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Institute
- Fakultät I - Elektro- und Informationstechnik (37) (remove)
Betreiber von Produktionsanlagen stehen oft vor der Frage, welche Norm für die Absicherung der Anlage gegen Cyberangriffe heranzuziehen ist. Aus dem IT-Bereich ist die Normreihe ISO 27000 bekannt. Im Produktionsbereich wird häufig die Normreihe IEC 62443 herangezogen. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über beide Normreihen und schlägt einen Ansatz zur gemeinsamen Nutzung beider Standards vor.
This paper reflects the content of the presentation “The Next Generation: Ethernet-APL for Safety Systems” at the NAMUR Annual General Meeting 2022. It deals with the use of the Ethernet Advanced Physical Layer (Ethernet-APL) in combination with the PROFINET/PROFIsafe protocol for safety applications. It describes the virtues of the digital communication between the field and safety system. In parallel the aspect of OT security for this use case is touched as well. The paper proposes a secure architecture, where safety- and non-safety field communications are still separated. At the end a set of requirements for the development of future APL devices is described.
Ability of Black-Box Optimisation to Efficiently Perform Simulation Studies in Power Engineering
(2023)
In this study, the potential of the so-called black-box optimisation (BBO) to increase the efficiency of simulation studies in power engineering is evaluated. Three algorithms ("Multilevel Coordinate Search"(MCS) and "Stable Noisy Optimization by Branch and Fit"(SNOBFIT) by Huyer and Neumaier and "blackbox: A Procedure for Parallel Optimization of Expensive Black-box Functions"(blackbox) by Knysh and Korkolis) are implemented in MATLAB and compared for solving two use cases: the analysis of the maximum rotational speed of a gas turbine after a load rejection and the identification of transfer function parameters by measurements. The first use case has a high computational cost, whereas the second use case is computationally cheap. For each run of the algorithms, the accuracy of the found solution and the number of simulations or function evaluations needed to determine the optimum and the overall runtime are used to identify the potential of the algorithms in comparison to currently used methods. All methods provide solutions for potential optima that are at least 99.8% accurate compared to the reference methods. The number of evaluations of the objective functions differs significantly but cannot be directly compared as only the SNOBFIT algorithm does stop when the found solution does not improve further, whereas the other algorithms use a predefined number of function evaluations. Therefore, SNOBFIT has the shortest runtime for both examples. For computationally expensive simulations, it is shown that parallelisation of the function evaluations (SNOBFIT and blackbox) and quantisation of the input variables (SNOBFIT) are essential for the algorithmic performance. For the gas turbine overspeed analysis, only SNOBFIT can compete with the reference procedure concerning the runtime. Further studies will have to investigate whether the quantisation of input variables can be applied to other algorithms and whether the BBO algorithms can outperform the reference methods for problems with a higher dimensionality.
The shift towards RES introduces challenges related to power system stability due to the characteristics of inverter-based resources (IBRs) and the intermittent nature of renewable resources. This paper addresses these challenges by conducting comprehensive time and frequency simulations on the IEEE two-area benchmark power system with detailed type 4 wind turbine generators (WTGs), including turbines, generators, converters, filters, and controllers. The simulations analyse small-signal and transient stability, considering variations in active and reactive power, short-circuit events, and wind variations. Metrics such as rate of change of frequency (RoCoF), frequency nadir, percentage of frequency variation, and probability density function (PDF) are used to evaluate the system performance. The findings emphasise the importance of including detailed models of RES in stability analyses and demonstrate the impact of RES penetration on power system dynamics. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of RES integration challenges and provides insights for ensuring the reliable and secure operation of power systems in the presence of high levels of RES penetration.
The PROFINET protocol has been extended in the current version to include security functions. This allows flexible network architectures with the consideration of OT security requirements to be designed for PROFINET, which were not possible due to the network segmentation previously required. In addition to the manufacturers of the protocol stacks, component manufacturers are also required to provide a secure implementation in their devices. The necessary measures go beyond the use of a secure protocol stack. Using the example of an Ethernet-APL transmitter with PROFINET communication, this article shows which technical and organizational conditions will have to be considered by PROFINET device manufacturers in the future.
Das PROFINET Protokoll wurde in der aktuellen Version um Security-Funktionen erweitert. Damit können für PROFINET flexible Netzwerkarchitekturen unter Berücksichtigung von OT-Security Anforderungen entworfen werden, die durch die bisher erforderliche Netzwerksegmentierung nicht möglich waren. Neben den Herstellern der Protokollstacks sind nachfolgend auch die Komponentenhersteller gefordert, eine sichere Implementierung in ihren Geräten umzusetzen. Die erforderlichen Maßnahmen gehen dabei über die Nutzung eines sicheren Protokollstacks hinaus. Der Beitrag zeigt am Beispiel eines Ethernet-APL Messumformers mit PROFINET-Kommunikation die künftig von PROFINET-Geräteherstellern zu berücksichtigenden technischen und organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen.
Conventional fluorescent tubes are increasingly being replaced with innovative light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for lighting poultry houses. However, little is known about whether the flicker frequencies of LED luminaires are potential stressors in poultry husbandry. The term “light flicker” describes the fluctuations in the brightness of an electrically operated light source caused by the design and/or control of the light source. In this context, the critical flicker frequency (CFF) characterizes the frequency at which a sequence of light flashes is perceived as continuous light. It is known that CFF in birds is higher than that in humans and that light flicker can affect behavioral patterns and stress levels in several bird species. As there is a lack of knowledge about the impact of flicker frequency on fattening turkeys, this study aimed to investigate the effects of flicker frequency on the behavior, performance, and stress response in male turkeys. In 3 trials, a total of 1,646 male day-old turkey poults of the strain B.U.T. 6 with intact beaks were reared for 20 wk in 12 barn compartments of 18 m² each. Each barn compartment was illuminated using 2 full-spectrum LED lamps. Flicker frequencies of 165 Hz, 500 Hz, and 16 kHz were set in the luminaires to illuminate the compartments. Analyses of feather corticosterone concentration were performed on fully grown third-generation primaries (P 3) of 5 turkeys from each compartment. No significant differences were found in the development of live weight, feed consumption, or prevalence of injured or killed turkeys by conspecifics reared under the above flicker frequencies. The flicker frequencies also did not significantly influence feather corticosterone concentrations in the primaries of the turkeys. In conclusion, the present results indicate that flicker frequencies of 165 Hz or higher have no detrimental effect on growth performance, injurious pecking, or endocrine stress response in male turkeys and, thus, may be suitable for use as animal-friendly lighting.
Die Konvergenz von Netzwerken ist ein zunehmender Trend im Bereich der Automatisierung. Immer mehr Anlagenbetreiber streben eine Vereinheitlichung der Netzwerke in ihren Anlagen an. Dies führt zu einer nahtlosen Netzwerkstruktur, einer vereinfachten Überwachung und einem geringeren Schulungsaufwand für das Personal, da nur eine einheitliche Netzwerktechnologie gehandhabt werden muss. Ethernet-APL ist ein Teil des Puzzles für ein solches konvergentes Netzwerk und unterstützt verschiedene Echtzeitprotokolle wie PROFINET, EtherNet, HART-IP sowie das Middleware-Protokoll OPC UA. Dieses Papier gibt einen Überblick über die Auswirkungen von Ethernet-APL-Feldgeräten auf die OT-Sicherheit und schlägt vor, wie die OT-Sicherheit für diese Geräte gewährleistet werden kann.
Network convergence is an increasing trend in the automation domain. More and more plant owners strive for a unification of networks in their plants. This yields a seamless network structure, simplified supervision, and reduced training effort for the personnel, as only one unified network technology needs to be handled. Ethernet-APL is one piece of the puzzle for such a converged network, supporting various real time protocols like PROFINET, EtherNet, HART-IP as well as the middleware protocol OPC UA. This paper gives an overview on the impact of Ethernet-APL field devices to OT security and proposes how to ensure OT security for them.
Die technische Betreuung von Produktionsanlagen durch den Anlagenhersteller oder einen Dienstleister ist in der Industrie häufig anzutreffen. Die Durchführung solcher Wartungsarbeiten erfolgt zum Großteil vor Ort an der jeweiligen Anlage. Mit der Fernwartung gibt es jedoch die Möglichkeit, die jeweiligen Arbeiten aus der Ferne durchzuführen. Unternehmen stellen sich bei der Einrichtung einer Fernwartungslösung die Frage, wie ein solches System zu planen ist. Der vorliegende Artikel beleuchtet daher, welche Anforderungen an Fernwartungssysteme zu stellen sind, welche Fernwartungskonzepte es gibt, was allgemein bei dem Einsatz eines Fernwartungssystems insbesondere aus Sicht der OT-Security zu beachten ist und wie die NOA Verification of Request bei der Fernwartung einzusetzen ist.