
- wind power grid integration (1)
- wind turbine generator (1)
- wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken (1)
- wood–moisture interaction (1)
- wood–polypropylene composite (1)
- x-ray micro-computed tomography (1)
- zero inflation (1)
- Älterer Mensch (1)
- Änderung (1)
- Öffentliche Kinder- und Jugendhilfe (1)
- Öffentliches Gesundheitswesen (1)
- Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (1)
- Ökonomisierung (1)
- Übergewicht (1)
- Übertragung von Heilkunde (1)
- Übertragungsplan (1)
- Übung (1)
Organisation der IT-Sicherheit in der Produktion : in zehn Schritten zur sicheren Produktionsanlage
(2018)
Der folgende Beitrag befasst sich mit der IT-Sicherheit von Produktionsanlagen aus Betreibersicht. Hierbei liegt der Fokus auf den organisatorischen Aspekten der IT-Sicherheit. In einer Bestandsaufnahme werden zunächst die Probleme herausgearbeitet, die entstehen, sofern sich eine Organisation im Wesentlichen auf technische Aspekte der IT-Sicherheit konzentriert. Daraus wird die Notwendigkeit organisatorischer Maßnahmen abgeleitet. Eine Betrachtung von Normen und Standards, die sich mit den organisatorischen Aspekten der IT-Sicherheit in der Produktion befassen, liefert das Grundgerüst für die Ableitung eines Maßnahmenplans. Der daraus resultierende 10-Punkte-Plan zur Umsetzung der IT-Sicherheit in der Produktion schließt den Beitrag ab.
Background: The topographical correlations between certain extracranial and intracranial osseous points of interest (POIs), and their age-related changes, are indispensable to know for a diagnostical or surgical access to intracranial structures; however, they are difficult to assess with conventional devices.
Materials and methods: In this pilot study, the 3-dimensional coordinates of extra-/intracranial POIs were determined, thus avoiding perspective distortions that used to be intrinsic problems in 2-dimensional morphometry. The data sets were then analysed by creating virtual triangles. The sizes, shapes, and positions of these triangles described the extent and the directions of the age-related shifts of the POIs. A selection of extracranial and intracranial POIs were marked on half skulls of four warmblood horses in two age groups (young: 6 weeks, n = 2; old: 14 and 17 years, n = 2). The x-, y-, and z-coordinates of these POIs were determined with a measurement arm (FaroArm Fusion, FARO Europe®). Direct distances between the POIs as well as their indirect distances on the x-, y-, and z-axis, and angles were calculated.
Results: The analysed virtual triangles revealed that some parts of the skull grew in size, but did not change in shape/relative proportions (proportional type of growth, as displayed by POI A and POI B at the Arcus zygomaticus). The same POIs (A and B) remained in a very stable relationship to their closest intracranial POI at the Basis cranii on the longitudinal axis, however, shifted markedly in the dorso-lateral direction. In contrast, a disproportional growth of other parts of the cranium was, for example, related to POI C at the Crista nuchae, which shifted strongly in the caudal direction with age. A topographically stable reference point (so-called anchor point) at the Basis cranii was difficult to determine.
Conclusions: Two candidates (one at the Synchondrosis intersphenoidalis, another one at the Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis) were relatively stable in their positions. However, the epicentre of (neuro-)cranial growth could only be pinpointed to an area between them.
Toward a service-based workflow for automated information extraction from herbarium specimens
(2018)
Over the past years, herbarium collections worldwide have started to digitize millions of specimens on an industrial scale. Although the imaging costs are steadily falling, capturing the accompanying label information is still predominantly done manually and develops into the principal cost factor. In order to streamline the process of capturing herbarium specimen metadata, we specified a formal extensible workflow integrating a wide range of automated specimen image analysis services. We implemented the workflow on the basis of OpenRefine together with a plugin for handling service calls and responses. The evolving system presently covers the generation of optical character recognition (OCR) from specimen images, the identification of regions of interest in images and the extraction of meaningful information items from OCR. These implementations were developed as part of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft funded a standardised and optimised process for data acquisition from digital images of herbarium specimens (StanDAP-Herb) Project.
The objective of this study was to investigate the association between teat skin colonization and intramammary infection (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus agalactiae at the quarter level in herds with automatic milking systems. Milk and teat skin samples from 1,142 quarters were collected from 300 cows with somatic cell count >200,000 cells/mL from 8 herds positive for Strep. agalactiae. All milk and teat skin samples were cultured on calf blood agar and selective media. A subset of samples from 287 quarters was further analyzed using a PCR assay (Mastit4 PCR; DNA Diagnostic A/S, Risskov, Denmark). Bacterial culture detected Staph. aureus in 93 (8.1%) of the milk samples and 75 (6.6%) of the teat skin samples. Of these, 15 (1.3%) quarters were positive in both the teat skin and milk samples. Streptococcus agalactiae was cultured in 84 (7.4%) of the milk samples and 4 (0.35%) of the teat skin samples. Of these, 3 (0.26%) quarters were positive in both the teat skin and milk samples. The PCR detected Staph. aureus in 29 (10%) of the milk samples and 45 (16%) of the teat skin samples. Of these, 2 (0.7%) quarters were positive in both the teat skin and milk samples. Streptococcus agalactiae was detected in 40 (14%) of the milk samples and 51 (18%) of the teat skin samples. Of these, 16 (5.6%) quarters were positive in both the teat skin and milk samples. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between teat skin colonization and IMI at the quarter level. Based on bacterial culture results, teat skin colonization with Staph. aureus resulted in 7.8 (95% confidence interval: 2.9; 20.6) times higher odds of Staph. aureus IMI, whereas herd was observed as a major confounder. However, results from the PCR analyses did not support this association. Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated from the teat skin with both PCR and bacterial culture, but the number of positive teat skin samples detected by culture was too low to proceed with further analysis. Based on the PCR results, Strep. agalactiae on teat skin resulted in 3.8 (1.4; 10.1) times higher odds of Strep. agalactiae IMI. Our results suggest that Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae on teat skin may be a risk factor for IMI with the same pathogens. Focus on proper teat skin hygiene is therefore recommended also in AMS.
Background: Depletion of ovarian hormone in postmenopausal women has been associated with changes in the locomotor apparatus that may compromise walking function including muscle atrophy/weakness, weight gain, and bone demineralization. Therefore, handgrip strength (HGS), bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition [percentage body fat mass (%BFM), fat mass (FM), Fat-free mass (FFM) and body mass index (BMI)], may significantly vary and predict WB in postmenopausal women. Consequently, the study sought to 1. Explore body composition, BMD and muscle strength differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal women and 2. Explore how these variables [I.e., body composition, BMD and muscle strength] relate to WB in postmenopausal women.
Method: Fifty-one pre-menopausal (35.74 + 1.52) and 50 postmenopausal (53.32 + 2.28) women were selected by convenience sampling and studied. Six explanatory variables (HGS, BMD, %BFM, FFM, BMI and FM) were explored to predict WB in postmenopausal women: Data collected were analyzed using multiple linear regression, ANCOVA, independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient at p < 0.05.
Result: Postmenopausal women had higher BMI(t = + 1.72; p = 0.04), %BFM(t = + 2.77; p = .003), FM(t = + 1.77; p = 0.04) and lower HGS(t = − 3.05; p = 0.001),compared to the premenopausal women. The predicted main effect of age on HGS was not significant, F(1, 197) = 0.03, p = 0.06, likewise the interaction between age and %BFM, F(1, 197) = 0.02, p = 0.89; unlike the predicted main effect of %BFM, F(1, 197) = 10.34, p = .002, on HGS. HGS was the highest predictor of WB (t = 2.203; β=0.3046) in postmenopausal women and combined with T-score right big toe (Tscorert) to produce R2 = 0.11;F (2, 47)=4.11;p = 0.02 as the best fit for the predictive model. The variance (R2) change was significant from HGS model (R2 = 0.09;p = 0.03) to HGS + Tscorert model (R2 = 0.11;p = 0.02). The regression model equation was therefore given as: WB =5.4805 + 0.1578(HGS) + (− 1.3532) Tscorert.
Conclusion: There are differences in body composition suggesting re-compartmentalization of the body, which may adversely impact the (HGS) muscle strength in postmenopausal women. Muscle strength and BMD areassociated with WB, although, only contribute to a marginal amount of the variance for WB. Therefore, other factors in addition to musculoskeletal health are necessary to mitigate fall risk in postmenopausal women.
Staphylococcus aureus is recognized worldwide as one of the major agents of dairy cow intra-mammary infections. This microorganism can express a wide spectrum of pathogenic factors used to attach, colonize, invade and infect the host. The present study evaluated 120 isolates from eight different countries that were genotyped by RS-PCR and investigated for 26 different virulence factors to increase the knowledge on the circulating genetic lineages among the cow population with mastitis. New genotypes were observed for South African strains while for all the other countries new variants of existing genotypes were detected. For each country, a specific genotypic pattern was found. Among the virulence factors, fmtB, cna, clfA and leucocidins genes were the most frequent. The sea and sei genes were present in seven out of eight countries; seh showed high frequency in South American countries (Brazil, Colombia, Argentina), while sel was harboured especially in one Mediterranean country (Tunisia). The etb, seb and see genes were not detected in any of the isolates, while only two isolates were MRSA (Germany and Italy) confirming the low diffusion of methicillin resistance microorganism among bovine mastitis isolates. This work demonstrated the wide variety of S. aureus genotypes found in dairy cattle worldwide. This condition suggests that considering the region of interest might help to formulate strategies for reducing the infection spreading.
A nonblinded, positively controlled, noninferiority trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an alternative, nonantibiotic therapy with Masti Veyxym® to reduce ineffective antibiotic usage in the treatment of nonsevere clinical mastitis (CM) in cows with longer lasting udder diseases. The solely intramammary treatment with Masti Veyxym® (three applications, 12 hr apart) and the combined treatment with Masti Veyxym® and antibiotics as usual on the farm according to label of the respective product were compared with the reference treatment of solely antibiotic therapy. The matched field study was conducted on eight free-stall dairy farms located in Eastern Germany. Cases of mild-to-moderate CM in cows with longer lasting high somatic cell counts in preceding dairy herd improvement test days and with previous CM cases in current lactation were randomly allocated to one of the three treatment groups. A foremilk sample of the affected quarter was taken before treatment and again approximately 14 days and 21 days after the end of therapy for cyto-bacteriological examination. Primary outcomes were clinical cure (CC) and no CM recurrence within 60 days after the end of treatment (no R60). Bacteriological cure (BC) and quarter somatic cell count (QSCC) cure were chosen as secondary outcomes although low probabilities of BC and QSCC cure for selected cows were expected. The study resulted in the following findings: the pathogens mostly cultured from pretreatment samples were Streptococcus uberis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. There were no significant differences between the two test treatments in comparison with the reference treatment regarding all outcome variables. The sole therapy with Masti Veyxym® resulted in a numerically lower likelihood of BC without significant differences to the reference treatment. The combined therapy group showed a numerically higher nonrecurrence rate than the two other treatment groups and noninferiority compared to the reference treatment was proven. Having regard to the selection criteria of cows in this study, the findings indicated that sole treatment with Masti Veyxym® in nonsevere CM cases may constitute an alternative therapy to reduce antibiotics. However, noninferiority evaluations were mostly inconclusive. Further investigations with a larger sample size are required to confirm the results and to make a clear statement on noninferiority.
Für die Studiengang-Auswahl existiert eine Reihe i. d. R. Fragebogen-gestützter Online-Studiengangfinder. Eine Analyse zeigte Optimierungspotenziale: Studienangebote sind meist auf ein Bundesland oder eine Hochschule beschränkt oder, allgemein beschrieben, die individuelle Studiengang-Auswahl ist nur mit Unschärfen möglich. Letzteres wirkt sich z. B. bei Bindestrich-Studiengängen (z. B. Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen) aus, die je nach Hochschule inhaltlich variieren können. Hier setzt das Portal an. Ziele sind: Bereitstellung der in der Sprachwelt Studieninteressierter gehaltenen Fragebögen, Möglichkeit für Hochschulen/Einrichtungen, Studiengänge bereitzustellen.
Background: Given both the increase of nursing home residents forecast and challenges of current interprofessional interactions, we developed and tested measures to improve collaboration and communication between nurses and general practitioners (GPs) in this setting. Our multicentre study has been funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (FK 01GY1124).
Methods: The measures were developed iteratively in a continuous process, which is the focus of this article. In part 1 “exploration of the situation”, interviews were conducted with GPs, nurses, nursing home residents and their relatives focusing on interprofessional interactions and medical care. They were analysed qualitatively. Based on these results, in part 2 “development of measures to improve collaboration”, ideas for improvement were developed in nine focus groups with GPs and nurses. These ideas were revisited in a final expert workshop. We analysed the focus groups and expert workshop using mind mapping methods, and finally drew up the compilation of measures. In an exploratory pilot study "study part 3" four nursing homes chose the measures they wanted to adopt. These were tested for three months. Feasibility and acceptance of the measures were evaluated via guideline interviews with the stakeholders which were analysed by content analyses.
Results: Six measures were generated: meetings to establish common goals, main contact person, standardised pro re nata medication, introduction of name badges, improved availability of nurse/GP and standardised scheduling/ procedure for nursing home visits. In the pilot study, the measures were implemented in four nursing homes. GPs and nurses reviewed five measures as feasible and acceptable, only the designation of a “main contact person” was not considered as an improvement.
Conclusions: Six measures to improve collaboration and communication could be compiled in a multistep qualitative process respecting the perspectives of involved stakeholders. Five of the six measures were positively assessed in an exploratory pilot study. They could easily be transferred into the daily routine of other nursing homes, as no special models have to exist in advance. Impact of the measures on patient oriented outcomes should be examined in further research.
Trial registration: Not applicable.
Delphi is a frequently used research method in the information systems (IS) field. The last fifteen years have seen many variants of the Delphi Method proposed and used in IS research. However, these variants do not seem to be properly derived; while all variants share certain characteristics, their reasoning for differentiation inconsistently varies. It seems that researchers tend to create “new” Delphi Method variants, although the underlying modification of the Delphi Method is, in fact, minor. This leads to a heterogeneity of Delphi Method variants and undermines scientific rigor when using Delphi. The study addresses this deficit and (1) identifies different variants of Delphi and determines their characteristics, (2) critically reflects to what extent a clear distinction between these variants exists, (3) shows the clearly distinguishable Delphi Method variants and their characteristics, (4) develops a proposed taxonomy of Delphi Method variants, and (5) evaluates and applies this taxonomy. The proposed taxonomy helps clearly differentiate Delphi Method variants and enhances methodological rigor when using the Delphi Method.
Objectives:
The aim was to identify theoretically expected as well as actually reported benefits from drug development and the importance of individual patient benefits compared to the collective benefits to society in general.
Background:
Ethical guidelines require that clinical research involving humans offer the potential for benefit. A number of characteristics can be applied to define research benefit. Often benefit is categorized as being either direct or indirect. Indirect benefits can involve collective benefits for society rather than any benefits to the trial patient or subject. The purpose of this review was to examine which potential individual and societal benefits were mentioned as being expected in publications from government experts and which were mentioned in publications describing completed drug development trial results.
Methods:
Literature on research benefit was first identified by searching the PubMed database using several combinations of the key words benefit and clinical research. The search was limited to articles published in English. A Google search with the same combinations of key words but without any language limitation was then performed. Additionally, the reference lists of promising articles were screened for further thematically related articles. Finally, a narrative review was performed of relevant English- and German-language articles published between 1996 and 2016 to identify which of several potential benefits were either theoretically expected or which were mentioned in publications on clinical drug development trial results.
Results:
The principal benefits from drug development discussed included 2 main types of benefit, namely individual benefits for the patients and collective benefits for society. Twenty-one of an overall total of 26 articles discussing theoretically expected benefits focused on individual patient benefits, whereas 17 out of 26 articles mentioned collective benefits to society. In these publications, the most commonly mentioned theoretically expected individual patient benefit was the chance to receive up-to-date care (38.1%). A general increase in knowledge about health care, treatments, or drugs (70.6%) was the most commonly mentioned theoretically expected benefit for society. In contrast, all 13 publications reporting actual benefits of clinical drug development trials focused on personal benefits and only 1 of these publications also mentioned a societal benefit. The most commonly mentioned individual benefit was an increased quality of life (53.9%), whereas the only mentioned collective benefit to society was a general gain of knowledge (100.0%).
Conclusions:
Both theoretically expected and actually reported benefits in the majority of the included publications emphasized the importance of individual patient benefits from drug development rather than the collective benefits to society in general. The authors of these publications emphasized the right of each individual patient or subject to look for and expect some personal benefit from participating in a clinical trial rather than considering societal benefit as a top priority. From an ethical point of view, the benefits each individual patient receives from his or her participation in a clinical trial might also be seen as a societal benefit, especially when the drug or device tested, if approved for marketing, would eventually be made available for other similar patients from the country in which the clinical trial was conducted.
Roads to Health in Developing Countries: Understanding the Intersection of Culture and Healing
(2017)
Background:
The most important attribute to which all human beings aspire is good health because it enables us to undertake different forms of activities of daily living. The emergence of scientific knowledge in Western societies has enabled scientists to explore and define several parameters of health by drawing boundaries around factors that are known to influence the attainment of good health. For example, the World Health Organization defined health by taking physical and psychological factors into consideration. Their definition of health also included a caveat that says, “not merely the absence of sickness.”
This definition has guided scientists and health care providers in the Western world in the development of health care programs in non-Western societies.
Objective:
However, ethnomedical beliefs about the cause(s) of illness have given rise to alternative theories of health, sickness, and treatment approaches in the developing world. Thus, there is another side to the story.
Method:
Much of the population in developing countries lives in rural settings where the knowledge of health, sickness, and care has evolved over centuries of practice and experience. The definition of health in these settings tends to orient toward cultural beliefs, traditional practices, and social relationships. Invariably, whereas biomedicine is the dominant medical system in Western societies, traditional medicine — or ethno-medicine — is often the first port of call for patients in developing countries.
Results:
The 2 medical systems represent, and are influenced by, the cultural environment in which they exist. On one hand, biomedicine is very effective in the treatment of objective, measurable disease conditions. On the other hand, ethnomedicine is effective in the management of illness conditions or the experience of disease states. Nevertheless, an attempt to supplant 1 system of care with another from a different cultural environment could pose enormous challenges in non-Western societies.
Conclusion:
In general, we, as human beings, are guided in our health care decisions by past experiences, family and friends, social networks, cultural beliefs, customs, tradition, professional knowledge, and intuition. No medical system has been shown to address all of these elements; hence, the need for collaboration, acceptance, and partnership between all systems of care in cultural communities. In developing countries, the roads to health are incomplete without an examination of the intersection of culture and healing. Perhaps mutual exclusiveness rather inclusiveness of these 2 dominant health systems is the greatest obstacle to health in developing countries.
Objective: To evaluate the impact of different dissemination channels on the awareness and usage of hospital performance reports among referring physicians, as well as the usefulness of such reports from the referring physicians’ perspective.
Data sources/Study setting: Primary data collected from a survey with 277 referring physicians (response rate = 26.2%) in Nuremberg, Germany (03–06/2016).
Study design: Cluster-randomised controlled trial at the practice level. Physician practices were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (1) physicians in the control arm could become aware of the performance reports via mass media channels (Mass Media, npr MM=132, nph MM=147); (2) physicians in the intervention arm also received a printed version of the report via mail (Mass and Special Media, npr MSM=117; nph MSM=130). <br> Principal findings: Overall, 68% of respondents recalled hospital performance reports and 21% used them for referral decisions. Physicians from the Mass and Special Media group were more likely to be aware of the performance reports (OR 4.16; 95% CI 2.16–8.00, p < .001) but not more likely to be influenced when referring patients into hospitals (OR 1.73; 95% CI 0.72–4.12, p > .05). On a 1 (very good) to 6 (insufficient) scale, the usefulness of the performance reports was rated 3.67 (±1.40). Aggregated presentation formats were rated more helpful than detailed hospital quality information.
Conclusions: Hospital quality reports have limited impact on referral practices. To increase the latter, concerns raised by referring physicians must be given more weight. Those principally refer to the underlying data, the design of the reports, and the lack of important information.
Background: Physician-rating websites (PRWs) may lead to quality improvements in case they enable and establish a peer-to-peer communication between patients and physicians. Yet, we know little about whether and how physicians respond on the Web to patient ratings.
Objective: The objective of this study was to describe trends in physicians’ Web-based responses to patient ratings over time, to identify what physician characteristics influence Web-based responses, and to examine the topics physicians are likely to respond to.
Methods: We analyzed physician responses to more than 1 million patient ratings displayed on the German PRW, jameda, from 2010 to 2015. Quantitative analysis contained chi-square analyses and the Mann-Whitney U test. Quantitative content techniques were applied to determine the topics physicians respond to based on a randomly selected sample of 600 Web-based ratings and corresponding physician responses.
Results: Overall, physicians responded to 1.58% (16,640/1,052,347) of all Web-based ratings, with an increasing trend over time from 0.70% (157/22,355) in 2010 to 1.88% (6377/339,919) in 2015. Web-based ratings that were responded to had significantly worse rating results than ratings that were not responded to (2.15 vs 1.74, P<.001). Physicians who respond on the Web to patient ratings differ significantly from nonresponders regarding several characteristics such as gender and patient recommendation results (P<.001 each). Regarding scaled-survey rating elements, physicians were most likely to respond to the waiting time within the practice (19.4%, 99/509) and the time spent with the patient (18.3%, 110/600). Almost one-third of topics in narrative comments were answered by the physicians (30.66%, 382/1246).
Conclusions: So far, only a minority of physicians have taken the chance to respond on the Web to patient ratings. This is likely because of (1) the low awareness of PRWs among physicians, (2) the fact that only a few PRWs enable physicians to respond on the Web to patient ratings, and (3) the lack of an active moderator to establish peer-to-peer communication. PRW providers should foster more frequent communication between the patient and the physician and encourage physicians to respond on the Web to patient ratings. Further research is needed to learn more about the motivation of physicians to respond or not respond to Web-based patient ratings.
For indexing archived documents the Dutch Parliament uses a specialized thesaurus. For good results for full text retrieval and automatic classification it turns out to be important to add more synonyms to the existing thesaurus terms. In the present work we investigate the possibilities to find synonyms for terms of the parliaments thesaurus automatically. We propose to use distributional similarity (DS). In an experiment with pairs of synonyms and non-synonyms we train and test a classifier using distributional similarity and string similarity. Using ten-fold cross validation we were able to classify 75% of the pairs of a set of 6000 word pairs correctly.
A systematic review of the literature on survey questionnaires to assess self-medication practices
(2017)
Self-medication is of great public health importance as it often bypasses regulatory mechanisms to assure quality of health care. Nevertheless there are no established standards on how to assess self-medication. We therefore intended to systematically retrieve questionnaires and survey tools used to capture self-medication, with the aim to identify the scope of information investigated in this context and commonalities between the tools. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on questionnaires used for self-medication assessment by searching PubMed and Web of Science databases using the combinations of following keywords; self-medication, self-prescription, non-prescription, questionnaire. Truncation was used to ensure retrieval of all possible variations of search terms. The search was limited to articles published between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2015, human studies and English language. Duplicate and irrelevant studies were excluded from the final review. A total of 158 studies were included in the review. Studies were from diverse geographical locations, most of the studies were from Nigeria 16 (10.1%) followed by India 10 (6.3%) and Iran 8 (5%). Forty-three studies (27.2%) focused on antibiotic self-medication. Majority of the studies (106; 67%) were done with adult populations. The components addressed by the questionnaires covered: reasons for self-medications in 147 (93%) studies, purchasing source in 136 (86%) studies, medical conditions to be treated in 153 (96.8%) studies, adverse events in 67 (42.4%) studies, use of prescribing information in 24 (15.1%) studies and antibiotic resistance awareness in 20 (46.5%) antibiotic studies. For 74 (46.8%) studies, survey questionnaires were self-administered and most studies (57; 36%) were done at homes of respondents. Thirty-seven (23.4%) studies did not report any recall period for self-medication practices. Study response rates varied from 17.9% to 100%, and while validity of the study questionnaire was reported for 100 (63.3%) studies, 15 (9.5%) studies reported reliability test of the study questionnaire. There is a large variety of questionnaires being used for investigating self-medication practices making comparability and meta-analyses very difficult. It is desirable to have a basic set of standardized survey questions on this topic to make available for future research groups in this field.
Antimicrobial resistance in livestock is a matter of general concern. To develop hygiene measures and methods for resistance prevention and control, epidemiological studies on a population level are needed to detect factors associated with antimicrobial resistance in livestock holdings. In general, regression models are used to describe these relationships between environmental factors and resistance outcome. Besides the study design, the correlation structures of the different outcomes of antibiotic resistance and structural zero measurements on the resistance outcome as well as on the exposure side are challenges for the epidemiological model building process. The use of appropriate regression models that acknowledge these complexities is essential to assure valid epidemiological interpretations. The aims of this paper are (i) to explain the model building process comparing several competing models for count data (negative binomial model, quasi-Poisson model, zero-inflated model, and hurdle model) and (ii) to compare these models using data from a cross-sectional study on antibiotic resistance in animal husbandry. These goals are essential to evaluate which model is most suitable to identify potential prevention measures. The dataset used as an example in our analyses was generated initially to study the prevalence and associated factors for the appearance of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli in 48 German fattening pig farms. For each farm, the outcome was the count of samples with resistant bacteria. There was almost no overdispersion and only moderate evidence of excess zeros in the data. Our analyses show that it is essential to evaluate regression models in studies analyzing the relationship between environmental factors and antibiotic resistances in livestock. After model comparison based on evaluation of model predictions, Akaike information criterion, and Pearson residuals, here the hurdle model was judged to be the most appropriate model.
Background: Fall events contribute significantly to mortality, morbidity and costs in our ageing population. In order to identify persons at risk and to target preventive measures, many scores and assessment tools have been developed. These often require expertise and are costly to implement. Recent research investigates the use of wearable inertial sensors to provide objective data on motion features which can be used to assess individual fall risk automatically. So far it is unknown how well this new method performs in comparison with conventional fall risk assessment tools. The aim of our research is to compare the predictive performance of our new sensor-based method with conventional and established methods, based on prospective data.
Methods: In a first study phase, 119 inpatients of a geriatric clinic took part in motion measurements using a wireless triaxial accelerometer during a Timed Up&Go (TUG) test and a 20 m walk. Furthermore, the St. Thomas Risk Assessment Tool in Falling Elderly Inpatients (STRATIFY) was performed, and the multidisciplinary geriatric care team estimated the patients’ fall risk. In a second follow-up phase of the study, 46 of the participants were interviewed after one year, including a fall and activity assessment. The predictive performances of the TUG, the STRATIFY and team scores are compared. Furthermore, two automatically induced logistic regression models based on conventional clinical and assessment data (CONV) as well as sensor data (SENSOR) are matched.
Results: Among the risk assessment scores, the geriatric team score (sensitivity 56%, specificity 80%) outperforms STRATIFY and TUG. The induced logistic regression models CONV and SENSOR achieve similar performance values (sensitivity 68%/58%, specificity 74%/78%, AUC 0.74/0.72, +LR 2.64/2.61). Both models are able to identify more persons at risk than the simple scores.
Conclusions: Sensor-based objective measurements of motion parameters in geriatric patients can be used to assess individual fall risk, and our prediction model’s performance matches that of a model based on conventional clinical and assessment data. Sensor-based measurements using a small wearable device may contribute significant information to conventional methods and are feasible in an unsupervised setting. More prospective research is needed to assess the cost-benefit relation of our approach.
Background: In many research areas it is necessary to find differences between treatment groups with several variables. For example, studies of microarray data seek to find a significant difference in location parameters from zero or one for ratios thereof for each variable. However, in some studies a significant deviation of the difference in locations from zero (or 1 in terms of the ratio) is biologically meaningless. A relevant difference or ratio is sought in such cases.
Results: This article addresses the use of relevance-shifted tests on ratios for a multivariate parallel two-sample group design. Two empirical procedures are proposed which embed the relevanceshifted test on ratios. As both procedures test a hypothesis for each variable, the resulting multiple testing problem has to be considered. Hence, the procedures include a multiplicity correction. Both procedures are extensions of available procedures for point null hypotheses achieving exact control of the familywise error rate. Whereas the shift of the null hypothesis alone would give straight-forward solutions, the problems that are the reason for the empirical considerations discussed here arise by the fact that the shift is considered in both directions and the whole parameter space in between these two limits has to be accepted as null hypothesis.
Conclusion: The first algorithm to be discussed uses a permutation algorithm, and is appropriate for designs with a moderately large number of observations. However, many experiments have limited sample sizes. Then the second procedure might be more appropriate, where multiplicity is corrected according to a concept of data-driven order of hypotheses.
The present investigation was conducted to investigate the in-vitro activity of ethanolic extract of roots of Centaurea behens by using DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical. Result suggests that the extract possess significant antioxidant activity as compared to the standard ascorbic acid and thus further in vivo investigation is required to evaluate the medicinal significance of the extract which can be used for assessing the possible therapeutic importance of the drug.
Wearable sensors in healthcare and sensor-enhanced health information systems: all our tomorrows?
(2012)
Wearable sensor systems which allow for remote or self-monitoring of health-related parameters are regarded as one means to alleviate the consequences of demographic change. This paper aims to summarize current research in wearable sensors as well as in sensor-enhanced health information systems. Wearable sensor technologies are already advanced in terms of their technical capabilities and are frequently used for cardio-vascular monitoring. Epidemiologic predictions suggest that neuro-psychiatric diseases will have a growing impact on our health systems and thus should be addressed more intensively. Two current project examples demonstrate the benefit of wearable sensor technologies: long-term, objective measurement under daily-life, unsupervised conditions. Finally, up-to-date approaches for the implementation of sensor-enhanced health information systems are outlined. Wearable sensors are an integral part of future pervasive, ubiquitous and person-centered health
care delivery. Future challenges include their integration into sensor-enhanced health information systems and sound evaluation studies involving measures of workload reduction and costs.
Mining geriatric assessment data for in-patient fall prediction models and high-risk subgroups
(2012)
Background: Hospital in-patient falls constitute a prominent problem in terms of costs and consequences. Geriatric institutions are most often affected, and common screening tools cannot predict in-patient falls consistently. Our objectives are to derive comprehensible fall risk classification models from a large data set of geriatric in-patients’ assessment data and to evaluate their predictive performance (aim#1), and to identify high-risk subgroups from the data (aim#2).
Methods: A data set of n = 5,176 single in-patient episodes covering 1.5 years of admissions to a geriatric hospital were extracted from the hospital’s data base and matched with fall incident reports (n = 493). A classification tree model was induced using the C4.5 algorithm as well as a logistic regression model, and their predictive performance was evaluated. Furthermore, high-risk subgroups were identified from extracted classification rules with a support of more than 100 instances.
Results: The classification tree model showed an overall classification accuracy of 66%, with a sensitivity of 55.4%, a specificity of 67.1%, positive and negative predictive values of 15% resp. 93.5%. Five high-risk groups were identified, defined by high age, low Barthel index, cognitive impairment, multi-medication and co-morbidity.
Conclusions: Our results show that a little more than half of the fallers may be identified correctly by our model, but the positive predictive value is too low to be applicable. Non-fallers, on the other hand, may be sorted out with the model quite well. The high-risk subgroups and the risk factors identified (age, low ADL score, cognitive impairment, institutionalization, polypharmacy and co-morbidity) reflect domain knowledge and may be used to screen certain subgroups of patients with a high risk of falling. Classification models derived from a large data set using data mining methods can compete with current dedicated fall risk screening tools, yet lack diagnostic precision. High-risk subgroups may be identified automatically from existing geriatric assessment data, especially when combined with domain knowledge in a hybrid classification model. Further work is necessary to validate our approach in a controlled prospective setting.
Background: After kidney transplantation, immunosuppressive therapy causes impaired cellular immune defense leading to an increased risk of viral complications. Trough level monitoring of immunosuppressants is insufficient to estimate the individual intensity of immunosuppression. We have already shown that virus-specific T cells (Tvis) correlate with control of virus replication as well as with the intensity of immunosuppression. The multicentre IVIST01-trial should prove that additional steering of immunosuppressive and antiviral therapy by Tvis levels leads to better graft function by avoidance of over-immunosuppression (for example, viral infections) and drug toxicity (for example, nephrotoxicity).
Methods/design: The IVIST-trial starts 4 weeks after transplantation. Sixty-four pediatric kidney recipients are randomized either to a non-intervention group that is only treated conservatively or to an intervention group with additional monitoring by Tvis. The randomization is stratified by centre and cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis. In both groups the immunosuppressive medication (cyclosporine A and everolimus) is adopted in the same target range of trough levels. In the non-intervention group the immunosuppressive therapy (cyclosporine A and everolimus) is only steered by classical trough level monitoring and the antiviral therapy of a CMV infection is performed according to a standard protocol. In contrast, in the intervention group the dose of immunosuppressants is individually adopted according to Tvis levels as a direct measure of the intensity of immunosuppression in addition to classical trough level monitoring. In case of CMV infection or reactivation the antiviral management is based on the individual CMV-specific immune defense assessed by the CMV-Tvis level. Primary endpoint of the study is the glomerular filtration rate 2 years after transplantation; secondary endpoints are the number and severity of viral infections and the incidence of side effects of immunosuppressive and antiviral drugs.
Discussion: This IVIST01-trial will answer the question whether the new concept of steering immunosuppressive and antiviral therapy by Tvis levels leads to better future graft function. In terms of an effect-related drug monitoring, the study design aims to realize a personalization of immunosuppressive and antiviral management after transplantation. Based on the IVIST01-trial, immunomonitoring by Tvis might be incorporated into routine care after kidney transplantation.
Clinical scores and motion-capturing gait analysis are today’s gold standard for outcome measurement after knee arthroplasty, although they are criticized for bias and their ability to reflect patients’ actual quality of life has been questioned. In this context, mobile gait analysis systems have been introduced to overcome some of these limitations. This study used a previously developed mobile gait analysis system comprising three inertial sensor units to evaluate daily activities and sports. The sensors were taped to the lumbosacral junction and the thigh and shank of the affected limb. The annotated raw data was evaluated using our validated proprietary software. Six patients undergoing knee arthroplasty were examined the day before and 12 months after surgery. All patients reported a satisfactory outcome, although four patients still had limitations in their desired activities. In this context, feasible running speed demonstrated a good correlation with reported impairments in sports-related activities. Notably, knee flexion angle while descending stairs and the ability to stop abruptly when running exhibited good correlation with the clinical stability and proprioception of the knee. Moreover, fatigue effects were displayed in some patients. The introduced system appears to be suitable for outcome measurement after knee arthroplasty and has the potential to overcome some of the limitations of stationary gait labs while gathering additional meaningful parameters regarding the force limits of the knee.
Background: Maintenance of metal homeostasis is crucial in bacterial pathogenicity as metal starvation is the most important mechanism in the nutritional immunity strategy of host cells. Thus, pathogenic bacteria have evolved sensitive metal scavenging systems to overcome this particular host defence mechanism. The ruminant pathogen Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) displays a unique gut tropism and causes a chronic progressive intestinal inflammation. MAP possesses eight conserved lineage specific large sequence polymorphisms (LSP), which distinguish MAP from its ancestral M. avium ssp. hominissuis or other M. avium subspecies. LSP14 and LSP15 harbour many genes proposed to be involved in metal homeostasis and have been suggested to substitute for a MAP specific, impaired mycobactin synthesis.
Results: In the present study, we found that a LSP14 located putative IrtAB-like iron transporter encoded by mptABC was induced by zinc but not by iron starvation. Heterologous reporter gene assays with the lacZ gene under control of the mptABC promoter in M. smegmatis (MSMEG) and in a MSMEGΔfurB deletion mutant revealed a zinc dependent, metalloregulator FurB mediated expression of mptABC via a conserved mycobacterial FurB recognition site. Deep sequencing of RNA from MAP cultures treated with the zinc chelator TPEN revealed that 70 genes responded to zinc limitation. Remarkably, 45 of these genes were located on a large genomic island of approximately 90 kb which harboured LSP14 and LSP15. Thirty-five of these genes were predicted to be controlled by FurB, due to the presence of putative binding sites. This clustering of zinc responsive genes was exclusively found in MAP and not in other mycobacteria.
Conclusions: Our data revealed a particular genomic signature for MAP given by a unique zinc specific locus, thereby suggesting an exceptional relevance of zinc for the metabolism of MAP. MAP seems to be well adapted to maintain zinc homeostasis which might contribute to the peculiarity of MAP pathogenicity.
Background: Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) might aggravate the allergic inflammation of the lung in asthmatics.
Methods: We exposed 12 allergic asthmatics in two subgroups in a double-blinded randomized cross-over design, first to freshly generated ultrafine carbon particles (64 μg/m3; 6.1 ± 0.4 × 105 particles/cm3 for 2 h) and then to filtered air or vice versa with a 28-day recovery period in-between. Eighteen hours after each exposure, grass pollen was instilled into a lung lobe via bronchoscopy. Another 24 hours later, inflammatory cells were collected by means of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). (Trial registration: NCT00527462)
Results: For the entire study group, inhalation of UFP by itself had no significant effect on the allergen induced
inflammatory response measured with total cell count as compared to exposure with filtered air (p = 0.188). However, the subgroup of subjects, which inhaled UFP during the first exposure, exhibited a significant increase in total BAL cells (p = 0.021), eosinophils (p = 0.031) and monocytes (p = 0.013) after filtered air exposure and subsequent allergen challenge 28 days later. Additionally, the potential of BAL cells to generate oxidant radicals was
significantly elevated at that time point. The subgroup that was exposed first to filtered air and 28 days later to UFP did not reveal differences between sessions.
Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that pre-allergen exposure to UFP had no acute effect on the allergic inflammation. However, the subgroup analysis lead to the speculation that inhaled UFP particles might have a long-term effect on the inflammatory course in asthmatic patients. This should be reconfirmed in further studies with an appropriate study design and sufficient number of subjects.
The objective was to establish and standardise a broth microdilution susceptibility testing method for porcine Bordetella (B.) bronchiseptica. B. bronchiseptica isolates from different geographical regions and farms were genotyped by macrorestriction analysis and subsequent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. One reference and one type strain plus two field isolates of B. bronchiseptica were chosen to analyse growth curves in four different media: cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB) with and without 2% lysed horse blood, Brain-Heart-Infusion (BHI), and Caso broth. The growth rate of each test strain in each medium was determined by culture enumeration and the suitability of CAMHB was confirmed by comparative statistical analysis. Thereafter, reference and type strain and eight epidemiologically unrelated field isolates of B. bronchiseptica were used to test the suitability of a broth microdilution susceptibility testing method following CLSI-approved performance standards given in document VET01-A4. Susceptibility tests, using 20 antimicrobial agents, were performed in five replicates, and data were collected after 20 and 24 hours incubation and statistically analysed. Due to the low growth rate of B. bronchiseptica, an incubation time of 24 hours resulted in significantly more homogeneous minimum inhibitory concentrations after five replications compared to a 20-hour incubation. An interlaboratory comparison trial including susceptibility testing of 24 antimicrobial agents revealed a high mean level of reproducibility (97.9%) of the modified method. Hence, in a harmonization for broth microdilution susceptibility testing of B. bronchiseptica, an incubation time of 24 hours in CAMHB medium with an incubation temperature of 35°C and an inoculum concentration of approximately 5 x 105 cfu/ml was proposed.
Background: Often preventive measures are not accessed by the people who were intended to be reached. Programs for older adults may target men and women, older adults, advanced old age groups and/or chronically ill patients with specific indications. The defined target groups rarely participate in the conception of programs or in the design of information materials, although this would increase accessibility and participation. In the German “Reaching the Elderly” study (2008–2011), an approach to motivating older adults to participate in a preventive home visit (PHV) program was modified with the participatory involvement of the target groups. The study examines how older men and women would prefer to be addressed for health and prevention programs.
Methods: Four focus groups (N = 42 participants) and 12 personal interviews were conducted (women and men in 2 age groups: 65–75 years and ≥ 76 years). Participants from two districts of a major German city were selected from a stratified random sample (N = 200) based on routine data from a local health insurance fund. The study focused on the participants’ knowledge about health and disease prevention and how they preferred to be approached and addressed. Videos of the focus groups were recorded and analysed using mind mapping techniques. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and subjected to qualitative content analysis.
Results: A gender-specific approach profile was observed. Men were more likely to favor competitive and exerciseoriented activities, and they associated healthy aging with mobility and physical activity. Women, on the other hand, displayed a broader understanding of healthy aging, which included physical activity as only one aspect as well as a healthy diet, relaxation/wellness, memory training and independent living; they preferred holistic and socially oriented services that were not performance-oriented. The “older seniors” (76+) were ambivalent towards
certain wordings referring to aging.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that gender-specific needs must be considered in order to motivate older adults to participate in preventive services. Age-specific characteristics seem to be less relevant. It is more important to pay attention to factors that vary according to the individual state of health and life situation of
the potential participants.
We compare the effect of different segmentation strategies for passage retrieval of user generated internet video. We consider retrieval of passages for rather abstract and complex queries that go beyond finding a certain object or constellation of objects in the visual channel. Hence the retrieval methods have to rely heavily on the recognized speech. Passage retrieval has mainly been studied to improve document retrieval and to enable question answering. In these domains best results were obtained using passages defined by the paragraph structure of the source documents or by using arbitrary overlapping passages. For the retrieval of relevant passages in a video no author defined paragraph structure is available. We compare retrieval results from 5 different types of segments: segments defined by shot boundaries, prosodic segments, fixed length segments, a sliding window and semantically coherent segments based on speech transcripts. We evaluated the methods on the corpus of the MediaEval 2011 Rich Speech Retrieval task. Our main conclusions are (1) that fixed length and coherent segments are clearly superior to segments based on speaker turns or shot boundaries; (2) that the retrieval results highly depend on the right choice for the segment length; and (3) that results using the segmentation into semantically coherent parts depend much less on the segment length. Especially, the quality of fixed length and sliding window segmentation drops fast when the segment length increases, while quality of the semantically coherent segments is much more stable. Thus, if coherent segments are defined, longer segments can be used and consequently fewer segments have to be considered at retrieval time.
In this article, we present the software architecture of a new generation of advisory systems using Intelligent Agent and Semantic Web technologies. Multi-agent systems provide a well-suited paradigm to implement negotiation processes in a consultancy situation. Software agents act as clients and advisors, using their knowledge to assist human users. In the presented architecture, the domain knowledge is modeled semantically by means of XML-based ontology languages such as OWL. Using an inference engine, the agents reason, based on their knowledge to make decisions or proposals. The agent knowledge consists of different types of data: on the one hand, private data, which has to be protected against unauthorized access; and on the other hand, publicly accessible knowledge spread over different Web sites. As in a real consultancy, an agent only reveals sensitive private data, if they are indispensable for finding a solution. In addition, depending on the actual consultancy situation, each agent dynamically expands its knowledge base by accessing OWL knowledge sources from the Internet. Due to the standardization of OWL, knowledge models easily can be shared and accessed via the Internet. The usefulness of our approach is proved by the implementation of an advisory system in the Semantic E-learning Agent (SEA) project, whose objective is to develop virtual student advisers that render support to university students in order to successfully organize and perform their studies.
In service-oriented architectures the management of services is a crucial task during all stages of IT operations. Based on a case study performed for a group of finance companies the different aspects of service management are presented. First, the paper discusses how services must be described for management purposes. In particular, a special emphasis is placed on the integration of legacy/non web services. Secondly, the service lifecycle that underlies service management is presented. Especially, the relation to SOA governance and an appropriate tool support by registry repositories is outlined.
Background: Hand hygiene practices (HHP), as a critical component of infection prevention/control, were investigated among physiotherapists in an Ebola endemic region.
Method: A standardized instrument was administered to 44 randomly selected physiotherapists (23 males and 21 females), from three tertiary hospitals in Enugu, Nigeria. Fifteen participants (aged 22–59 years) participated in focus group discussions (FGDs) and comprised 19 participants in a subsequent laboratory study. After treatment, the palms/fingers of physiotherapists were swabbed and cultured, then incubated aerobically overnight at 37°C, and examined for microbial growths. An antibiogram of the bacterial isolates was obtained.
Results: The majority (34/77.3%) of physiotherapists were aware of the HHP protocol, yet only 15/44.1% rated self-compliance at 71–100%. FGDs identified forgetfulness/inadequate HHP materials/infrastructure as the major barriers to HHP. Staphylococcus aureus were the most prevalent organisms, prior to (8/53.33%) and after (4/26.67%) HPP, while Pseudomonas spp. were acquired thereafter. E. coli were the most antibiotic resistant microbes but were completely removed after HHP. Ciprofloxacin and streptomycin were the most effective antibiotics.
Conclusion: Poor implementation of HPP was observed due to inadequate materials/infrastructure/poor behavioral orientation. Possibly, some HPP materials were contaminated; hence, new microbes were acquired. Since HPP removed the most antibiotic resistant microbes, it might be more effective in infection control than antibiotic medication.
Background: Immunization is the most cost-effective intervention for infectious diseases which are the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is a scarcity of information on the vaccination status of young adults and the role of socioeconomic conditions in India. Objectives: Present study explored the adult vaccination status and influence of income and education of parents on adult vaccination status in university students from Mumbai, India.
Methods: On the basis of the eligibility criterion 149 students were selected for the present study. A total of 8 vaccines namely Tdap/DTP, Varicella, MMR, Influenza, Pneumococcal, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Meningococcal were included in this study for all the respondents. In addition to these vaccines, Human Papilloma Virus vaccine was also included for female respondents.
Results: There were total of 149 (75 male and 74 females) respondents with the mean age of 21.5 years. The top 3 immunizations were Td/Tdap (97.3%), MMR (66.4%) and Hepatitis B (55%) among the respondents. Only 4 (5.5%) female respondents have been immunized against the HPV. Conclusions: Td/Tdap (97.3%) and MMR (66.4%) coverage was in line with the recommendations. For all the other vaccines the coverage was low varying from 5.5% to 35.4%. The vaccination coverage was better in respondents with higher educated and higher income parents. We suggest that patient education, planning by government for the implementation of policy for adult vaccination and involvement of physicians are must for better adult vaccination coverage.
Nanotechnology is emerging as one of the key technologies of the 21st century and is expected to enable developments across a wide range of sectors that can benefit citizens. Nanomedicine is an application of nanotechnology in the areas of healthcare, disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. Nanomedicines pose problem of nanotoxicity related to factors like size, shape, specific surface area, surface morphology, and crystallinity. Currently, nanomedicines are regulated as medicinal products or as medical devices and there is no specific regulatory framework for nanotechnology-based products neither in the EU nor in the USA. This review presents a scheme for classification and regulatory approval process for nanotechnology based medicines.
The drugs we use to treat any condition – from an innocuous cough to a life-threatening cancer – are the outcome of painstaking human clinical trials. These trials are the only way to credibly determine the safety and efficacy of drugs. In recent years there has been a clear shift in clinical trial sites from core developed countries like USA, European countries to developing countries like India, China, South American countries. This shift is related to challenges and opportunities like costs of trials, recruitment issues, and regulatory challenges in developed vs. developing countries. Developing countries and developed countries have their unique disease burden patterns based on various parameters like but not limited to age, health care facilities, health insurance, sanitary conditions, environmental issues, education, nutrition
and GDP. Previous studies have reported that many of the important global diseases are not much explored in clinical trials and many published clinical trials have very less international health relevance. This study was aimed at finding the correlation between disease burdens, number of clinical trials done and trial success rates. We compared 2005 - 2010 Global Burden of Disease data for Germany, India and number of clinical trials from clinicaltrials.gov database done in the same period. Our findings indicated that there was a good correlation between the disease burden and clinical trials for Germany in 2005 and 2010. For India in 2005 there was a moderate positive correlation, 2010 data showed the improvement in India in terms of match between disease burden and clinical trials. But careful observation of the data shows still a need for more trials on Communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional disorders.
Der Beitrag stellt zunächst die Ergebnisse einer Auswertung von Stellenanzeigen aus der Mailingliste InetBib vor, die zeigt, dass die Nachfrage nach Absolventinnen und Absolventen bibliothekarischer Studiengänge mit einer Qualifikation für den Aufgabenbereich der Vermittlung von Informationskompetenz
seit dem Jahr 2000 signifikant gestiegen ist. Ergänzend hierzu präsentieren die Autorinnen die Ergebnisse einer Befragung unter Vertreterinnen und Vertretern der bibliothekarischen Berufspraxis zu im Bereich der Vermittlung von Informationskompetenz geforderten Kompetenzen und deren
Gewichtung innerhalb der verschiedenen Qualifikationsstufen.
In this paper, we consider the route coordination problem in emergency evacuation of large smart buildings. The building evacuation time is crucial in saving lives in emergency situations caused by imminent natural or man-made threats and disasters. Conventional approaches to evacuation route coordination are static and predefined. They rely on evacuation plans present only at a limited number of building locations and possibly a trained evacuation personnel to resolve unexpected contingencies. Smart buildings today are equipped with sensory infrastructure that can be used for an autonomous situation-aware evacuation guidance optimized in real time. A system providing such a guidance can help in avoiding additional evacuation casualties due to the flaws of the conventional evacuation approaches. Such a system should be robust and scalable to dynamically adapt to the number of evacuees and the size and safety conditions of a building. In this respect, we propose a distributed route recommender architecture for situation-aware evacuation guidance in smart buildings and describe its key modules in detail. We give an example of its functioning dynamics on a use case.
The objective of this student project was for the students to develop, conduct, and supervise a training course for basic work place applications (word processing and business graphics). Students were responsible for the planning, organizing and the teaching of the course. As participants, underprivileged adolescents took part in order to learn the handling of IT applications and therefore, improve their job skills and have a better chance to get into employment. Therefore the adolescents do the role of trainees at the course. Our students worked with a population that is continually overlooked by the field.
As a result, the students trained to design and implement training courses, exercised to manage projects and increased their social responsibility and awareness concerning the way of life and living conditions of other young people. The underprivileged adolescents learned to use important business applications and increased their job skills and job chances. The overall design of our concept required extensive resources to supervise and to steer the students and the adolescents. The lecturers had to teach and to counsel the students and had to be on “stand-by” just in case they were needed to solve critical situations between the two groups of young people.
Background: Foodstuff traders operating from warehouses (FTFW) are potentially exposed to dangerous rodenticides/pesticides that may have adverse effects on cardiopulmonary function. Methods: 50 consenting male foodstuff traders, comprising 15 traders (21–63 years) operating outside warehouses and 35 FTFW (20–64 years), were randomly recruited at Ogbete Market, Enugu, in a cross-sectional observational study of spirometric and electrocardiographic parameters. 17 FTFW (21–57 years) participated in focus group discussions. Qualitative and quantitative data were analysed thematically and with independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient at p < 0.05, respectively. Results: Most FTFW experienced respiratory symptoms, especially dry cough (97,1%) and wheezing (31.4%) with significant reductions in forced vital capacity (FVC) (t = -2.654; p = 0.011), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (t = -2.240; p = 0.030), maximum expiratory flow rate (FEF200-1200) (t = -1.148; p = -0.047), and forced end-expiratory flow (FEF25-75) (t = -1.11; p = 0.007). The maximum mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75) was marginally decreased (p > 0.05) with a significantly prolonged (p < 0.05) QTc interval. Conclusion: Allergic response was evident in the FTFW. Significant decrease in FVC may negatively impact lung flow rates and explains the marginal decrease in FEF25-75, which implies a relative limitation in airflow of peripheral/distal airways and elastic recoil of the lungs. This is consistent with obstructive pulmonary disease; a significant decrease in FEF75-85/FEV1 supports this conclusion. Significant decrease in FEF200-1200 indicates abnormalities in the large airways/larynx just as significantly prolonged ventricular repolarization suggests cardiac arrhythmias.
Background: Physician-rating websites have become a popular tool to create more transparency about the quality of health care providers. So far, it remains unknown whether online-based rating websites have the potential to contribute to a better standard of care. Objective: Our goal was to examine which health care providers use online rating websites and for what purposes, and whether health care providers use online patient ratings to improve patient care. Methods: We conducted an online-based cross-sectional study by surveying 2360 physicians and other health care providers (September 2015). In addition to descriptive statistics, we performed multilevel logistic regression models to ascertain the effects of providers' demographics as well as report card-related variables on the likelihood that providers implement measures to improve patient care. Results: Overall, more than half of the responding providers surveyed (54.66%, 1290/2360) used online ratings to derive measures to improve patient care (implemented measures: mean 3.06, SD 2.29). Ophthalmologists (68%, 40/59) and gynecologists (65.4%, 123/188) were most likely to implement any measures. The most widely implemented quality measures were related to communication with patients (28.77%, 679/2360), the appointment scheduling process (23.60%, 557/2360), and office workflow (21.23%, 501/2360). Scaled-survey results had a greater impact on deriving measures than narrative comments. Multilevel logistic regression models revealed medical specialty, the frequency of report card use, and the appraisal of the trustworthiness of scaled-survey ratings to be significantly associated predictors for implementing measures to improve patient care because of online ratings. Conclusions: Our results suggest that online ratings displayed on physician-rating websites have an impact on patient care. Despite the limitations of our study and unintended consequences of physician-rating websites, they still may have the potential to improve patient care.
4753 Webseiten wurden mit der Open-Source-Software webXray auf die Einbindung von Elementen untersucht, durch die Dritte über den Abruf einer Webseite durch einen Browser von einem Server informiert werden können. 54,77 % der analysierten Webseiten wiesen solche Third Party Elements (TPE) auf. 18,94 % setzten Cookies ein, 44,81 % banden Javascript von Drittanbietern ein. Google-Services dominieren die TPE-Anbieterliste, sie werden in 30,02 % der untersuchten Webseiten verwendet
Background: Interprofessionalism, considered as collaboration between medical professionals, has gained prominence over recent decades and evidence for its impact has grown. The steadily increasing number of residents in nursing homes will challenge medical care and the interaction across professions, especially nurses and general practitioners (GPS). The nursing home visit, a key element of medical care, has been underrepresented in research. This study explores GP perspectives on interprofessional collaboration with a focus on their visits to nursing homes in order to understand their experiences and expectations. This research represents an aspect of the interprof study, which explores medical care needs as well as the perceived collaboration and communication by nursing home residents, their families, GPS and nurses. This paper focusses on GPS' views, investigating in particular their visits to nursing homes in order to understand their experiences. Methods: Open guideline-interviews covering interprofessional collaboration and the visit process were conducted with 30 GPS in three study centers and analyzed with grounded theory methodology. GPS were recruited via postal request and existing networks of the research partners. Results: Four different types of nursing home visits were found: visits on demand, periodical visits, nursing home rounds and ad-hoc-decision based visits. We identified the core category "productive performance" of home visits in nursing homes which stands for the balance of GPŚ individual efforts and rewards. GPS used different strategies to perform a productive home visit: preparing strategies, on-site strategies and investing strategies. Conclusion: We compiled a theory of GPS home visits in nursing homes in Germany. The findings will be useful for research, and scientific and management purposes to generate a deeper understanding of GP perspectives and thereby improve interprofessional collaboration to ensure a high quality of care.
Eine Unternehmensgründung ist ein komplexes Vorhaben, dessen Risiken soweit wie möglich vermieden bzw. minimiert werden sollten. Dabei hilft eine sorgfältige Planung und Vorbereitung. Der Gründungsprozess lässt sich — von der Prüfung der Grundvoraussetzungen über den Business Plan, die Vorbereitung der Gründung sowie deren Realisierung bis zur Stabilisierung des Unternehmens — in fünf Phasen einteilen.
With the increasing significance of information technology, there is an urgent need for adequate measures of information security. Systematic information security management is one of most important initiatives for IT management. At least since reports about privacy and security breaches, fraudulent accounting practices, and attacks on IT systems appeared in public, organizations have recognized their responsibilities to safeguard physical and information assets. Security standards can be used as guideline or framework to develop and maintain an adequate information security management system (ISMS). The standards ISO/IEC 27000, 27001 and 27002 are international standards that are receiving growing recognition and adoption. They are referred to as “common language of organizations around the world” for information security. With ISO/IEC 27001 companies can have their ISMS certified by a third-party organization and thus show their customers evidence of their security measures.
Background: Improving the transparency of information about the quality of health care providers is one way to improve health care quality. It is assumed that Internet information steers patients toward better-performing health care providers and will motivate providers to improve quality. However, the effect of public reporting on hospital quality is still small. One of the reasons is that users find it difficult to understand the formats in which information is presented.
Objective: We analyzed the presentation of risk-adjusted mortality rate (RAMR) for coronary angiography in the 10 most commonly used German public report cards to analyze the impact of information presentation features on their comprehensibility. We wanted to determine which information presentation features were utilized, were preferred by users, led to better comprehension, and had similar effects to those reported in evidence-based recommendations described in the literature.
Methods: The study consisted of 5 steps: (1) identification of best-practice evidence about the presentation of information on hospital report cards; (2) selection of a single risk-adjusted quality indicator; (3) selection of a sample of designs adopted by German public report cards; (4) identification of the information presentation elements used in public reporting initiatives in Germany; and (5) an online panel completed an online questionnaire that was conducted to determine if respondents were able to identify the hospital with the lowest RAMR and if respondents’ hospital choices were associated with particular information design elements.
Results: Evidence-based recommendations were made relating to the following information presentation features relevant to report cards: evaluative table with symbols, tables without symbols, bar charts, bar charts without symbols, bar charts with symbols, symbols, evaluative word labels, highlighting, order of providers, high values to indicate good performance, explicit statements of whether high or low values indicate good performance, and incomplete data (“N/A” as a value). When investigating the RAMR in a sample of 10 hospitals’ report cards, 7 of these information presentation features were identified. Of these, 5 information presentation features improved comprehensibility in a manner reported previously in literature.
Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically analyze the most commonly used public reporting card designs used in Germany. Best-practice evidence identified in international literature was in agreement with 5 findings about German report card designs: (1) avoid tables without symbols, (2) include bar charts with symbols, (3) state explicitly whether high or low values indicate good performance or provide a “good quality” range, (4) avoid incomplete data (N/A given as a value), and (5) rank hospitals by performance. However, these findings are preliminary and should be subject of further evaluation. The implementation of 4 of these recommendations should not present insurmountable obstacles. However, ranking hospitals by performance may present substantial difficulties.
Background: Physician-rating websites are currently gaining in popularity because they increase transparency in the health care system. However, research on the characteristics and content of these portals remains limited.
Objective: To identify and synthesize published evidence in peer-reviewed journals regarding frequently discussed issues about physician-rating websites.
Methods: Peer-reviewed English and German language literature was searched in seven databases (Medline (via PubMed), the Cochrane Library, Business Source Complete, ABI/Inform Complete, PsycInfo, Scopus, and ISI web of knowledge) without any time constraints. Additionally, reference lists of included studies were screened to assure completeness. The following eight previously defined questions were addressed: 1) What percentage of physicians has been rated? 2) What is the average number of ratings on physician-rating websites? 3) Are there any differences among rated physicians related to socioeconomic status? 4) Are ratings more likely to be positive or negative? 5) What significance do patient narratives have? 6) How should physicians deal with physician-rating websites? 7) What major shortcomings do physician-rating websites have? 8) What recommendations can be made for further improvement of physician-rating websites?
Results: Twenty-four articles published in peer-reviewed journals met our inclusion criteria. Most studies were published by US (n=13) and German (n=8) researchers; however, the focus differed considerably. The current usage of physician-rating websites is still low but is increasing. International data show that 1 out of 6 physicians has been rated, and approximately 90% of all ratings on physician-rating websites were positive. Although often a concern, we could not find any evidence of "doctor-bashing". Physicians should not ignore these websites, but rather, monitor the information available and use it for internal and ex-ternal purpose. Several shortcomings limit the significance of the results published on physician-rating websites; some recommendations to address these limitations are presented.
Conclusions: Although the number of publications is still low, physician-rating websites are gaining more attention in research. But the current condition of physician-rating websites is lacking. This is the case both in the United States and in Germany. Further research is necessary to increase the quality of the websites, especially from the patients’ perspective.
OSGi in Cloud Environments
(2013)
This article discusses event monitoring options for heterogeneous event sources as they are given in nowadays heterogeneous distributed information systems. It follows the central assumption, that a fully generic event monitoring solution cannot provide complete support for event monitoring; instead, event source specific semantics such as certain event types or support for certain event monitoring techniques have to be taken into account. Following from this, the core result of the work presented here is the extension of a configurable event monitoring (Web) service for a variety of event sources. A service approach allows us to trade genericity for the exploitation of source specific characteristics. It thus delivers results for the areas of SOA, Web services, CEP and EDA.
In this paper, five ontologies are described, which include the event concepts. The paper provides an overview and comparison of existing event models. The main criteria for comparison are that there should be possibilities to model events with stretch in the time and location and participation of objects; however, there are other factors that should be taken into account as well. The paper also shows an example of using ontologies in complex event processing.
Background
Infant mortality in rural areas of Nigeria can be minimized if childhood febrile conditions are treated by trained health personnel, deployed to primary healthcare centres (PHCs) rather than the observed preference of mothers for patent medicine dealers (PMDs). However, health service utilization/patronage is driven by consumer satisfaction and perception of services/product value. The objective of this study was to determine ‘mothers’ perception of recovery’ and ‘mothers’ satisfaction’ after PMD treatment of childhood febrile conditions, as likely drivers of mothers’ health-seeking behaviour, which must be targeted to reverse the trend.
Methods
Ugwuogo-Nike, in Enugu, Nigeria, has many PMDs/PHCs, and was selected based on high prevalence of childhood febrile conditions. In total, 385 consenting mothers (aged 15–45 years) were consecutively recruited at PMD shops, after purchasing drugs for childhood febrile conditions, in a cross-sectional observational study using a pre-tested instrument; 33 of them (aged 21–47 years) participated in focus group discussions (FGDs). Qualitative data were thematically analysed while a quantitative study was analysed with Z score and Chi square statistics, at p < 0.05.
Results
Most participants in FGDs perceived that their child had delayed recovery, but were satisfied with PMDs’ treatment of childhood febrile conditions, for reasons that included politeness, caring attitude, drug availability, easy accessibility, flexibility in pricing, shorter waiting time, their God-fearing nature, and disposition as good listeners. Mothers’ satisfaction with PMDs’ treatment is significantly (p < 0.05) associated with mothers’ perception of recovery of their child (χ2 = 192.94, df = 4; p < 0.0001; Cramer’s V = 0.7079). However, predicting mothers’ satisfaction with PMDs’ treatment from a knowledge of mothers’ perception of recovery shows a high accord (lambda[A from B] = 0.8727), unlike when predicting mothers’ perception of recovery based on knowledge of mothers’ satisfaction with PMDs’ treatment (lambda[A from B] = 0.4727).
Conclusions
Mothers’ satisfaction could be the key ‘driver’ of mothers’ health-seeking behaviour and is less likely to be influenced by mothers’ perception of recovery of their child. Therefore, mothers’ negative perception of their child’s recovery may not induce proportionate decline in mothers’ health-seeking behaviour (patronage of PMDs), which might be influenced mainly by mothers’ satisfaction with the positive attributes of PMDs’ personality/practice and sets an important agenda for PHC reforms.
Enterprise apps on mobile devices typically need to communicate with other system components by consuming web services. Since most of the current mobile device platforms (such as Android) do not provide built-in features for consuming SOAP services, extensions have to be designed. Additionally in order to accommodate the typical enhanced security requirements of enterprise apps, it is important to be able to deal with SOAP web service security extensions on client side. In this article we show that neither the built-in SOAP capabilities for Android web service clients are sufficient for enterprise apps nor are the necessary security features supported by the platform as is. After discussing different existing extensions making Android devices SOAP capable we explain why none of them is really satisfactory in an enterprise context. Then we present our own solution which accommodates not only SOAP but also the WS-Security features on top of SOAP. Our solution heavily relies on code generation in order to keep the flexibility benefits of SOAP on one hand while still keeping the development effort manageable for software development. Our approach provides a good foundation for the implementation of other SOAP extensions apart from security on the Android platform as well. In addition our solution based on the gSOAP framework may be used for other mobile platforms in a similar manner.
Heterogeneity has to be taken into account when integrating a set of existing information sources into a distributed information system that are nowadays often based on Service- Oriented Architectures (SOA). This is also particularly applicable to distributed services such as event monitoring, which are useful in the context of Event Driven Architectures (EDA) and Complex Event Processing (CEP). Web services deal with this heterogeneity at a technical level, also providing little support for event processing. Our central thesis is that such a fully generic solution cannot provide complete support for event monitoring; instead, source specific semantics such as certain event types or support for certain event monitoring techniques have to be taken into account. Our core result is the design of a configurable event monitoring (Web) service that allows us to trade genericity for the exploitation of source specific characteristics. It thus delivers results for the areas of SOA, Web services, CEP and EDA.
In this paper various techniques in relation to large-scale systems are presented. At first, explanation of large-scale systems and differences from traditional systems are given. Next, possible specifications and requirements on hardware and software are listed. Finally, examples of large-scale systems are presented.
End users urgently request using mobile devices at their workplace. They know these devices from their private life and appreciate functionality and usability, and want to benefit from these advantages at work as well. Limitations and restrictions would not be accepted by them. On the contrary, companies are obliged to employ substantial organizational and technical measures to ensure data security and compliance when allowing to use mobile devices at the workplace. So far, only individual arrangements have been presented addressing single issues in ensuring data security and compliance. However, companies need to follow a comprehensive set of measures addressing all relevant aspects of data security and compliance in order to play it safe. Thus, in this paper at first technical architectures for using mobile devices in enterprise IT are reviewed. Thereafter a set of compliance rules is presented and, as major contribution, technical measures are explained that enable a company to integrate mobile devices into enterprise IT while still complying with these rules comprehensively. Depending on the company context, one or more of the technical architectures have to be chosen impacting the specific technical measures for compliance as elaborated in this paper. Altogether this paper, for the first time, correlates technical architectures for using mobile devices at the workplace with technical measures to assure data security and compliance according to a comprehensive set of rules.
Hypertension is a serious global public health problem. It accounts for 10% of all deaths in India and is the leading noncommunicable disease.1 Recent studies have shown that the prevalence of hypertension is 25% in urban and 10% in rural people in India.2 It exerts a substantial public health burden on cardiovascular health status and health care systems in India.3 Antihypertensive treatment effectively reduces hypertension-related morbidity and mortality.1 The cost of medications has always been a barrier to effective treatment.
Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India, with >62 million individuals currently diagnosed with the disease.1 India currently faces an uncertain future in relation to the potential burden that diabetes may impose on the country. An estimated US$ 2.2 billion would be needed to sufficiently treat all cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in India.2 Many interventions can reduce the burden of this disease. However, health care resources are limited; thus, interventions for diabetes treatment should be prioritized.
Publication Bias
(2016)
According to the Declaration of Helsinki, as well as the Statement on Public Disclosure of Clinical Trial Results of the World Health Organization, every researcher has the ethical obligation to publish research results on all trials with human participants in a complete and accurate way within 12 months after the end of the trial.1,2 Nevertheless, for several reasons, not all research results are published in an accurate way in case they are released at all. This phenomenon of publication bias may not only create a false impression on the reliability of clinical research business, but it may also affect the evidence of clinical conclusions about the best treatments, which are mostly based on published data and results.
The most important attribute for which we all aspire as human beings is good health because it enables us to undertake different forms of activities of daily living. The emergence of scientific knowledge in Western societies has enabled us to explore and define several parameters of “health” by drawing boundaries around factors that are known to impact the achievement of good health. For example, the World Health Organization defined health by taking physical and psychological factors into consideration.
Immunization is the most cost-effective intervention for infectious diseases, which are the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccines not only protect the individual who is vaccinated but also reduce the burden of infectious vaccine-preventable diseases for the entire community.
1 Adult vaccination is very important given that >25% of mortality is due to infectious diseases.
2 There is a scarcity of information on the vaccination status of young adults and the role of socioeconomic conditions in India.
Ever since the 1996 revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, the World Medical Association has attempted to address ethical and scientific concerns of its diverse stakeholders for Articles 33 (use of placebo) and 34 (posttrial provisions), most recently in 2013. Both are inextricably linked to standard of care, an essential element of any comparative, interventional clinical trial. But has this now 20-year-long ethical debate truly been put to rest? The choice of standard of care in clinical trials remains a complex issue, particularly for comparative trials conducted in emerging countries.
The medical devices sector helps save lives by providing innovative health care solutions regarding diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment, and alleviation. Medical devices are classified into 1 of 3 categories in the order of increasing risk: Class I, Class II, and Class III.1 Medical devices are distinguished from drugs for regulatory purposes based on mechanism of action. Unlike drugs, medical devices operate via physical or mechanical means and are not dependent on metabolism to accomplish their primary intended effect.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Risk Evaluation and Advice in Undergraduate Students in Ashrafieh, Lebanon
(2016)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic lifestyle disease. It has become evident that T2DM occurs even among the younger age groups.1 In Lebanon, T2DM has a major public health impact through high disease prevalence, significant downstream pathophysiologic effects, and enormous financial liabilities.2
From an ethical perspective, clinical research involving humans is only acceptable if it involves the potential for benefit. Various characteristics can be applied to differentiate research benefit. Often benefit is categorized in direct or indirect benefit, whereby indirect benefit might be further differentiated in collective or benefit for the society, excluding or including the trial patient in the long term. Ethical guidelines, such as the Declaration of Helsinki in its latest version, do not precisely favor a particular type of benefit.
The world health organization defines musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) as “a disorder of muscles, tendons, peripheral vascular system not directly resulting from an acute or instantaneous event.1 Work related MSDs are one of the most important occupational hazards.1 Among many other occupations, dentistry is a highly demanding profession that requires good visual acuity, hearing, depth perception, psychomotor skills, manual dexterity, and ability to maintain occupational postures over long periods.
Malnutrition is the condition in which the body does not get the right amount of proteins, vitamins, or other nutrients.1 The global prevalence of malnutrition was reported as 13% in 2015.2 The subregion of South Asia is especially known as a critical area for severe wasted children aged <5 years.3 In India, 38.4% of children aged <3 years are stunted, and 46% are underweight.4 Malnutrition can lead to mortality as well as disabilities and long-term consequences such as cognitive disabilities, less economic productivity, or diseases.
BACKGROUND: Even though physician rating websites (PRWs) have been gaining in importance in both practice and research, little evidence is available on the association of patients' online ratings with the quality of care of physicians. It thus remains unclear whether patients should rely on these ratings when selecting a physician. The objective of this study was to measure the association between online ratings and structural and quality of care measures for 65 physician practices from the German Integrated Health Care Network "Quality and Efficiency" (QuE). METHODS: Online reviews from two German PRWs were included which covered a three-year period (2011 to 2013) and included 1179 and 991 ratings, respectively. Information for 65 QuE practices was obtained for the year 2012 and included 21 measures related to structural information (N = 6), process quality (N = 10), intermediate outcomes (N = 2), patient satisfaction (N = 1), and costs (N = 2). The Spearman rank coefficient of correlation was applied to measure the association between ratings and practice-related information. RESULTS: Patient satisfaction results from offline surveys and the patients per doctor ratio in a practice were shown to be significantly associated with online ratings on both PRWs. For one PRW, additional significant associations could be shown between online ratings and cost-related measures for medication, preventative examinations, and one diabetes type 2-related intermediate outcome measure. There again, results from the second PRW showed significant associations with the age of the physicians and the number of patients per practice, four process-related quality measures for diabetes type 2 and asthma, and one cost-related measure for medication. CONCLUSIONS: Several significant associations were found which varied between the PRWs. Patients interested in the satisfaction of other patients with a physician might select a physician on the basis of online ratings. Even though our results indicate associations with some diabetes and asthma measures, but not with coronary heart disease measures, there is still insufficient evidence to draw strong conclusions. The limited number of practices in our study may have weakened our findings.
Streptococcus (S.) uberis is a causative agent for clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis which significance for the udder health has increased over the last decades. Molecular diagnosis methods revealed that S. uberis may be subdivided into many different varieties with different epidemiological properties. In addition, some varieties were reclassified as Streptococcus parauberis and Globicatella sanguinis. The present paper reviews S. uberis and its role in modern dairy farming. This pathogen is ubiquitous for which it is considered as environment- associated. Straw bedding and pasture, but also the bovine skin and digestive mucosae are typical localizations inhabited by S. uberis. Due to its capacity to persist within the mammary tissue, some infections may eventually turn cow-associated. In other cases, the infection is short, but in any case, there is a high risk of re-infection. Although many varieties remain susceptible to most antimicrobial agents, the problem for the dairy farm lies in the high rate of re-infection. This paper also reviews risk factors, therapies and measures to control S. uberis at farm level.
BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, physician-rating websites have been gaining attention in scientific literature and in the media. However, little knowledge is available about the awareness and the impact of using such sites on health care professionals. It also remains unclear what key predictors are associated with the knowledge and the use of physician-rating websites. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the current level of awareness and use of physician-rating websites in Germany and to determine their impact on physician choice making and the key predictors which are associated with the knowledge and the use of physician-rating websites. METHODS: This study was designed as a cross-sectional survey. An online panel was consulted in January 2013. A questionnaire was developed containing 28 questions; a pretest was carried out to assess the comprehension of the questionnaire. Several sociodemographic (eg, age, gender, health insurance status, Internet use) and 2 health-related independent variables (ie, health status and health care utilization) were included. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and t tests. Binary multivariate logistic regression models were performed for elaborating the characteristics of physician-rating website users. Results from the logistic regression are presented for both the observed and weighted sample. RESULTS: In total, 1505 respondents (mean age 43.73 years, SD 14.39; 857/1505, 57.25% female) completed our survey. Of all respondents, 32.09% (483/1505) heard of physician-rating websites and 25.32% (381/1505) already had used a website when searching for a physician. Furthermore, 11.03% (166/1505) had already posted a rating on a physician-rating website. Approximately 65.35% (249/381) consulted a particular physician based on the ratings shown on the websites; in contrast, 52.23% (199/381) had not consulted a particular physician because of the publicly reported ratings. Significantly higher likelihoods for being aware of the websites could be demonstrated for female participants (P<.001), those who were widowed (P=.01), covered by statutory health insurance (P=.02), and with higher health care utilization (P<.001). Health care utilization was significantly associated with all dependent variables in our multivariate logistic regression models (P<.001). Furthermore, significantly higher scores could be shown for health insurance status in the unweighted and Internet use in the weighted models. CONCLUSIONS: Neither health policy makers nor physicians should underestimate the influence of physician-rating websites. They already play an important role in providing information to help patients decide on an appropriate physician. Assuming there will be a rising level of public awareness, the influence of their use will increase well into the future. Future studies should assess the impact of physician-rating websites under experimental conditions and investigate whether physician-rating websites have the potential to reflect the quality of care offered by health care providers.
BACKGROUND:
Despite their increasing popularity, little is known about how users perceive mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs in medical contexts. Available studies are often restricted to evaluating the success of specific interventions and do not adequately cover the users' basic attitudes, for example, their expectations or concerns toward using mobile devices in medical settings.
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of the study was to obtain a comprehensive picture, both from the perspective of the patients, as well as the doctors, regarding the use and acceptance of mobile devices within medical contexts in general well as the perceived challenges when introducing the technology.
METHODS:
Doctors working at Hannover Medical School (206/1151, response 17.90%), as well as patients being admitted to this facility (213/279, utilization 76.3%) were surveyed about their acceptance and use of mobile devices in medical settings. Regarding demographics, both samples were representative of the respective study population. GNU R (version 3.1.1) was used for statistical testing. Fisher's exact test, two-sided, alpha=.05 with Monte Carlo approximation, 2000 replicates, was applied to determine dependencies between two variables.
RESULTS:
The majority of participants already own mobile devices (doctors, 168/206, 81.6%; patients, 110/213, 51.6%). For doctors, use in a professional context does not depend on age (P=.66), professional experience (P=.80), or function (P=.34); gender was a factor (P=.009), and use was more common among male (61/135, 45.2%) than female doctors (17/67, 25%). A correlation between use of mobile devices and age (P=.001) as well as education (P=.002) was seen for patients. Minor differences regarding how mobile devices are perceived in sensitive medical contexts mostly relate to data security, patients are more critical of the devices being used for storing and processing patient data; every fifth patient opposed this, but nevertheless, 4.8% of doctors (10/206) use their devices for this purpose. Both groups voiced only minor concerns about the credibility of the provided content or the technical reliability of the devices. While 8.3% of the doctors (17/206) avoided use during patient contact because they thought patients might be unfamiliar with the devices, (25/213) 11.7% of patients expressed concerns about the technology being too complicated to be used in a health context.
CONCLUSIONS:
Differences in how patients and doctors perceive the use of mobile devices can be attributed to age and level of education; these factors are often mentioned as contributors of the problems with (mobile) technologies. To fully realize the potential of mobile technologies in a health care context, the needs of both the elderly as well as those who are educationally disadvantaged need to be carefully addressed in all strategies relating to mobile technology in a health context.
Purpose. To identify stroke survivors with symptoms of poststroke depression and the extent of psychiatry needs and care they have received while on physiotherapy rehabilitation. Participants. Fifty stroke survivors (22 females and 28 males) at the outpatient unit of Physiotherapy Department, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, who gave their informed consent, were randomly selected. Their age range and mean age were 26–66 years and 54.76 ± 8.79 years, respectively. Method. A multiple case study of 50 stroke survivors for symptoms of poststroke depression was done with Beck’s Depression Inventory, mini mental status examination tool, and Modified Motor Assessment Scale. The tests were performed independently by the participants except otherwise stated and scored on a scale of 0–6. Data were analyzed using -test for proportional significance and chi-square test for determining relationship between variables, at p < 0.05. Results. Twenty-one (42.0%) stroke survivors had symptoms of PSD, which was significantly dependent on duration of stroke ( = 21.680, df = 6, and p = 0.001), yet none of the participants had a psychiatry review. Conclusions. Symptoms of PSD may be common in cold compared to new cases of stroke and may need psychiatry care while on physiotherapy rehabilitation.
A decline in the CD4 count is a common feature in HIV/AIDS, suggesting a compromise in immunity of patients. In response, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is prescribed to slow-down a diminution in the CD4 count and risk of AIDS-related malignancies. However, exercise may improve both the utility and population of innate immune cell components, and may be beneficial for patients with HIV infection. Comparing the effects of different exercises against HAART, on CD4 count, helps in understanding the role and evidence-based application of exercises to ameliorate immune deficiency.
Malnutrition, nutritional deficiency, or undernutrition is an imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiologic requirements. Malnutrition in childhood has both short-term consequences and long-term consequences on mental and physical health as well as the overall health development of children. Of all regions in the world, the Asia and the Pacific region has achieved the fastest rate of economic growth. There is no evidence that this rapid economic growth translates into a decline in malnutrition of children in Asian countries such as India.
The use of secondary data in health care research has become a very important issue over the past few years. Data from the treatment context are being used for evaluation of medical data for external quality assurance, as well as to answer medical questions in the form of registers and research databases. Additionally, the establishment of electronic clinical systems like data warehouses provides new opportunities for the secondary use of clinical data. Because health data is among the most sensitive information about an individual, the data must be safeguarded from disclosure.
Objectives: To assess the relation between the number of clinical trials conducted and respective new drug approvals in India and South Africa.
Design: Construction and analysis of a comprehensive database of completed randomised controlled clinical trials based on clinicaltrials.gov from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2010 and drug approval data from 2006 until 2013 for India and South Africa.
Setting: USA, the EU, India and South Africa.
Main outcome measures: Percentage of completed randomised clinical trials for an Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) leading to new drug approval in India and South Africa.
Results: A total of 622 eligible randomised controlled trials were identified as per search criteria for India and South Africa. Clustering them for the same sponsor and the same Investigational New Drug (IND) resulted in 453 eligible trials, that is, 224 for India and 229 for South Africa. The distribution of the market application approvals between the EU/USA as well as India and South Africa revealed that out of clinical trials with the participation of test centres in India and/or South Africa, 39.6% (India) clinical trials and 60.1% (South Africa) clinical trials led to market authorisation in the EU/USA without a New Drug Application (NDA) approval in India or South Africa.
Conclusions: Despite an increase in clinical trial activities, there is a clear gap between the number of trials conducted and market availability of these new drugs in India and South Africa. Drug regulatory authorities, investigators, institutional review boards and patient groups should direct their efforts to ensuring availability of new drugs in the market that have been tested and researched on their population.
OSGi is a popular Java-based platform, which has its roots in the area of embedded systems. However, nowadays it is used more and more in enterprise systems. To fit this new application area, OSGi has recently been extended with the Remote Services specification. This specification enables distribution, which OSGi was previously lacking. However, the specification provides means for synchronous communication only and leaves out asynchronous communication. As an attempt to fill a gap in this field, we propose, implement and evaluate an approach for the integration of asynchronous messaging into OSGi.
Of late, decrease in mineral oil supplies has stimulated research on use of biomass as an alternative energy source. Climate change has brought problems such as increased drought and erratic rains. This, together with a rise in land degeneration problems with concomitant loss in soil fertility has inspired the scientific world to look for alternative bio-energy species. Euphorbia tirucalli L., a tree with C3/CAM metabolism in leaves/stem, can be cultivated on marginal, arid land and could be a good alternative source of biofuel.
We analyzed a broad variety of E. tirucalli plants collected from different countries for their genetic diversity using AFLP. Physiological responses to induced drought stress were determined in a number of genotypes by monitoring growth parameters and influence on photosynthesis. For future breeding of economically interesting genotypes, rubber content and biogas production were quantified.
Cluster analysis shows that the studied genotypes are divided into two groups, African and mostly non-African genotypes. Different genotypes respond significantly different to various levels of water. Malate measurement indicates that there is induction of CAM in leaves following drought stress. Rubber content varies strongly between genotypes. An investigation of the biogas production capacities of six E. tirucalli genotypes reveals biogas yields higher than from rapeseed but lower than maize silage.
Metagenomic studies use high-throughput sequence data to investigate microbial communities in situ. However, considerable challenges remain in the analysis of these data, particularly with regard to speed and reliable analysis of microbial species as opposed to higher level taxa such as phyla. We here present Genometa, a computationally undemanding graphical user interface program that enables identification of bacterial species and gene content from datasets generated by inexpensive high-throughput short read sequencing technologies. Our approach was first verified on two simulated metagenomic short read datasets, detecting 100% and 94% of the bacterial species included with few false positives or false negatives. Subsequent comparative benchmarking analysis against three popular metagenomic algorithms on an Illumina human gut dataset revealed Genometa to attribute the most reads to bacteria at species level (i.e. including all strains of that species) and demonstrate similar or better accuracy than the other programs. Lastly, speed was demonstrated to be many times that of BLAST due to the use of modern short read aligners. Our method is highly accurate if bacteria in the sample are represented by genomes in the reference sequence but cannot find species absent from the reference. This method is one of the most user-friendly and resource efficient approaches and is thus feasible for rapidly analysing millions of short reads on a personal computer.
In der Zentralbibliothek der Hochschule Hannover wurde ab Wintersemester 2012 ein Experiment mit Roving Librarians durchgeführt, um die Auskunftsqualität zu verbessern. Die Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter der Bibliothek liefen zu diesem Zweck mit einem Netbook ausgerüstet durch den Benutzungsbereich der Bibliothek, um Fragen der Nutzer und Nutzerinnen gleich dort aufzufangen, wo sie entstehen. Der Versuch kann nicht als erfolgreich bezeichnet werden, doch konnten während des Experiments wertvolle Einblicke in Nutzerwünsche gewonnen werden.
Es wird der Fall des reinen Internverkehrs zwischen endlich vielen Teilnehmern bei voller Erreichbarkeit der Verbindungswege an einem einfachen Modell behandelt. Die Verkehrsgrößen werden berechnet. Der Verlust wird nach seinen verschiedenen möglichen Entstehungsursachen spezifiziert. Die entsprechenden Verlustwahrscheinlichkeiten werden exakt berechnet. Für die numerische Berechnung werden Rekursionsformeln abgeleitet. Unter den genannten Voraussetzungen sind die angegebenen Beziehungen auch für kleinste Teilnehmeranzahlen gültig. Ein aktueller Anwendungsfall liegt bei der Bemessung der Sprechkreisanzahl in einem Nachrichtensystem mit dezentraler Vermittlungstechnik und Vielfachzugriff zu den vorhandenen Sprechkreisen vor.
Das Forschungsinformationssystem VIVO bietet als Linked-Data-basiertes System die Möglichkeit, Daten aus anderen Quellen wiederzuverwenden. In der Praxis kann man dabei auf Konvertierungsprobleme stoßen. Oft liegen Daten nur in tabellarischem Format vor, z.B. als CSV-Datei. Zur Konvertierung dieser Daten existieren verschiedene Werkzeuge, viele dieser Werkzeuge erfordern jedoch entweder spezielle technische Umgebungen (oft Linux-Systeme) oder sie sind in der Bedienung sehr anspruchsvoll. Im Artikel wird ein Workflow für die Konvertierung von Daten aus GeoNames für VIVO mit Google Refine beschrieben.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit, deren erster und zweiter Teil in den vorangegangenen Heften dieser Zeitschrift veröffentlicht wurden, werden die Kosten der “Weichkäserei” am Beispiel der Herstellung von Camembert- und Brie-Käse modellhaft bestimmt. Damit werden die im Jahr 1970 in gleicher Zeitschrift (Heft 5, Band 22) veröffentlichten Analysen der Produktionskosten in Camembertkäsereien hinsichtlich der Funktionsinhalte ausgedehnt und dem neuesten Stand der Technik sowie heutigen Produktionsstrukturen im Weichkäsesektor angepaßt. Gleichzeitig sind die generell für alle Modellabteilungen geltenden methodischen Weiterentwicklungen (2) in den Kalkulationen berücksichtigt worden. In den sechs Unterabteilungen Vorstapelung, Bruchbereitung/Portionierung, Umhorden/Salzen, Reifung, Abpackung und Fertiglager werden aus der Produktgruppe Weichkäse die Sorten Camembert mit 30 und 60 % F.i.Tr. sowie Brie mit 45 % F.i.Tr. in unterschiedlichen Stückgrößen hergestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Kostenverursachung untersucht. Zur Bestimmung der Modellkosten wurden vier Modelle gebildet, deren Kapazitäten in der Kesselmilchverarbeitung zwischen 8.000 und 30.000 l/h liegen. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 15 und 100 % simuliert wurde, können so die Kosten für Käsemengen zwischen rd. 700-17.0001 Käse/Jahr bestimmt werden.Nach den vorgegebenen Kapazitäten sind die technischen Voraussetzungen der einzelnen Unterabteilungen modellspezifisch festgelegt worden, wobei die technische Auslegung an eine verringerte Auslastung bei 65 und 33%iger Beschäftigung angepaßt wurde. Die zu tätigenden Investitionen für die Grundversion betragen 25,0 Mio DM im Modell 1 und 54,5 Mio DM im Modell 4. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge an Käse ergeben sich hieraus spezifische Investitionen, die sich mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 5.125 auf 3.205 DM/t jährliche Käsemenge erheblich senken. Produktspezifische Investitionen und Faktormengenverbräuche führen zu den Einzelkosten der ausgewählten Weichkäseprodukte, die z.B. für den Camembert mit 60 % F.i.Tr. je nach Modellgrößeund Beschäftigungsgrad zwischen 500,7 Pf/kg und 620,2 Pf/kg Käse liegen. Die Gesamtkosten der Abteilung “Weichkäserei”, die sich aus den Einzelkosten der Produkte und den Einzelkosten der Abteilung zusammensetzen, betragen im größten Modell bei 100%iger Beschäftigung 522,1 Pf/kg Käse, die sich im kleinsten Modell bei nur 15%iger Beschäftigung auf 1.027,6 Pf/kg Käse erhöhen. Bei einem Beschäftigungsgrad von 65 %, dem die Produktionsmenge eines 2-Schichtbetriebes zugeordnet ist, entfallen von den Gesamtkosten der Abteilung je nach Modellgröße 62-72 % auf die Rohstoffkosten, 14-20 % auf die Anlagekosten und 4-7 % auf die Personalkosten, während die übrigen Kostenartengruppen nur von geringerer Bedeutung sind. Betrachtet man die Gesamtkosten (ohne Rohstoffkosten) hinsichtlich ihrer Entstehung in den Unterabteilungen, so ist festzustellen, daß die Unterabteilungen Bruchbereitung/Portionierung sowie Abpackung die höchsten Kosten verursachen. Für einen Beschäftigungsgrad von 65 % betragen die Kosten in den Unterabteilungen Bruchbereitung/Portionierung im Modell 1 85,8 Pf/kg, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße auf 45,9 Pf/kg im Modell 4 zurückgehen. Die Kosten für die Abpackung liegen im Modell 1 bei 76,2 Pf/kg, während sie im Modell 4 nur noch 58,3 Pf/kg betragen. Die geringsten Kosten verursacht die Unterabteilung Fertiglager mit 2,6 Pf/kg im kleinsten und 1,5 Pf/kg im größten Modell bei 65%iger Beschäftigung. Die Ergebnisse der Modellabteilungsrechnung lassen erkennen, daß mit zunehmender Kapazitätsgröße und ansteigendem Beschäftigungsgrad erhebliche Stückkostendegressionen zu erreichen sind, die bei betriebsindividuellen oder branchenbedingten Entscheidungen genutzt werden sollten. So empfiehlt es sich, daß auf eine dem Markt angepaßte Produktion auch eine auf die geplante Tagesproduktionsmenge angepaßte Ausstattung der Abteilung folgt, da sich, wie in den Modellkostenkurven bei 65 und 33 % Beschäftigung dargestellt, die Kosten sprunghaft senken können. Kostendegressionseffekte werden auch erreicht, wenn durch Spezialisierung der Stückkäse-Produktion die Vielfalt der Formatgrößen eingeschränkt werden kann. Das höchste Kosteneinsparungspotential ist aber durch Strukturveränderungen im Weichkäsesektor zu erwarten, die, wie an zwei Beispielen erläutert, der Branche langfristige Kosteneinsparungen von rd.25 bzw. 95 Mio DM/Jahr ermöglichen können.
Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit bilden gemäß den allgemeinen technischen Prozeßbedingungen die maschinellen und baulichen Ausrüstungen der vier Modelle, deren Investitionsbeträge, Nutzungsdauer und Instandhaltungsquote unterabteilungsweise dargestellt sind, den Ausgangspunkt dieses Themenbereiches. Eine Anpassung der technischen Auslegung an eine verringerte Auslastung erfolgte bei einer 65%igen und 33%igen Beschäftigung. Die zu tätigenden Investitionen für die Grundversion (100 % Beschäftigung) betragen im Modell 1 25,0 Mio. DM und im Modell 4 54,5 Mio. DM. Die Mengenverbräuche der Produktionsfaktoren Rohstoff, Personal, Energie, Betriebs- und Hilfsstoffe sowie Reparaturen sind von den spezifischen Modellausstattungen abgeleitet. Es ergeben sich Faktoreinsatzmengen, die mengenproportional auftreten und den Produkten zugeordnet sind, sowie periodenabhängige fixe Verbrauche, die der Abteilung angelastet werden. Anhand einer ausgewählten Beschäftigungssituation, die einem 2-Schichtbetrieb bei 250 Produktionstagen entspricht, wird aufgezeigt, wie sich die auf Abteilungsebene aggregierten Faktoreinsatzmengen in Abhängigkeit von der Modellgröße gestalten. So ergibt sich z.B. im Bereich des Produktionsfaktors Personal, daß für das Modell 1 eine Beschäftigungszahl an Arbeitskräften von 25 und im Modell 4 von 40 vorgesehen ist.
In dem vorliegenden Teil 1 der Arbeit werden die Grundlagen und die Rohstoffmengenrechnung zur Ermittlung der Modellkosten in der Abteilung Weichkäserei dargestellt. In sechs Unterabteilungen - Vorstapelung, Bruchbereitung und Portionierung, Umhorden/Salzen, Reifung, Abpackung, Fertiglager - werden aus der Produktgruppe Weichkäse die Sorten Camembert 30 und 60 % F.i.Tr. sowie Brie 45 % F.i.Tr. mit unterschiedlichen Stückgewichten hergestellt und diese hinsichtlich ihrer Kostenverursachung untersucht. Zur Kalkulation der Modellkosten werden 4 Modelle gebildet, deren Verarbeitungskapazität an Kesselmilch zwischen 8.000 und 30.000 l/h liegen. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 15 % und 100 % simuliert wurde, können so Kosten für Käsemengen zwischen rd. 700 und 17.0001 Käse/Jahr bestimmt werden. Da der Rohstoff Milch im kostenrechnerischen Ansatz als der wichtigste Kostenfaktor gilt, wird der verursachungsgerechten Rohstoffverbrauchsbestimmung in diesem Teil ein gesondertes Kapitel gewidmet. Die Arbeit wird mit dem Teil 2 ''Modellspezifischer Faktoreinsatz'' fortgesetzt, dem abschließend der Teil 3 "Ergebnisse und Interpretation der Modellkalkulation" folgt.
Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die im Jahr 1975 durchgeführte Modellkalkulation in der H-Milch-Abteilung aktualisiert, indem die Funktionsinhalte der Abteilung erweitert werden und der neueste Stand der Technik entsprechend bestehender Produktionsstrukturen zur Anwendung kommt. Darüber hinaus werden die generell für alle Modellabteilungen geltenden methodischen Weiterentwicklungen In den Kalkulationen berücksichtigt. Unterteilt in drei Unterabteilungen - Ultrahocherhitzung, Aseptische Abpackung und Lager - wird der Produktionsprozeß zur Herstellung der ausgewählten Produkte H-Vollmilch und teilentrahmte H-Milch hinsichtlich ihrer Kostenverursachung untersucht. Die Bestimmung der Abteilungs- und Stückkosten für H-Milch erfolgt in vier Modellen, deren Kapazitäten entsprechend der Abfülleistung zwischen 5.700 Packungen/Stunde und 34.200 Packungen/Stunde liegen. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 15 und 100 % simuliert wird, können so die Kosten für Produktionsmengen zwischen 4,6 und 183,4 Mio. Packungen/Jahr ermittelt werden. Die zu tätigenden Investitionen für die Grundversion betragen im Modeln 5,1 Mio. DM, die sich im Modell 4 auf 18,0 Mio. DM erhöhen. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge, die sich zu 40 % aus H-Vollmilch und zu 60 % aus teilentrahmter H-Milch zusammensetzt, ergeben sich aus den Investitionssummen spezifische Investitionen, die sich mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 168 auf 98 DM/1.000 Packungen erheblich senken. Die modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten der Abteilung „H-Milch“, die sich aus den Einzelkosten der Produkte und den Einzelkosten der Abteilung zusammensetzen, betragen im größten Modell bei 100%iger Beschäftigung 75,7 Pf/Packung, die sich im kleinsten Modell auf 78,4 Pf/Packung erhöhen. Die outputbezogenen Einzelkosten der Produkte differieren infolge des unterschiedlichen Fettgehaltes nur in den Rohstoffkosten; in den übrigen Kostenarten wird von den gleichen Produktionsverbräuchen ausgegangen, da für die Herstellung beider Produkte dieselbe Technologie verwendet wird. Bei einem Beschäftigungsgrad von 63 % entfallen von den Gesamtkosten der Abteilung je nach Modellgröße 58-61 % auf die Rohstoffkosten, 3 - 5 % auf die Anlagekosten und 30 % auf die Verpackungskosten. Die übrigen Kostenarten wie Energiekosten mit 3 - 4 % und Personalkosten mit 0,8 -1,5 % sind von geringerer Bedeutung. Den Ergebnissen der Modellkalkulationen ist zu entnehmen, daß mit zunehmender Kapazitätsgröße und ansteigendem Beschäftigungsgrad erhebliche Stückkostendegressionen zu erreichen sind. So empfehlen sich beispielsweise bei verminderten Produktionsmengen Anpassungen in der Ausstattung der Abteilung, die zu sprunghaften Kostensenkungen führen können. Kostendegressionseffekte ergeben sich auch bei der Verringerung der Produktionstage in Beschäftigungssituationen eines 2- und 1-Schichtbetriebes. Wird z.B. in einer Abteilung mit zwei Abfüllanlagen (Modell 2) die Produktion eines 2-Schichtbetriebes von 250 Produktionstagen auf 200 Produktionstage/Jahr konzentriert, lassen sich die Abteilungskosten um 70.000 DM/Jahr verringern
Mit der Analyse des Kostenverlaufes in der Abteilung "Pasteurisierte Konsummilch" wird die Aktualisierung der Modellabteilungsrechnung fortgeführt. Gegenüber dem 1975 durchgeführten Kostenvergleich verschiedener Trinkmilchverfahren (1) basiert diese Abteilungskalkulation auf der modellhaften Kostenermittlung einer Einproduktsimulation anhand eines Abpackverfahrens im Tetra-Rex-System. Unter Berücksichtigung des methodisch weiterentwickelten Kostenrechnungsprinzips (2) wird der Produktionsprozeß zur Herstellung pasteurisierter Vollmilch mit 3,5 % Fett in 1-l-Kartonverpackung hinsichtlich der Kostenverursachung untersucht. Drei Modellvarianten mit Abfülleistungen von 5.400 bis 22.800 Packungen/Stunde, die einer maximalen Produktion von 30,3 bis 128,0 Packungen/Jahr entsprechen, bilden den Ausgangspunkt für die Analyse der Produktionskosten der Abteilung. In Abhängigkeit von der täglichen Abfüllmenge und dem Produktionsprogramm werden spezifische Modellausrüstungen bestimmt, von denen sich unmittelbar die variablen und fixen Einsatzmengen der Produktionsfaktoren ableiten. Der Einfluß unterschiedlicher Kapazitätsgrößen und -auslastungen auf die Herstellungskosten wird mit simulierten Beschäftigungssituationen zwischen 15 und 100 % verdeutlicht, die eine Bestimmung der Kosten für Milchmengen zwischen 4,5 und 128,0 Mio. Packungen im Jahr ermöglichen. Gemäß der Kapazitätsgröße und der technischen Auslegung der Modelle betragen die Investitionen 1,7 Mio. DM im Modell 1 und 4,7 Mio. DM im Modell 3. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge der Abteilung ergeben sich spezifische Investitionen, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 56 auf 37 DM je 1.000 Packungen sinken. Die Gesamtkosten der Abteilung “Pasteurisierte Konsummilch”, die sich aus den Produkt- und Abteilungseinzelkosten zusammensetzen, betragen im größten Modell bei 100 % Beschäftigung 73,8 Pf/Pckg. Abteilungs-Output und steigen mit abnehmender Modellgröße und sinkendem Beschäftigungsgrad (15 %) auf 83,1 Pf/Pckg.. In der beschäftigungsabhängigen Gesamtkostenentwicklung tritt zwischen dem 3- und 1-Schichtbetrieb eine Kostensenkung im Modell 1 von 3,0 Pf/Pckg. ein, die im Modell 3 2,0 Pf/Pckg. ausmacht. Der kapazltsgrößenbedingte Degressionseffekt Ist vom größten zum kleinsten Modell mit 1,7 Pf/Pckg. im 3-Schichtbetrieb und mit 2,7 Pf/Pckg. im 1-Schichtbetrieb markiert. Aus der prozentualen Zusammensetzung der Gesamtkosten bei einem Beschäftigungsgrad von 64 % dominieren die Rohstoffkosten mit modellspezifischen Anteilen von 72 - 73 %, die Betriebskosten beanspruchen 25 - 26 %, und die Anlagekosten sind anteilig mit 2 - 3 % vertreten. Mit der Darstellung der prozentualen Verteilung der Gesamtkosten ohne Rohstoffkosten treten die Kostenarten der Betriebskosten in den Vordergrund. Bei gleicher Ausgangssituation entfallen 83 - 89 % auf die Verpackungsmaterialkosten, 3 - 6 % auf die Personalkosten sowie 1 - 2 % auf die Energie- und Betriebsstoffkosten; 7 - 9 % ergeben sich hier für die Anlagekosten. Den Ergebnissen der Modellkalkulationen ist zu entnehmen, daß mit zunehmender Kapazitätsgröße und ansteigendem Beschäftigungsgrad nennenswerte Kosteneinsparungen zu erreichen sind. Dagegen zeichnen sich Kostendegressionen in Abhängigkeit von der Zahl der Produktionstage aufgrund des geringen Anteils der tagesfixen Kosten an den Gesamtkosten nur im minimalen Umfang ab.
Mit der Analyse des Kostenverlaufes in der Abteilung „Milchtrocknung“ wird die Aktualisierung der Modellabteilungsrechnung fortgeführt. In fünf Unterabteilungen - Vorstapelung, Eindampfung, Trocknung, Absackung und Lager - wird verursachungsgerecht untersucht, welche Kosten bei der Herstellung von Sprühmagermilchpulver, abgefüllt in 25-kg-Säcken, auf Abteilungsebene entstehen. Die Bestimmung der Abteilungs- und Stückkosten erfolgt in drei Modellgrößen, deren Kapazitäten entsprechend der Leistung des Verdampfers für Verarbeitungsmengen zwischen 10.800 und 55.000 kg Magermilch/Stunde ausgelegt sind. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 15 und 100 % simuliert wird, lassen sich Kosten für Produktionsmengen zwischen 1.000 und 35.300 t Magermilchpulver/Jahr ermitteln. Die in Ansatz gebrachten Investitionen betragen im Modell 1 8,1 Mio. DM, die sich im Modell 3 auf 20,3 Mio. DM erhöhen. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge ergeben sich aus den Investitionssummen spezifische Investitionen, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 1.177 DM auf 576 DM/t Magermilchpulver abfallen. Bei einer Beschäftigung von 100 % mit 340 Produktionstagen im Jahr errechnen sich in den Modellkalkulationen modellspezifische Gesamtkosten in Höhe von 371,28 Pf im Modell 1,358,74 Pf im Modell 2 und 351,06 Pf im Modell 3 je kg Magermilchpulver. Kostenanalysen bei einem Beschäftigungsgrad von 80 % mit 280 Produktionstagen im Jahr zeigen, daß die modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten zu 86 % (Modell 1) bis 92 % (Modell 3) von den Rohstoffkosten bestimmt werden. 3 - 6 % entfallen auf die Anlagekosten, 1 - 3 % auf die Personalkosten, und mit 4 % sind die Kosten für Energie und Betriebsstoffe an den modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten beteiligt. Die Verpackungskosten werden in allen Modellen mit einem Anteil von 1 % an den Gesamtkosten ausgewiesen. Unter dem Einfluß von Kapazitätsauslastung und Kapazitätsgröße lassen sich auffallende Kostendegressionseffekte erzielen, die durch Simulationsrechnungen für verschiedene Variationen von Beschäftigungen, Produktionstagen und -Zeiten belegt werden. Die Kostenanalyse zeigt deutlich, daß mit zunehmender Modellgröße und steigender Produktionsmenge erhebliche Stückkostendegressionen zu erzielen sind, wobei der Einfluß des Beschäftigungsgrades auf die Kostendesgression merklich höher ist als derjenige der Modellgröße.
Die Kosten der Modellabteilung „Joghurt“ am Beispiel der Herstellung von Rührjoghurt mit Früchten
(2000)
Mit der Analyse des Kostenverlaufs in der Abteilung "Joghurt" wird die Aktualisierung der Modellabteilungsrechnung fortgeführt. In drei Unterabteilungen - Joghurtbereitung, Abfüllung, Lager - wird untersucht, welche Kosten bei der Herstellung von Rührjoghurt mit Früchten, abgefüllt in 150-g-Kunststoffbechern, nach ihrer Verursachung auf Abteilungsebene entstehen. Die Bestimmung der Abteilungs- und Stückkosten erfolgt in drei Modellgrößen, deren Kapazitäten entsprechend der Leistung der Abfülllinie 27.900 und 167.400 Becher/Stunde ausgelegt sind. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 20 und 100% simuliert wird, lassen sich Kosten für 138,2 Mio. bis 829,3 Mio. Becher/Jahr ermitteln, die Produktionsmengen von rd. 20.800 t bis 124.700 t Joghurt entsprechen. Die in Ansatz gebrachten Investitionen betragen im Modell 1 12 Mio. DM und erhöhen sich im Modell 3 auf 43,4 Mio. DM. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge ergeben sich aus den Investitionssummen spezifische Investitionen, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 87 DM auf 52 DM/1000 Becher abfallen. Bei einer Beschäftigung von 100% mit 250 Produktionstagen im Jahr errechnen sich modellspezifische Gesamtkosten in Höhe von 27,57 Pf im ModelH, 25,66 Pf im Modell 2 und 24,78 Pf im Modell 3 je Becher Fruchtjoghurt. Kostenanalysen bei einem Beschäftigungsgrad von 60% mit 250 Produktionstagen im Jahr zeigen, dass die modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten zu 45% von den Kosten für Hilfs-und Zusatzstoffe bestimmt werden. 22-24% entfallen auf die Verpackungsmaterialkosten, 20-23% auf die Rohstoffkosten, und mit 5-8% sind die Anlagekosten an den modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten beteiligt. Die Kosten für Energie und Betriebsstoffe sowie Personal werden je nach Modellgröße mit einem Anteil von 1-3% an den Gesamtkosten ausgewiesen. Der Kostenanalyse ist zu entnehmen, dass mit zunehmender Modellgröße und steigender Produktionsmenge Stückkostendegressionen zu erzielen sind, wobei der Einfluss des Beschäftigungsgrades auf die Kostendegression höher ist als derjenige der Modellgröße. Unter dem Einfluss von Kapazitätsauslastung und Kapazitätsgröße lassen sich nur im Bereich bis zu 100 Mio. Becher/Jahr starke Kostendegressionseffekte erzielen, die durch Simulationsrechnungen für verschiedene Variationen von Beschäftigungen belegt werden.
Mit der Analyse des Kostenverlaufes in der Abteilung "Speisequark" wird die Aktualisierung der Modellabteilungsrechnungen fortgeführt. In drei Unterabteilungen - Reifungslager, Produktion und Abpackung - werden aus der Produktgruppe Speisequark die drei Produkte Speisequark mager, 500-g-Becher (P1), Speisequark mager, 250-g-Becher (P2) und Speisequark 40 % Fett i. Tr., 250-g-Becher (P3) hergestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Produktionskosten untersucht. Die Bestimmung der Abteilungs- und Stückkosten erfolgt in drei Modellgrößen, deren Kapazitäten entsprechend der Leistung des Quarkseparators für Quarkmengen zwischen 1.100 und 4.400 kg Quark/Stunde ausgelegt sind. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 28 und 100 % simuliert wird, werden Kosten für Produktionsmengen zwischen 1.600 und 33.100 t Quark/Jahr ermittelt. Die in Ansatz gebrachten Investitionen betragen im Modell 1 4,8 Mio. DM, die sich im Modell 3 auf 7,9 Mio. DM erhöhen. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Outputmenge ergeben sich aus den Investitionssummen spezifische Investitionen, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße von 768 DM auf 323 DM/t Quark abfallen.
Kostenanalysen für einen 2-Schicht-Betrieb an 250 Produktionstagen im Jahr zeigen, daß die modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten z. B. für P1 zu 67 % (Modell 1) bis 78 % (Modell 3) von den Rohstoffkosten bestimmt werden. 14-6 % entfallen auf die Anlagekosten, 11-12 % auf die Verpackungskosten, und mit 6-2 % sind die Personalkosten an den modellspezifischen Gesamtkosten beteiligt. Die Kosten für Energie sowie Hilfs- und Betriebsstoffe werden in allen Modellen nur mit einem Anteil von 1 % an den Gesamtkosten ausgewiesen. Unter dem Einfluß von Kapazitätsauslastung und Kapazitätsgröße lassen sich Kostendegressionseffekte erzielen, die durch Simulationsrechnungen für verschiedene Variationen von Beschäftigungen belegt werden. Die Kostenanalyse macht deutlich, daß mit zunehmender Modellgröße und steigender Produktionsmenge erhebliche Stückkostendegressionen zu erzielen sind, wobei der Einfluß der Modellgröße auf die Kostendegression höher ist als derjenige des Beschäftigungsgrades.
Struktureffekte bei der Schnittkäseproduktion. Thesen und Argumente zur Molkereistruktur Teil III
(1990)
Im Rahmen dieses Beitrages wird die Wechselwirkung zwischen abteilungsspezifischen Produktionskosten und der Struktur von Produktionsabteilungen für die Herstellung von Schnittkäse untersucht. Die Analyse eventueller Struktureffekte geschieht in zwei Schritten: zuerst wird der Einfluß unterschiedlicher Kapazitätsgrößen und -auslastungen von Käsereiabteilungen auf die Produktionskosten bestimmt. Danach wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie die Produktionsstrukturen für Schnittkäse in der BR Deutschland aussehen und welche Kosteneinsparungspotentiale sich bei moderaten Strukturveränderungen ergeben.
Die Serie von Modellabteilungsrechnungen wird mit der Untersuchung des Kostenverlaufs in der Abteilung Weichkäse fortgefuhrt, um einen weiteren Baustein zur Bestimmung optimaler Produktionsstrukturen zu erhalten. Als Ausgangsposition dieser Themenstellung soll im folgenden die Modellabteilung Weichkäse Gestalt annehmen. Dazu sind drei Arbeitsschritte notwendig: die Festlegung des zu untersuchenden Produktes, die inhaltliche Abgrenzung der zu bildenden Modellabteilung und die Auswahl des Fertigungsverfahrens.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit, deren erster Teil in Heft 2 dieser Zeitschrift veröffentlicht wurde, werden die Kosten der “Schnittkäserei” am Beispiel der Herstellung von Gouda-Käse modellhaft bestimmt, wobei die vor 17 Jahren durchgeführten Modellkalkulationen für Edamerkäse hinsichtlich der Funktionsinhalte der Abteilung ausgedehnt und dem neuesten Stand der Technik sowie heutigen Schnittkäsereiproduktionsstrukturen angepaßt wurden. Zudem sind die generell für alle Modellabteilungen geltenden methodischen Weiterentwicklungen in den Kalkulationen berücksichtigt worden. In den sechs Unterabteilungen Vorstapelung, Bruchbereitung und Pressen, Salzbad, Käsebehandlung und Reifungslager, Abpackung sowie Versandkühlraum und Expedition wird ein rindengereifter Gouda-Käse (12-kg-Laib) hergestellt und hinsichtlich seiner Kostenverursachung untersucht. Zur Bestimmung der Modellkosten wurden vier Modelle gebildet, deren Kapazitäten in der Kesselmilchverarbeitung zwischen 8.000 und 48.000 l/h liegen. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 21 und 100% simuliert wurde, können so die Kosten für Käsemengen zwischen rd. 5.100 und 30.8001 Käse/Jahr bestimmt werden. Gemäß den vorgegebenen Kapazitäten müssen die technischen Voraussetzungen für die Ausgestaltung der einzelnen Unterabteilungen modellspezifisch festgelegt werden, wobei eine Anpassung der technischen Auslegung an eine verringerte Auslastung bei 33%iger Beschäftigung erfolgt. Die zu tätigenden Investitionen für die Grundversion betragen 10,6 Mio. DM in Modell 1 und 40,3 Mio. DM in Modell 4. Bezogen auf die jeweilige Rohstoffeinsatzmenge ergeben sich hieraus spezifische Investitionen, die mit zunehmender Modellgröße erheblich sinken: Machen sie im Modell 1 noch 215,6 Tsd. DM/1 Mio. kg jährlicher Rohstoffeinsatzmenge aus, so verringern sie sich im Modell 4 auf 135,3 Tsd. DM/1 Mio. kg.
Produktspezifische Investitionen und Faktormengenverbräuche führen zu den Einzelkosten des Produktes Gouda, die je nach Modellgröße und Beschäftigungsgrad zwischen 510,8 und 538,5 Pf/kg Käse liegen. Die Gesamtkosten der “Schnittkäserei”, die sich aus den Einzelkosten des Produktes Gouda und den Einzelkosten der Abteilung zusammensetzen, betragen 530,9 bis 654,3 Pf/kg Käse. Den größten Anteil an den Gesamtkosten haben die Rohstoffkosten (73 bis 90%). Der Anteil der Anlagekosten schwankt je nach Beschäftigung zwischen 4 und 18%, während die Personal- und sonstige Betriebskosten im Vergleich zu den beiden vorgenannten Kostenartengruppen in allen Modellen nur eine geringere Bedeutung haben. Betrachtet man die Gesamtkosten (ohne Rohstoffkosten) hinsichtlich ihrer Entstehung in den Unterabteilungen, so ist festzustellen, daß die höchsten Kosten in der Unterabteilung Bruchbereitung und Pressen anfallen: Bei einer 100%igen Beschäftigung betragen sie z.B. in Modell 3 42% der Gesamtkosten (ohne Rohstoff). Die geringsten Kosten (2%) fallen dagegen in der Unterabteilung Versandkühlraum und Expedition an. Die Kostenanalyse zeigt deutlich, daß mit zunehmender Modellgröße und steigender Produktionsmenge erhebliche Stückkostendegressionen zu erzielen sind, wobei der Einfluß des Beschäftigungsgrades auf die Kostendegression deutlich höher ist als derjenige der Modellgröße.
In dem vorliegenden 1. Teil der Arbeit werden die Grundlagen und der spezifische Faktoreinsatz der Modellabteilung „Schnittkäserei” dargestellt.
In den sechs Unterabteilungen Vorstapelung, Bruchbereitung und Pressen, Salzbad, Käsebehandlung und Reifungslager, Abpackung sowie Versandkühlraum und Expedition wird ein rindengereifter Gouda-Käse (12-kg-Laib) hergestellt und hin sichtlich seiner Kostenverursachung untersucht. Zur Bestimmung der Modellkosten wurden vier Modelle gebildet, deren Kapazitäten in der Kesselmilchverarbeitung zwischen 8.000 und 48.000 l/h liegen. In Abhängigkeit vom Beschäftigungsgrad, der für Werte zwischen 21 und 100% simuliert wurde, können so die Kosten für Käsemengen zwischen rd. 5.100 und 30.800 l Käse/Jahr bestimmt werden.
Gemäß den vorgegebenen Kapazitäten müssen die technischen Voraussetzungen für die Ausgestaltung der einzelnen Unterabteilungen modellspezifisch festgelegt werden, wobei eine Anpassung der technischen Auslegung an eine verringerte Auslastung bei 33%iger Beschäftigung erfolgt.
Diese Arbeit wird fortgesetzt mit dem Teil 2 „Ergebnisse und Interpretation der Modellkalkulationen” in Heft 3 (1993) dieser Zeitschrift.
Die Analyse von Struktureffekten in der „Allgemeine Milchbehandlung“ wird anhand zweier Fragen vorgenommen:
1. Welche Effekte hat die Größe der Abteilung auf die Produktionskosten?
2. Welche Kosteneinsparungen hätten - ausgehend von der bundesdeutschen Ist-Struktur milchverarbeitender Betriebsstätten - moderate Strukturveränderungen zur
Folge?
Methodische Weiterentwicklungen der Modellabteilungsrechnung für milchwirtschaftliche Betriebe
(1990)
Vor 15 Jahren wurde der erste Beitrag einer Serie von Modellabteilungsrechnungen mit dem Ziel veröffentlicht, der Praxis und Wissenschaft nachvollziehbare Planungshilfen
für die Gestaltung optimaler Produktionsstrukturen in der Milchwirtschaft an die Hand zu geben. Dieses Ziel gilt auch heute noch, jedoch hat sich im Laufe der Zeit immer
deutlicher herauskristallisiert, daß eine Fortschreibung der Faktorpreise sowie eine gelegentliche Aktualisierung der Faktormengenverbräuche in Anpassung an neue technologische Entwicklungen allein nicht ausreichen, die selbstgesetzen Ansprüche an die Modellabteilungsrechnung zu erfüllen.
Die Milchwirtschaft will höhere Preise für Speisequark erlösen. Begründet wird dies mit der in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gesetzlich verordneten Trockenmasseanhebung des Speisequarks von 17% auf 18%. Da diese Änderung zum 1. Januar 1987 bereits in Kraft trat und den Molkereiunternehmen lange vorher bekannt war, ist die Frage zu stellen, warum eine Änderung der variablen Kosten, von der alle Hersteller gleichermaßen betroffen sind, so schwer am Markt in entsprechende Preisanhebungen umzusetzen ist.