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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde für die Erhebung von rheologischen Parametern ein großmaßstäbliches Rohrviskosimeter verwendet. Originalproben aus fünf Biogasfermentern und Nachgärern wurden mit variiertem Volumenstrom durch verschieden dimensionierte Messrohrstrecken im Kreis gefördert. Über definierte Längen der Messrohrstrecken konnte der Differenzdruck bei laminarem Strömungsverhalten aufgenommen werden. Aus den geometrischen Größen sowie den Wertepaaren Volumenstrom und Differenzdruck ließen sich nach einer Korrektur der Schergeschwindigkeit die Parameter für die Abbildung der absoluten Fließ- und Viskositätseigenschaften nach dem Potenzansatz approximieren.
The speed control system for a concept for cost effective drives with high precision is presented. The drive concept consists of two parallel working drives. The concept is an alternative to direct drives. One big advantage is the use of standard gear boxes with economical components. This paper deals with the control of the drive system consisting of two parts: one drive produces the power for the machine, another drive makes the motion precice and dynamic. Both drives are combined to one double drive by a control system. The drive system is usefull for printing machines and other machines with high power consumption at a nearly constant speed and high accuracy requirements. The calculation for a drive system with 37 kW shows, that the control drive has to supply only about 20 % of the total torque and power needed to compensate the errors of the power drive. The stability of the system is shown by a simulation of the double drive.
The authors describe the application of a combination of velocity map imaging and time-of-flight (TOF) techniques to obtain three-dimensional velocity distributions for surface photodesorption. They have established a systematic alignment procedure to achieve correct and reproducible experimental conditions. It includes four steps: (1) optimization of the velocity map imaging ion optics’ voltages to achieve optimum velocity map imaging conditions; (2) alignment of the surface normal with the symmetry axis (ion flight axis) of the ion optics; (3) determination of TOF distance between the surface and the ionizing laser beam; (4) alignment of the position of the ionizing laser beam with respect to the ion optics. They applied this set of alignment procedures and then measured Br(²P₃/₂) (Br) and Br(²P₁/₂) (Br∗) atoms photodesorbing from a single crystal of KBr after exposure to 193 nm light. They analyzed the velocity flux and energy flux distributions for motion normal to the surface. The Br∗ normal energy distribution shows two clearly resolved peaks at approximately 0.017 and 0.39 eV, respectively. The former is slightly faster than expected for thermal desorption at the surface temperature and the latter is hyperthermal. The Br normal energy distribution shows a single broad peak that is likely composed of two hyperthermal components. The capability that surface three-dimensional velocity map imaging provides for measuring state-specific velocity distributions in all three dimensions separately and simultaneously for the products of surface photodesorption or surface reactions holds great promise to contribute to our understanding of these processes.
We have combined the velocity map imaging technique with time-of-flight measurements to study the surface photochemistry of KBr single crystals. This approach yields 3-dimensional velocity distributions of Br atoms resulting from 193 nm photodesorption. The velocity distributions indicate that at least two non-thermal mechanisms contribute to the photodesorption dynamics. Our experimental geometry also allows us to measure the Br(²P₃⁄₂):Br(²P₁⁄₂) branching ratio, which is found to be 24:1.
INHALT: l. Einleitung und Standortbestimmung 2. Japanische Wertvorstellungen 3. Inhalte der Lean Production 4. Fertigungssegmentierung 5. Informationsmanagement mit CIM- und Logistik-Komponenten 6. Logistikgerechte Strukturen der Lean Production 7. Realisierung der Lean Production 8. Zusammenfassung
PPS-Anbieter herausfordern
(2008)
Wer die Einführung eines PPS- oder Logistik-Systems plant, sollte mit einer exakten Beschreibung der Soll-Abläufe die Anbieter auffordern, konkret Stellung zu beziehen, was ihr System kann und nicht kann. Der Artikel beschreibt, wie ein solches Anforderungsprofil aussehen soll, wie man es aufbaut und wie man bei der Einführung eines PPS-Systems vorgeht.
Recent progress that has been made towards understanding the dynamics of collisions at the gas–liquid interface is summarized briefly. We describe in this context a promising new approach to the experimental study of gas–liquid interfacial reactions that we have introduced. This is based on laser-photolytic production of reactive gas-phase atoms above the liquid surface and laser-spectroscopic probing of the resulting nascent products. This technique is illustrated for reaction of O(³P) atoms at the surface of the long-chain liquid hydrocarbon squalane (2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane). Laser-induced fluorescence detection of the nascent OH has revealed mechanistically diagnostic correlations between its internal and translational energy distributions. Vibrationally excited OH molecules are able to escape the surface. At least two contributions to the product rotational distributions are identified, confirming and extending previous hypotheses of the participation of both direct and trapping-desorption mechanisms. We speculate briefly on future experimental and theoretical developments that might be necessary to address the many currently unanswered mechanistic questions for this, and other, classes of gas–liquid interfacial reaction.
The effects of surface temperature on the gas-liquid interfacial reaction dynamics of O(³P)+squalane
(2005)
OH/OD product state distributions arising from the reaction of gas-phase O(³P) atoms at the surface of the liquid hydrocarbon squalane C₃₀H₆₂/C₃₀D₆₂ have been measured. The O(³P) atoms were generated by 355 nm laser photolysis of NO₂ at a low pressure above the continually refreshed liquid. It has been shown unambiguously that the hydroxyl radicals detected by laser-induced fluorescence originate from the squalane surface. The gas-phase OH/OD rotational populations are found to be partially sensitive to the liquid temperature, but do not adapt to it completely. In addition, rotational temperatures for OH/OD(v′=1) are consistently colder (by 34±5 K) than those for OH/OD(v′=0). This is reminiscent of, but less pronounced than, a similar effect in the well-studied homogeneous gas-phase reaction of O(³P) with smaller hydrocarbons. We conclude that the rotational distributions are composed of two different components. One originates from a direct abstraction mechanism with product characteristics similar to those in the gas phase. The other is a trapping-desorption process yielding a thermal, Boltzmann-like distribution close to the surface temperature. This conclusion is consistent with that reached previously from independent measurements of OH product velocity distributions in complementary molecular-beam scattering experiments. It is further supported by the temporal profiles of OH/OD laser-induced fluorescence signals as a function of distance from the surface observed in the current experiments. The vibrational branching ratios for (v′=1)/(v′=0) for OH and OD have been found to be (0.07±0.02) and (0.30±0.10), respectively. The detection of vibrationally excited hydroxyl radicals suggests that secondary and/or tertiary hydrogen atoms may be accessible to the attacking oxygen atoms.