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Background
Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) are common in general practice and usually treated with antibiotics. This contributes to increasing resistance rates of uropathogenic bacteria. A previous trial showed a reduction of antibiotic use in women with UTI by initial symptomatic treatment with ibuprofen. However, this treatment strategy is not suitable for all women equally. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (UU, bearberry extract arbutin) is a potential alternative treatment. This study aims at investigating whether an initial treatment with UU in women with UTI can reduce antibiotic use without significantly increasing the symptom burden or rate of complications.
Methods
This is a double-blind, randomized, and controlled comparative effectiveness trial. Women between 18 and 75 years with suspected UTI and at least two of the symptoms dysuria, urgency, frequency or lower abdominal pain will be assessed for eligibility in general practice and enrolled into the trial. Participants will receive either a defined daily dose of 3 × 2 arbutin 105 mg for 5 days (intervention) or fosfomycin 3 g once (control). Antibiotic therapy will be provided in the intervention group only if needed, i.e. for women with worsening or persistent symptoms. Two co-primary outcomes are the number of all antibiotic courses regardless of the medical indication from day 0–28, and the symptom burden, defined as a weighted sum of the daily total symptom scores from day 0–7. The trial result is considered positive if superiority of initial treatment with UU is demonstrated with reference to the co-primary outcome number of antibiotic courses and non-inferiority of initial treatment with UU with reference to the co-primary outcome symptom burden.
Discussion
The trial’s aim is to investigate whether initial treatment with UU is a safe and effective alternative treatment strategy in women with UTI. In that case, the results might change the existing treatment strategy in general practice by promoting delayed prescription of antibiotics and a reduction of antibiotic use in primary care.
Research question: In order to reduce fan aggression surrounding rivalry games, team sport organizations often try to placate fans by downplaying the importance of the game (e.g. ‘the derby is not a war’). Drawing on the intergroup conflict literature, this research derives dual identity statements and examines their effectiveness in reducing fan aggressiveness compared to the managerial practice of downplaying rivalry.
Research methods: Three field experimental studies (one face-to-face survey and two online surveys) tested the hypotheses. Established rivalries in the German soccer league Bundesliga served as the empirical setting of the studies. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA and linear regression analyses.
Results and findings: Dual identity statements reduce fan aggressiveness compared to both downplay statements and a no-statement control condition, independent of team identification and trait aggression. Importantly, the managerial practice of downplaying rivalry appears to be counterproductive. It produces even higher levels of fan aggressiveness than making no statement, an effect caused by psychological reactance.
Implications: Sport organizations should not alienate their fan base by attempting to play down the importance of rivalry, which is an integral part of fan identity. Instead, they should strengthen the supporters’ unique identity (as fans of a particular team) while at the same time facilitating identification with the rival at a superordinate level (e.g. as joint fans of a region).
Marketing, get ready to rumble — How rivalry promotes distinctiveness for brands and consumers
(2018)
Scholars typically advise brands to stay away from public conflict with competitors as research has focused on negative consequences - e.g., price wars, escalating hostilities, and derogation. This research distinguishes between rivalry between firms (inter-firm brand rivalry) and rivalry between consumers (inter-consumer brand rivalry). Four studies and six samples show both types of rivalry can have positive consequences for both firms and consumers. Inter-firm brand rivalry boosts perceived distinctiveness of competing brands independent of consumption, attitude, familiarity, and involvement. Inter-consumer brand rivalry increases consumer group distinctiveness, an effect mediated by brand identification and rival brand disidentification. We extend social identity theory by demonstrating that: 1) outside actors like firms can promote inter-consumer rivalry through inter-firm rivalry and 2) promoting such conflict can actually provide benefits to consumers as well as firms. The paper challenges the axiom “never knock the competition,” deriving a counter-intuitive way to accomplish one of marketing's premier objectives.
This study is concerned with the early stages of hydrogen embrittlement on an atomistic scale. We employed density functional theory to investigate hydrogen diffusion through the (100), (110) and (111) surfaces of γ-Fe. The preferred adsorption sites and respective energies for hydrogen adsorption were established for each plane, as well as a minimum energy pathway for diffusion. The H atoms adsorb on the (100), (110) and (111) surfaces with energies of ∼4.06 eV, ∼3.92 eV and ∼4.05 eV, respectively. The barriers for bulk-like diffusion for the (100), (110) and (111) surfaces are ∼0.6 eV, ∼0.5 eV and ∼0.7 eV, respectively. We compared these calculated barriers with previously obtained experimental data in an Arrhenius plot, which indicates good agreement between experimentally measured and theoretically predicted activation energies. Texturing austenitic steels such that the (111) surfaces of grains are preferentially exposed at the cleavage planes may be a possibility to reduce hydrogen embrittlement.
The effect of magnetism on hydrogen adsorption and subsurface diffusion through face-centred cubic (fcc) γ-Fe(0 0 1) was investigated using spin-polarised density functional theory (s-DFT). The non-magnetic (NM), ferromagnetic (FM), and antiferromagnetic single (AFM1) and double layer (AFMD) structures were considered. For each magnetic state, the hydrogen preferentially adsorbs at the fourfold site, with adsorption energies of 4.07, 4.12, 4.03 and 4.05 eV/H atom for the NM, FM, AFM1 and AFMD structures. A total barrier of 1.34, 0.90, 1.32 and 1.25 eV and a bulk-like diffusion barrier of 0.6, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.3 eV were calculated for the NM, FM, AFM1 and AFMD magnetic states. The Fe atoms nearest to the H atom exhibited a reduced magnetic moment, whereas the next-nearest neighbour Fe atoms exhibited a non-negligible local perturbation in the magnetic moment. The presence of magnetically ordered structures has a minimal influence on the minimum energy path for H diffusion through the lattice and on the adsorption of H atoms on the Fe(0 0 1) surface, but we computed a significant reduction of the bulk-like diffusion barriers with respect to the non-magnetic state of fcc γ-Fe.
We report the unambiguous detection of phenyl groups covalently attached to functionalised graphene using non-linear spectroscopy. Sum-frequency generation was employed to probe graphene on a gold surface after chemical functionalisation using a benzene diazonium salt. We observe a distinct resonance at 3064 cm1 which can clearly be assigned to an aromatic C–H stretch by comparison with a self-assembled monolayer on a gold substrate formed from benzenethiol. Not only does sum-frequency generation spectroscopy allow one to characterise functionalised graphene with higher sensitivity and much better specificity than many other spectroscopic techniques, but it also opens up the possibility to assess the coverage of graphene with functional groups, and to determine their orientation relative to the graphene surface.
Bibliotheken
(2018)
Gerade für Historiker*innen, die für ihre Arbeit vielfach nicht nur Fachliteratur, sondern auch Quelleneditionen und handschriftliche Materialien benötigen, sind Bibliotheken die zentralen Informationseinrichtungen. Der Beitrag stellt in kompakter Form die wichtigsten digitalen Informationsressourcen und Infrastruktureinrichtungen für die Geschichtswissenschaft vor.
In diesem Beitrag werden Spezifika der Hochschulen und Ausbildungseinrichtungen, die in der KIBA organisiert sind, mit ihren Studiengängen, Weiterbildungsprogrammen, Forschungsschwerpunkten und didaktischen Konzepten vorgestellt. Es wird gezeigt, wie diese Einrichtungen mit ihrer Berufungs- und Einstellungspolitik, strategischen Allianzen und übergeordneten fachlichen und politischen Zusammenschlüssen sowie mit der Profilierung ihrer Studiengänge auf neue Anforderungen des Marktes und der Berufspraxis reagieren. Berücksichtigt werden dabei Positionen und Strategien zur Digitalisierung aus der Politik sowie ihren Beratungsgremien, in der sich die Inhalte bibliotheks- und informationswissenschaftlicher Ausbildung und Forschung verorten lassen. Insgesamt wird deutlich, wie schwierig es heute ist zu definieren, was die Bibliotheks- und die Informationswissenschaft im Kern ausmacht, um im Spannungsfeld der Herausforderungen an wissenschaftliche und öffentliche Bibliotheken, den Anforderungen der Wirtschaft im Bereich Informations- und Wissensmanagement, der Digitalisierung und Langzeitarchivierung von Kulturerbe, um nur einige Felder zu nennen, Ausbildungsprogramme bedarfsgerecht zu profilieren und die bibliotheks- und informationswissenschaftlichen Institute, Fachbereiche und Ausbildungseinrichtungen politisch abzusichern und ausreichend mit Ressourcen auszustatten.
Mastitis is one of the most important diseases threatening modern dairy herds. The idea of fighting the disease through colonising the udder with lactic acid bacteria (LAB), thereby building a beneficial biofilm, is the base for a probiotic approach towards mastitis control. The purpose of this study was to screen 13 LAB strains (eleven wild strains, two ATCC strains) inhibitory to the growth of mastitis-causing pathogens for their in vitro ability to form a biofilm and to adhere to bovine glandular mammary epithelium in order to assess their probiotic potential. Furthermore, we aimed to gain knowledge about the chemical nature of the adhesins involved by subjecting the bacteria to various chemical and enzymatical pre-treatments. The biofilms were grown on hydrophilic glass and on hydrophobic polypropylene in de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth and afterwards quantified with a crystal violet assay. Biofilm formation was observed in all strains. However, the extent strongly depended on the strain, surface charge and medium. The adhesion assay also revealed a strong strain dependency, but this trait was also present in all of the investigated LAB isolates. Depending on the strain, chemical or enzymatical pre-treatment revealed carbohydrate molecules as well as proteins and lipids to be crucial for the adhesion of LAB to epithelial cells. The seven strains showing the strongest biofilm formation and/or adhesion represent promising candidates for further investigation in order to develop a probiotic remedy for the treatment of mastitis. Still, their safety for consumers and patients as well as their capability to colonise the udder remain to be investigated in in vivo studies.