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Lemmatization is a central task in many NLP applications. Despite this importance, the number of (freely) available and easy to use tools for German is very limited. To fill this gap, we developed a simple lemmatizer that can be trained on any lemmatized corpus. For a full form word the tagger tries to find the sequence of morphemes that is most likely to generate that word. From this sequence of tags we can easily derive the stem, the lemma and the part of speech (PoS) of the word. We show (i) that the quality of this approach is comparable to state of the art methods and (ii) that we can improve the results of Part-of-Speech (PoS) tagging when we include the morphological analysis of each word.
Background: India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world. The Indian epidemic is characterized by low levels in the general population and elevated concentrations among high-risk groups. The present study was planned to determine the awareness of HIV among students from Mumbai University.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among students from Mumbai University, India during May–June 2017. Two hundred and fifty students were approached to participate in the study of which 199 agreed to participate (males: 132; females: 67). Pretested questionnaire was distributed and collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23.
Results: Study participants had high knowledge (86%) and attitude score (87%). There was no significant difference between males and female participants for attitude and knowledge, except for one question regarding knowledge about HIV transmission via breastfeeding to child.
Conclusions: Present study showed that there are no misconceptions or negative attitudes regarding HIV among students. A longitudinal study with a larger sample size across India is recommended for further investigation.
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Estimation of incidence, prevalence and disease burden through routine insurance data is challenging because of under-diagnosis and under-treatment, particularly for early stage disease in health care systems where outpatient International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnoses are not collected. This poses the question of which criteria are commonly applied to identify COPD patients in claims datasets in the absence of ICD diagnoses, and which information can be used as a substitute. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize previously reported methodological approaches for the identification of COPD patients through routine data and to compile potential criteria for the identification of COPD patients if ICD codes are not available.
Methods
A systematic literature review was performed in Medline via PubMed and Google Scholar from January 2000 through October 2018, followed by a manual review of the included studies by at least two independent raters. Study characteristics and all identifying criteria used in the studies were systematically extracted from the publications, categorized, and compiled in evidence tables.
Results
In total, the systematic search yielded 151 publications. After title and abstract screening, 38 publications were included into the systematic assessment. In these studies, the most frequently used (22/38) criteria set to identify COPD patients included ICD codes, hospitalization, and ambulatory visits. Only four out of 38 studies used methods other than ICD coding. In a significant proportion of studies, the age range of the target population (33/38) and hospitalization (30/38) were provided. Ambulatory data were included in 24, physician claims in 22, and pharmaceutical data in 18 studies. Only five studies used spirometry, two used surgery and one used oxygen therapy.
Conclusions
A variety of different criteria is used for the identification of COPD from routine data. The most promising criteria set in data environments where ambulatory diagnosis codes are lacking is the consideration of additional illness-related information with special attention to pharmacotherapy data. Further health services research should focus on the application of more systematic internal and/or external validation approaches.
Die allgemeine Digitalisierung und besonders die IT Branche in Hannover, stellen Arbeitgeber_innen und Arbeitnehmer_innen vor große Herausforderungen. Berufsbezeichnungen im IT Sektor zeichnen sich im Gegensatz zu klassischen Berufsfeldern nicht dadurch aus, dass sie vereinheitlicht sind. Unterschiedlichste Berufsbezeichnungen verlangen oftmals identische Kompetenzen. Die Kompetenzen und Fähigkeiten der Arbeitnehmer_innen stehen ebenso immer mehr im Fokus der Arbeitgeber_innen, wie die Bereitschaft der permanenten Weiterbildung.
Zielgebend der vorliegenden Abschlussarbeit ist eine Datenbasis für ein kompetenzbasiertes IT Tool zu liefern, welches den Anspruch hat, die bereits beschriebenen Herausforderungen zu analysieren und zu klassifizieren. Zunächst ist daher eine Klassifikation, der auf dem hannoverschen Jobmarkt gesuchten IT Kompetenzen, zu erstellen. Vorbereitend wird eine Marktanalyse angefertigt, die sowohl Jobsuchmaschinen auf ihre Kompetenzorientierung als auch IT Kompetenzklassifikationen untersucht. Die erstellte Klassifikation bildet anschließend die Grundlage für das Kompetenzmatching zwischen Klassifikation und den Kompetenzen, die hannoversche IT Studierende erlernen, um zu verdeutlichen, in welchen Kompetenzen Weiterbildungsbedarf besteht. Die entstandene Datenbasis wird in einer MySQL Datenbank präsentiert, um eine möglichst flexible Verwendung und Weiterentwicklung des Datenbestands zu ermöglichen.
Background
In the past years, it became apparent that health status and performance differ considerably within dairy farms in Northern Germany. In order to obtain clues with respect to possible causes of these differences, a case-control study was performed. Case farms, which showed signs of health and performance problems, and control farms, which had none of these signs, were compared. Risk factors from different areas such as health management, housing, hygiene and nutrition were investigated as these are known to be highly influential. The aim of this study was to identify major factors within these areas that have the strongest association with health and performance problems of dairy herds in Northern Germany.
Results
In the final model, a lower energy density in the roughage fraction of the diet, more pens with dirty lying areas and a low ratio of cows per watering spaces were associated with a higher risk for herd health problems. Moreover, case farms were affected by infections with intestinal parasites, lungworms, liver flukes and Johne’s Disease numerically more often than control farms. Case farms more often had pens with raised cubicles compared to the deep bedded stalls or straw yards found in control farms. In general, the hygiene of the floors and beddings was worse in case farms. Concerning nutrition, the microbiological and sensory quality of the provided silages was often insufficient, even in control farms. Less roughage was provided to early lactating cows and the feed was pushed to the feeding fence less frequently in case farms than in control farms.
Conclusions
The results show that milk yield and health status were associated with various factors from different areas stressing the importance of all aspects of management for good animal health and performance. Moreover, this study confirmed well-known risk factors for health problems and performance losses. These should better be taken heed of in herd health management.
Content-Gestaltung und Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Augmented Reality in Öffentlichen Bibliotheken
(2019)
Augmented Reality (AR), die Erweiterung der Realität durch computergenerierte Zusatzobjekte, kommt bisher hauptsächlich in Wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken (WB) zum Einsatz. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich deshalb mit den Einsatzmöglichkeiten von AR in Öffentlichen Bibliotheken (ÖB). Betrachtet wird dabei die Realisierung von AR über eigenständig gestalteten Content mittels Anbietern im Internet und dazugehörigen Browser-Apps. Dies stellt eine kostengünstige und barrierefreie Alternative zur Programmierung von Apps dar. Dafür wird zunächst ein theoretischer Überblick gegeben, indem AR definiert wird und die technischen Grundlagen, wie Trackingverfahren und Interfaces, erläutert werden. Darauf folgen, zur Un-termauerung der Diskrepanz zwischen WB und ÖB, Beispiele für umgesetzte Projekte aus beiden Sparten. Anschließend wird auf die allgemeinen Einsatzgebiete und Potenziale von AR sowie die Aufgaben von ÖBs eingegangen. Die daraus abgeleiteten Einsatzmöglichkeiten von AR für Öffentliche Bibliotheken, Navigation und Orientierung, Bestandserweiterung, Veranstaltungen, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit/Marketing/Werbung sowie Informationskompetenz, werden erläutert. Zur Content-Gestaltung werden zunächst Grundvoraussetzungen genannt und die Funktionsweise der AR-Anbieter im Internet erklärt. Im Anschluss werden die Anbieter Blippar, HP Reveal, Layar, ROAR, Wikitude und Zappar, auf Grundlage eines zuvor erstellten Kriterienkatalogs, hinsichtlich ihres Funktionsumfangs verglichen. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass sich die Anbieter zwar alle ähneln, bezüglich spezieller Funktionen und Kosten aber unterscheiden. Am besten schneidet dabei Zappar ab. Ergänzend werden danach die verschiedenen Arten von Content näher betrachtet. Zur Veranschaulichung der leichten Realisierbarkeit von AR werden zwei praktische Beispiele umgesetzt. Zum Abschluss werden Grenzen und Probleme, auch aus rechtlicher Perspektive, betrachtet. Diese schränken die Content-Gestaltung und die Einsatzmöglichkeiten nur wenig ein, womit die Content-Gestaltung von AR für den Einsatz in ÖBs sehr gut geeignet ist.
For the analysis of contract texts, validated model texts, such as model clauses, can be used to identify used contract clauses. This paper investigates how the similarity between titles of model clauses and headings extracted from contracts can be computed, and which similarity measure is most suitable for this. For the calculation of the similarities between title pairs we tested various variants of string similarity and token based similarity. We also compare two additional semantic similarity measures based on word embeddings using pre-trained embeddings and word embeddings trained on contract texts. The identification of the model clause title can be used as a starting point for the mapping of clauses found in contracts to verified clauses.
Die Krux öffentlicher Verwaltungskommunikation – Public Relations der öffentlichen Verwaltung
(2019)
„Öffentliche Verwaltung – Verwaltung in der Öffentlichkeit?“ – bereits der Titel des Bandes, in dem dieser Beitrag erscheint, verweist auf ein zentrales Problem der Kommunikation öffentlicher Verwaltung. Er führt nämlich zu der Frage, ob das abschließende Fragezeichen angebracht ist: Kann sich Verwaltung Öffentlichkeit entziehen? Schon einfache Realitätsbeobachtung reicht aus, um diese Frage zu verneinen, weil es auf der Hand liegt, dass sich Organisationen öffentlicher Beobachtung nicht willentlich entziehen können: Sie können übersehen oder ignoriert werden, im nächsten Augenblick aber wieder Gegenstand von Beobachtung sein.
Die Masterarbeit analysiert in einer empirischen Experimentalstudie die Wirkung von CSR-Kommunikation auf Konsumenten in der Lebensmittelbranche. Dazu wurde eine quantitative Online-Befragung durchgeführt, in der mithilfe eines fiktiven Unternehmens untersucht wurde, inwiefern CSR-Kommunikation, die Glaubwürdigkeit der CSR-Kommunikation und die Reputation des Unternehmens das CSR-Image beeinflussen.
Background:
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare, genetic, neurodegenerative and ultimately fatal disease with no cure or progression-delaying treatment currently available. HD is characterized by a triad of cognitive, behavioural and motor symptoms. Evidence on epidemiology and management of HD is limited, especially for Germany. This study aims to estimate the incidence and prevalence of HD and analyze the current routine care based on German claims data.
Methods:
The source of data was a sample of the Institute for Applied Health Research Berlin (InGef) Research Database, comprising data of approximately four million insured persons from approximately 70 German statutory health insurances. The study was conducted in a retrospective cross-sectional design using 2015 and 2016 as a two-year observation period. At least two outpatient or inpatient ICD-10 codes for HD (ICD-10: G10) during the study period were required for case identification. Patients were considered incident if no HD diagnoses in the 4 years prior to the year of case identification were documented. Information on outpatient drug dispensations, medical aids and remedies were considered to describe the current treatment situation of HD patients.
Results:
A 2-year incidence of 1.8 per 100,000 persons (95%-Confidence interval (CI): 1.4–2.4) and a 2-year period prevalence of 9.3 per 100,000 persons (95%-CI: 8.3–10.4) was observed. The prevalence of HD increased with advancing age, peaking at 60–69 years (16.8 per 100,000 persons; 95%-CI: 13.4–21.0) and decreasing afterwards.
The most frequently observed comorbidities and disease-associated symptoms in HD patients were depression (42.9%), dementia (37.7%), urinary incontinence (32.5%), extrapyramidal and movement disorders (30.5%), dysphagia (28.6%) and disorders of the lipoprotein metabolism (28.2%).
The most common medications in HD patients were antipsychotics (66.9%), followed by antidepressants (45.1%). Anticonvulsants (16.6%), opioids (14.6%) and hypnotics (9.7%) were observed less frequently.
Physical therapy was the most often used medical aid in HD patients (46.4%). Nursing services and speech therapy were used by 27.9 and 22.7% of HD patients, respectively, whereas use of psychotherapy was rare (3.2%).
Conclusions:
Based on a representative sample, this study provides new insights into the epidemiology and routine care of HD patients in Germany, and thus, may serve as a starting point for further research.