Open Access

Augmented Reality (AR), die Erweiterung der Realität durch computergenerierte Zusatzobjekte, kommt bisher hauptsächlich in Wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken (WB) zum Einsatz. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich deshalb mit den Einsatzmöglichkeiten von AR in Öffentlichen Bibliotheken (ÖB). Betrachtet wird dabei die Realisierung von AR über eigenständig gestalteten Content mittels Anbietern im Internet und dazugehörigen Browser-Apps. Dies stellt eine kostengünstige und barrierefreie Alternative zur Programmierung von Apps dar. Dafür wird zunächst ein theoretischer Überblick gegeben, indem AR definiert wird und die technischen Grundlagen, wie Trackingverfahren und Interfaces, erläutert werden. Darauf folgen, zur Un-termauerung der Diskrepanz zwischen WB und ÖB, Beispiele für umgesetzte Projekte aus beiden Sparten. Anschließend wird auf die allgemeinen Einsatzgebiete und Potenziale von AR sowie die Aufgaben von ÖBs eingegangen. Die daraus abgeleiteten Einsatzmöglichkeiten von AR für Öffentliche Bibliotheken, Navigation und Orientierung, Bestandserweiterung, Veranstaltungen, Öffentlichkeitsarbeit/Marketing/Werbung sowie Informationskompetenz, werden erläutert. Zur Content-Gestaltung werden zunächst Grundvoraussetzungen genannt und die Funktionsweise der AR-Anbieter im Internet erklärt. Im Anschluss werden die Anbieter Blippar, HP Reveal, Layar, ROAR, Wikitude und Zappar, auf Grundlage eines zuvor erstellten Kriterienkatalogs, hinsichtlich ihres Funktionsumfangs verglichen. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass sich die Anbieter zwar alle ähneln, bezüglich spezieller Funktionen und Kosten aber unterscheiden. Am besten schneidet dabei Zappar ab. Ergänzend werden danach die verschiedenen Arten von Content näher betrachtet. Zur Veranschaulichung der leichten Realisierbarkeit von AR werden zwei praktische Beispiele umgesetzt. Zum Abschluss werden Grenzen und Probleme, auch aus rechtlicher Perspektive, betrachtet. Diese schränken die Content-Gestaltung und die Einsatzmöglichkeiten nur wenig ein, womit die Content-Gestaltung von AR für den Einsatz in ÖBs sehr gut geeignet ist.

The paper sheds light on the change in the concept of obedience within the Society of Jesus since the 1960s. In the aftermath of the Second Vatican Council, a so-called crisis of authority and obedience took place in the Catholic Church and the religious orders. As a consequence, the notions of responsibility and conscience came to the fore in the Jesuit definition of obedience. The religious concept of obedience, that is the obedience towards God, was reassessed as a service to humanity. The paper analyzes how the change in the concept of obedience gave rise to the promotion of social justice, which the Society of Jesus proclaimed at General Congregation 32 in 1974/75. By including the promotion of social justice into their central mission, Jesuits not only fundamentally transformed their self-conception, but also their ethical values. The paper argues that the pursuit of social justice became a form of religious obedience.

In this study, we investigated injection molded wood-polypropylene composites based on various wood sources and their decay resistance against white rot (Trametes versicolor) and brown rot (Coniophora puteana) in a laboratory test according to EN 15534-1:2014. The manufactured composites consisted of poplar (Populus spp.), willow (Salix spp.), European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.), and a commercial wood source (Arbocel® C100), respectively. All formulations were compounded on a co-rotating twin screw extruder and subsequently injection molded to wood–PP specimens with a wood content of 60% or 70% by weight. It was found that the test procedure had a significant effect on the mechanical properties. Loss in mechanical properties was primarily caused by moisture and less by fungal decay. Moisture caused a loss in the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of 34 to 45% and 29 to 73%, respectively. Mean mass and wood mass losses were up to a maximum of 3.7% and 5.3%, respectively. The high resistance against fungal decay was generally attributed to the encapsulation of wood by the polymer matrix caused by sample preparation, and enhanced by reduced moisture uptake during the preconditioning procedure. Notable differences with respect to the wood particle source and decay fungi were also observed. Structural characterization confirmed the decay pattern of the fungi such as void cavities close the surface and the deposition of calcium oxalates.

The growing importance of social media in the political arena seems to be in line with the mediatization of politics thesis, which states that mediated communication is becoming more important in politics and increasingly influences political processes. However, how politicians’ social media activities and politicians’ perceptions concerning social media have developed over time has rarely been examined. Moreover, it is unclear how the politicians’ activities and perceptions are related to each other. Referring to theoretical approaches, such as the influence of presumed influence approach, four surveys were conducted among German parliamentarians (MPs) between 2012 and 2016 (n = 194/149/170/118). The results indicate that the MPs’ self-reported social media activities and perceptions have remained remarkably constant since 2012. Regression analyses indicate that MPs’ self-reported social media activities and perceptions are hardly related to each other. This raises the question whether mediatization processes are indeed driven by politicians’ perceptions about media influences.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance has become a serious global problem. A potential post-antibiotic era is threatening present and future medical advances. In Pakistan, the usage of antibiotic is unnecessarily high and due to over exposure to these drugs, bacteria are developing resistance against these drugs. It is necessary to improve public awareness about the rational use of antibiotics in order to bring a change in consumer’s behaviour. Therefore, present study was undertaken to assess the existing knowledge, attitude and practices related to antibiotic usage among university students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among university students from Karachi, Pakistan during May-June 2018. 200 students were approached to participate in the study of which 159 agreed to participate (males: 70, females: 89). Pretested questionnaire was distributed to the study subjects and the collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. Results: Substantial number of (33% and 50%) participants were unaware about the differences in antibiotic: anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotic: antipyretics respectively. 29% of the participants thought it is right to stop antibiotics only based on symptomatic improvement. Thirty nine percent and eighty three percent participants believed that antibiotics should always be prescribed to treat flu like symptoms and pneumonia respectively. Conclusions: Participants demonstrated average knowledge about antibiotics. Similarly, their attitude and practice toward antibiotic use was associated with misconceptions. An educational intervention is necessary to make them aware about rational use of antibiotics.