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Background: Antimicrobial resistance has become a serious global problem. A potential post-antibiotic era is threatening present and future medical advances. In Pakistan, the usage of antibiotic is unnecessarily high and due to over exposure to these drugs, bacteria are developing resistance against these drugs. It is necessary to improve public awareness about the rational use of antibiotics in order to bring a change in consumer’s behaviour. Therefore, present study was undertaken to assess the existing knowledge, attitude and practices related to antibiotic usage among university students.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among university students from Karachi, Pakistan during May-June 2018. 200 students were approached to participate in the study of which 159 agreed to participate (males: 70, females: 89). Pretested questionnaire was distributed to the study subjects and the collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23.
Results: Substantial number of (33% and 50%) participants were unaware about the differences in antibiotic: anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotic: antipyretics respectively. 29% of the participants thought it is right to stop antibiotics only based on symptomatic improvement. Thirty nine percent and eighty three percent participants believed that antibiotics should always be prescribed to treat flu like symptoms and pneumonia respectively.
Conclusions: Participants demonstrated average knowledge about antibiotics. Similarly, their attitude and practice toward antibiotic use was associated with misconceptions. An educational intervention is necessary to make them aware about rational use of antibiotics.
Background:
In order to prevent child abuse, instruments measuring child abuse potential (CAP) need to be appropriate, reliable and valid.
Objective:
This study aimed to confirm the 6-factor structure of the Brief Child Abuse Potential Inventory (BCAPI) in a German sample of mothers and fathers, and to examine longitudinal predictors of CAP.
Participants and setting:
Two waves of data were collected from 197 mothers and 191 fathers of children aged 10–21 months for the “Kinder in Deutschland–KiD 0–3” in-depth study. Families were stratified based on prior self-report data for screening purposes.
Methods:
138 fathers and 147 mothers were included in the analysis (invalid: 25% mothers, 30% fathers). First, validity of reporting was examined. Second, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to assess factor structure. Third, internal reliability and criterion validity were examined. Finally, multivariate poisson regressions investigated longitudinal predictors of CAP in mothers.
Results:
A previously established six-factor structure was confirmed for mothers but not fathers. CFA failed for fathers due to large numbers of variables with zero variance. For mothers, internal consistency and criterion validity were good. BCAPI score at follow-up was associated with baseline BCAPI score (β= 00.08), stress (β= 0.06), education (β=-0.19) and alcohol use(β= .58).
Conclusions:
Findings confirm the six-factor structure of the BCAPI among German mothers. The clinical use of the BCAPI in fathers is not recommended as it might produce data that are hard to interpret. Further research with fathers is needed to establish if this is due to limitations with this dataset or with the questionnaire.
Bei der Integration technischer Energiemanagementsysteme (tEnMS) in Automatisierungsanlagen fällt ein hoher Engineering-Aufwand an, besonders für die Steuerungsprogrammierung. Dieser Engineering-Aufwand ist für industrielle Anwender der Hauptgrund, integrierte tEnMS nicht einzusetzen. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes „Integriertes Anlagenengineering zur Erhöhung der Energieeffizienz (IAE4)“ (Förderkennzeichen: ZN2948; Forschungsprofessur des Landes Niedersachsen/Volkswagenstiftung) wurde untersucht, wie sich dieser Engineering-Aufwand reduzieren lässt. Hierzu wurde ein Software-Werkzeug entwickelt, das die benötigten Steuerungsprogramme automatisch aus Engineering-Daten und Gerätebeschreibungsdateien generiert. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse des IAE4-Projektes vor.
The Logical Observation Identifiers, Names and Codes (LOINC) is a common terminology used for standardizing laboratory terms. Within the consortium of the HiGHmed project, LOINC is one of the central terminologies used for health data sharing across all university sites. Therefore, linking the LOINC codes to the site-specific tests and measures is one crucial step to reach this goal. In this work we report our ongoing efforts in implementing LOINC to our laboratory information system and research infrastructure, as well as our challenges and the lessons learned. 407 local terms could be mapped to 376 LOINC codes of which 209 are already available to routine laboratory data. In our experience, mapping of local terms to LOINC is a widely manual and time consuming process for reasons of language and expert knowledge of local laboratory procedures.
Background: Compromised immune function, associated with human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection, is improved by antiretroviral therapy (ART) which also decreases bone mineral density (BMD), and possibly the quality of life (QoL). However, physical (aerobic/resistance) exercises, were reported to induce reverse effects in uninfected individuals and were appraised in the literature for evidence of similar benefits in people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA). The main study objective was to evaluate the impact of physical (aerobic and resistance) exercises on CD4+ count,
BMD and QoL in PLWHA.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration protocol. Searching databases, up to June 2017, only randomized control trials investigating the effects of either aerobic, resistance or a combination of both exercise types with a control/other intervention(s) for a period of at least 4 weeks among adults living with HIV, were included. Two independent reviewers determined the eligibility of the studies. Data were extracted and risk of bias (ROB) was assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration ROB tool. Meta-analyses were conducted using random effect models using the Review Manager (RevMan) computer software.
Results: Nineteen studies met inclusion criteria(n = 491 participants at study completion) comprising male and female with age range 22–66 years. Two meta-analyses across 13 sub-group comparisons were performed. However, there were no RCTs on the impact of physical exercises on BMD in PLWHA. The result showed no significant change in CD4+ count unlike a significant effect of 5.04 point (95%CI:-8.49,-3.74,p = 0.00001) for role activity limitation due to physical health (QoL sub-domain). Overall, the GRADE evidence for this review was of moderate quality.
Conclusions: There was evidence that engaging in moderate intensity aerobic exercises (55–85% Maximum heart rate-MHR), for 30–60 min, two to five times/week for 6–24 weeks significantly improves role activity limitation due to physical health problems, otherwise physical(aerobic or/and resistance) exercises have no significant effects on CD4+ count and other domains of QoL. Also, there is lack of evidence on the impact of exercises on BMD in PLWHA due to the paucity of RCTs. The moderate grade evidence for this review suggests that further research may likely have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effects and may change the estimate.
Background:
Promoting patient and occupational safety are two key challenges for hospitals. When aiming to improve these two outcomes synergistically, psychosocial working conditions, leadership by hospital management and supervisors, and perceptions of patient and occupational safety climate have to be considered. Recent studies have shown that these key topics are interrelated and form a critical foundation for promoting patient and occupational safety in hospitals. So far, these topics have mainly been studied independently from each other. The present study investigated hospital staffs’ perceptions of four different topics: (1) psychosocial working conditions, (2) leadership, (3) patient safety climate, and (4) occupational safety climate. We present results from a survey in two German university hospitals aiming to detect differences between nurses and physicians.
Methods:
We performed a cross-sectional study using a standardized paper-based questionnaire. The survey was conducted with nurses and physicians to assess the four topics. The instruments mainly consisted of scales of the German version of the COPSOQ (Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire), one scale of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), scales to assess leadership and transformational leadership, scales to assess patient safety climate using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSPSC), and analogous items to assess occupational safety climate.
Results:
A total of 995 completed questionnaires out of 2512 distributed questionnaires were returned anonymously. The overall response rate was 39.6%. The sample consisted of 381 physicians and 567 nurses. We found various differences with regard to the four topics. In most of the COPSOQ and the HSPSC-scales, physicians rated psychosocial working conditions and patient safety climate more positively than nurses. With regard to occupational safety, nurses
indicated higher occupational risks than physicians.
Conclusions:
The WorkSafeMed study combined the assessment of the four topics psychosocial working conditions, leadership, patient safety climate, and occupational safety climate in hospitals. Looking at the four topics provides an overview of where improvements in hospitals may be needed for nurses and physicians. Based on these results,
improvements in working conditions, patient safety climate, and occupational safety climate are required for health care professionals in German university hospitals – especially for nurses.
Mit der Hannoverschen Korruptionsskala Österreich-Version (kurz: HKS 38 Ö) kann die Einstellung zu Korruption gemessen werden. Die HKS 38 Ö ist eine Adaption der Hannoverschen Korruptionsskala (kurz: HKS 38) für den österreichischen Sprachraum. Die testtheoretische Überprüfung der HKS 38 Ö wird unter anderem in diesem Manual beschrieben. Die HKS 38 Ö umfasst 38 Items, die den Einstellungskomponenten kognitiv, affektiv und konativ zugeordnet werden können. Innerhalb dieses Manuals werden drei Datenerhebungen geschildert. In der ersten Datenerhebung (n = 1.617) wurde geprüft, ob die HKS 38 grundsätzlich für eine Anwendung in Österreich geeignet ist und ähnlich zuverlässige Messungen wie in Deutschland ermöglicht. Die Erfahrungen aus der ersten Datenerhebung – insbesondere die Hinweise von Testpersonen zur sprachlichen Verständlichkeit – führten zur Erstellung der HKS 38 Ö. Die HKS 38 Ö wurde im Rahmen einer zweiten Datenerhebung entsprechend der klassischen Testtheorie überprüft und auf Basis einer bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Telefonbefragung in Österreich (n ≈ 867) normiert. Neu im Vergleich zur ersten Auflage des Manuals ist die dritte Datenerhebung, in der die HKS 38 Ö für eine Befragung von Polizeischülern (n = 1.455) verwendet wurde. Auch die Daten der dritten Erhebung wurden testtheoretisch überprüft. Die HKS 38 Ö eignet sich zur Befragung von Testpersonen ab einem Alter von 18 Jahren.
Fragen gehören zu den wirkungsvollsten Mitteln, um Lernprozesse anzustoßen. Sie regen Studierende an, sich mit Inhalten auseinanderzusetzen, diese zu verstehen und ihr Wissen und Können zu zeigen. Fragen ermöglichen Lernenden genauso wie Lehrenden Feedback zum Lernstand zu erhalten. Eine „gute“ Frage zu erstellen, ist eine Herausforderung für alle Dozierenden, die ihnen in verschiedenen Lehrzusammenhängen begegnet:
• Klausurfragen (summatives Prüfen)
• Test- und Übungsaufgaben zur Selbsteinschätzung Studierender
• Test- und Übungsaufgaben als Lernfortschrittskontrolle
• Semesterbegleitende Übungsaufgaben zum kontinuierlichen Lernen
• Fragen für den Einsatz von Abstimmungssystemen (Audience-Response-Systeme)
Die vorliegende Handreichung bietet eine praktische Anleitung zur Erstellung guter Fragen im Antwort-Wahl-Verfahren (AWV). Unter guten Fragen verstehen wir Fragen hoher Qualität hinsichtlich der Gütekriterien Reliabilität, Validität und Objektivität. Den Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bilden allgemeine Hinweise zur Formulierung guter Fragen, wobei auch die fachdisziplinäre Sicht berücksichtigt wird.
Objective
To revise the German guidelines and recommendations for ensuring Good Epidemiological Practice (GEP) that were developed in 1999 by the German Society for Epidemiology (DGEpi), evaluated and revised in 2004, supplemented in 2008, and updated in 2014.
Methods
The executive board of the DGEpi tasked the third revision of the GEP. The revision was arrived as a result of a consensus-building process by a working group of the DGEpi in collaboration with other working groups of the DGEpi and with the German Association for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, the German Society of Social Medicine and Prevention (DGSMP), the German Region of the International Biometric Society (IBS-DR), the German Technology, Methods and Infrastructure for Networked Medical Research (TMF), and the German Network for Health Services Research (DNVF). The GEP also refers to related German Good Practice documents (e.g. Health Reporting, Cartographical Practice in the Healthcare System, Secondary Data Analysis).
Results
The working group modified the 11 guidelines (after revision: 1 ethics, 2 research question, 3 study protocol and manual of operations, 4 data protection, 5 sample banks, 6 quality assurance, 7 data storage and documentation, 8 analysis of epidemiological data, 9 contractual framework, 10 interpretation and scientific publication, 11 communication and public health) and modified and supplemented the related recommendations. All participating scientific professional associations adopted the revised GEP.
Conclusions
The revised GEP are addressed to everyone involved in the planning, preparation, execution, analysis, and evaluation of epidemiological research, as well as research institutes and funding bodies.